La recherche doctorale entend réfléchir sur la justiciabiliité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Dépouillant la jurisprudence belge, elle entend, dans un premier temps, faire le point sur la justiciabilité actuelle des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en Belgique. Cette analyse de la jurisprudence belge confirme que les "droits à" sont justiciables au sein de l'ordre juridique belge, mais que cette justiciabilité est nettement plus assurée lorsqu'ils sont invoqués sous leur versant négatif que lorsqu'ils sont mobilisés sous leur versant positif. S'il en est ainsi c'est, semble-t-il, notamment en raison de la sous-conceptualisation dont souffre l'obligation positive de réaliser les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels au sein de l'ordre juridique interne. Dans un deuxième temps, la dissertation doctorale cherche donc à identifier, à partir d'une étude de la jurisprudence internationale, des outils conceptuels permettant de clarifier la portée de l'obligation de réaliser les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels afin d'en affermir la justiciabilité. Trois concepts-clés permettent de clarifier cette portée: la progressivité, le noyau dur et le devoir de minutie Avec l’exigence de la progressivité, il est entendu que, si l’État ne doit pas atteindre immédiatement un résultat déterminé, il doit optimiser l’usage de ses ressources afin d’accomplir immédiatement des progrès tangibles dans la réalisation des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. L’exigence du noyau dur consiste, pour l’État, à assurer, en tout temps et en toutes circonstances, une protection minimale des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en vue de protéger les individus les plus vulnérables. Quant au devoir de minutie, il requiert que l’État agisse de manière minutieuse, ce qui implique notamment qu’il dispose d’une information suffisante avant de prendre ses décisions et qu’il puisse justifier les décisions qu’il a prises de manière appropriée. Notre thèse propose que l’obligation de réaliser soit contrôlée à travers le devoir de minutie appliqué aux exigences de la progressivité et du noyau dur. Le devoir de minutie constitue donc le prisme – ou les « lunettes » – à travers lequel les juges peuvent apprécier si les autorités publiques ont respecté les obligations substantielles de progressivité et de respect du noyau dur. Cette conceptualisation de l’obligation de réaliser les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels permet de dégager des critères clairs et stables qui peuvent servir de guide tant pour les autorités politiques chargées de l’exécuter que pour les juridictions chargées d’en contrôler le respect. La conceptualisation proposée peut donc déboucher sur un renforcement du contrôle juridictionnel et de sa prévisibilité. / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

1.\ / Doctorat en droit / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

3D列印技術最早可以被追溯到18世紀，直到2012年英國經濟學人期刊表示3D列印技術將引爆第三次工業革命後，全球各國與產業界更加投入於此。直至今日，世界智慧財產權組織(WIPO)於2015年公布的《世界智慧財產報告》仍將3D列印列為三大前鋒技術之一，Gartner在2016年所提出之年度預測中，亦表示3D列印在2017年仍是最重要之技術之一，本文研究發現其具備設計靈活、材料多樣、一體成型、以及材料節省等特性，在技術與設備逐漸成熟、價格降低等因素下，業界已將其運用在產品製造的各個階段－設計、製造、銷售、與維修階段，且根據研究許多企業亦對於3D列印抱持正面、積極之態度，可見3D列印技術之價值。本文因此以3D列印技術為對象討論，並討論所涉及之著作權議題。 本文觀察到在3D列印中有兩個值得關注的部分，首先，由於其可使用多種材料製作多樣列印成品，當中包括了實用性物品之設計，即兼具藝術性與實用性之創作，會產生是否可受著作權保護之疑問，以及不同於純藝術之創作，為避免給予保護後將逾越著作權之立法精神，是否需要適用額外之著作權保護要件之問題；其次，由於3D列印在製造過程中，可分為建模階段、列印階段，當中涉及空間轉換之情形，因此會產生我國著作權法上如何評價此議題之疑問，本文針對以上兩部分進行研究，透過我國與美國實務與學說見解，分析與提出建議。 根據我國著作權法之規範，本文認為我國著作權法在圖形著作與美術著作中係有兼具實用性與藝術性之創作類型存在，惟過去我國實務在美術著作僅以「手工」、「一品製作」之「美術工藝品」，本文認為專利法與著作權法並非互斥，有雙重保護之可能下，應揚棄「手工」、「一品製作」要件，縱使獲得設計專利保護、或屬於「機械」、「大量製造」之工業設計，亦可獲得著作權保護，因此本文建議修正「美術工藝品」用語為「應用美術」。接著是否需額外著作權保護要件上，本文發現我國判決曾引用美國著作權法之實用性原則之內涵，同時研究後認為在美國Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.案後，統一適用步驟與標準，解決以往美國實務與學說所產生之矛盾與爭議，建議我國可以修法引進實用性原則，便於實務操作、判斷。 在著作空間轉換議題，主要爭議是來自於立法沿革，目前實務、主管機關與學說見解共識在於著作於平面轉立體時，並非一概屬於實施行為，而不受著作權規範。實務、主管機關表示需視「立體物實際展現之內容」判斷為重製、改作、或實施，對此學說有不同意見，主要爭議在於考量因素與實施意義認定之差異，本文研究後提出著作空間轉換模型，以利實務判斷，並認為立體轉為平面亦可以同理判斷。 最後，在3D列印之CAD檔案與列印成品可著作性上，本文認為最主要的問題除了實用性原則外，尚包括原創性部分，原創性之判斷會受到不同創作方式影響，但仍有受到著作權保護之可能。在實用性原則部分，Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.案最高法院所提出標準相較以往更為寬鬆，本文認為若採取此見解，將會更容易取得著作權保護，對於3D列印創作人較為有利。 / 3D printing can be traced back to the 18th century at the earliest time. After The Economist Journal said 3D printing is one of important breakthroughs leading to the factory of the future and digital manufacturing, amount to the third industrial revolution in 2012, countries and industries around the world paid more attention on it. Until now, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) published new WIPO report in 2015 and shows three frontier technologies that hold the potential to boost future economic growth are 3D printing, nanotechnology and robotics. In Gartner’s 2017 annual predictions about the future of 3D printing, Gartner also said that 3D printing is still one of the most important technologies. This thesis finds that 3D printing has the characteristics of flexible design, diversified materials, production in one-step and products without cost penalties in manufacturing, and so on. As the technology and equipment gradually mature and price decreases, the industry has applied 3D printing to various stages of producing- design, manufacturing, distribution, and after-sale service. According to the studies that many companies also have a positive attitude towards 3D printing. For the above reasons, this thesis therefore discusses 3D printing technology, and focuses on the copyright issues of it. This thesis discovers that there are two questions worthy of attention in 3D printing. First of all, because there are many materials used for 3D printing to produce a variety of printed products, including the design of useful articles, which are both artistic and utilitarian products. It will call into questions whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not, and if the answer is yes, what is the protection scope? Second, there are two stages in the process of 3D printing- executing Computer-Aided design file (CAD file) stage and printing stage involved in space conversion (2D-3D, 3D-2D) question. This thesis focuses on the above two questions, and refers to the scholars’ and the courts’ opinions of U.S. and R.O.C copyright law to propose some advice and opinions. For the first question, this thesis conclusion is that the design of useful articles is protectable in R.O.C copyright law, which might be pictorial and graphical works or artistic works. Besides, it is not reasonable to add two elements of applied arts- craftsman and only one production. After the Supreme Court held in Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc. that it proposed unified and appropriate test for implementing the useful article doctrine, the useful article doctrine becomes easier to apply. Therefore it might be a good solution to decide whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not, and if the answer is yes, what is the protection scope? For the second question, it happened because of amendment of R.O.C copyright law, and this thesis proposes a model to assist judgment. Last but not least, this thesis shows that the most two important elements determine whether the design of useful articles is copyrightable or not are originality and the useful article doctrine. According the opinions about Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, the unified test for implementing the useful article doctrine becomes easily accessible and will beneficial for creators to be protected by U.S. copyright law.

Submitted by Joao Rodrigo Maier (jmaier@tavanomaier.com.br) on 2018-09-19T22:59:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T14:12:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-09-20T16:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-20T16:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Final JoaoMaier Set2018.v3.pdf: 637076 bytes, checksum: 8f112ee15ab7de85bdb200026a094649 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-27 / Com o objetivo de aferir a aplicação de lei supletiva quando facultativa e quando obrigatória, notadamente para compreender as implicações da sujeição da sociedade limitada às normas das sociedades anônimas decorrente da opção dos sócios, este trabalho analisa algumas possibilidades de aplicabilidade da regência supletiva da Lei das Sociedades Anônimas à sociedade limitada em razão da faculdade prevista no parágrafo único do artigo 1.053 do Código Civil. Procura verificar também, mediante análise da doutrina e jurisprudência dos tribunais superiores e de alguns tribunais estaduais, em que circunstâncias era aplicada a Lei das Sociedades Anônimas na vigência do Decreto nº 3.708/19, que determinava, de forma imperativa, a aplicação da lei do anonimato. Pretende-se, por conseguinte, neste trabalho, mostrar a importância de fazer constar no contrato social ex ante, situações específicas estabelecidas na Lei das Sociedades Anônimas - convenientes aos sócios e à sociedade - e não albergadas no Código Civil, ainda que haja previsão genérica da aplicação supletiva da lei do anonimato, de forma a permitir que os sócios tenham mecanismos pré-definidos para condução dos negócios sociais e mitigar, nestes pontos, a possibilidade de intervenção judicial. / With the purpose of ascertaining the application of an alternative law, when it is optional and when it is mandatory, notably to understand the implications of the subjection of a limited liability company to the rules of joint-stock companies, as a result of a choice by the quotaholders, this paper analyzes some of the possibilities of alternative application of the Corporations Law to a limited liability company, due to the option given in the sole paragraph of article 1,053 of the Civil Code. It also seeks to verify, by means of an analysis of the doctrine and the case law of the superior courts and some state courts, under which circumstances the Corporations Law was applied during the term of effectiveness of Decree No. 3,708/19, which set forth, in an imperative manner, the application of the law of joint-stock companies. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show the importance of including in the ex ante articles of association specific situations established in the Corporations Law – convenient to the quotaholders and to the company – and not covered by the Civil Code, even if there is a generic provision for the alternative application of the joint-stock companies law, so as to allow the quotaholders to have previously defined mechanisms to carry out the company’s businesses and mitigate, in such points, the possibility of court intervention.

In my Ph.D. thesis, I examine the use of referential devices in spoken narrative discourse with predominant anaphoric reference. Special attention is paid to the relationship between two competing forms: lexical phrases containing the lexeme ten (ten-MARKED NPs) and lexical phrases not containing it (UNMARKED NPs) in repeated mentions. A primary aim of the work is (i) to identify factors favouring the use of ten-marked NPs at the expense of unmarked NPs and (ii) to explore the possibility of the lexeme ten grammaticalizing from its anaphoric use. Theoretically and methodologically I benefit mostly from the conception of discourse anaphora and the theory of grammaticalization. The referential devices are systematically explored in terms of their distribution into different classes according to a set of parameters and their values. These parameters reflect the conceptual (animacy), grammatical (syntactic function, type of clause etc.) as well as discourse characteristics of the forms and their referents (informational status of the NP in the clause, activation and persistence of the referent, etc.). The data consist of 45 short narratives produced by 15 speakers. The speakers' task was to retell three short silent-movie sketches which they had seen immediately before the recording. The design of the...

The thesis is focused on the examination of the scope of Article 14 of the European Convention of Human Rights, theoretical framework, and legal basis of the concept of discrimination. The paper presents an analysis of the caselaw of the European Court on Human Rights, how the latter operationalises the issue of inequality, and which inaccuracies of interpretation it leaves. The primary aim is to challenge the system of protection against discrimination under the Article 14 as well as the role of the national actors in its development. The thesis examines the level of compliance among signatories of the Convention with its anti- discriminatory provisions and focuses on the individual capacities of the states to satisfy judgements of the European Court on Human Rights. The usage of the comparative approach also helps to analyse the role of local non-governmental organisations in the process of compliance with human rights obligations under the Convention among signatories. The thesis aims to show why the level of protection against discrimination differs from the one country to another and which obstacles they face on the path towards the respect for human rights.

The aim of the thesis is to analyse how the EU perceives the specific contribution of Churches to the European integration as stated in the Article 17.3 of the TFEU. The specific contribution is analysed on the case of Roman Catholic Church (RCC) which predominates in the dialogue under the Article 17.3. There are two time periods addressed in the thesis. Firstly, the specific contribution is addressed in the context of the debate on the EU constitution. It is examined, based on the analysis of politicians' speeches and MEPs amendments, whether the specificity is rooted in the area of values. Second period is marked by the year 2009 when the TFEU entered into force, and 2014 when the dialogue with Churches was somewhat degraded. In fact, the new body responsible for the interaction became DG JUST, thereby replacing BEPA, i.e. organization directly reporting to the President of the Commission. Based on the analysis of the speeches and other relevant documents regard all the official meetings, I examine what the EU politicians expected from the Church and what was Her specificity according to them. Against this background is also analysed the fact that the dialogue with Churches was separated from the civil society organizations. It results from the research that the EU perceived the specific...

In the early 1990s the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted that the gravest effects of climate change could be on human migration, as millions would be displaced by coastal erosion, flooding, and drought. Today, this is considered a reality that is coming ever closer. Yet, there are currently no binding international frameworks dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration. In addition, the current regime of international refugee law is woefully inadequate at responding to the issue. Individuals that do not fall under the refugee definition are thus commonly left with the general scope of international human rights law standards, so-called complementary protection.   On these premises, this thesis sets out to examine the circumstances under which the non-refoulement principle in international human rights law could be applied in the context of climate change effects and especially slow onset processes, and how the principle could potentially be developed. Principally through examining jurisprudence concerning the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, this thesis finds that while there is a possibility for non-refoulement obligations to arise due to the effects of climate change, the precise scope of such protection is unclear. Although case law has emerged and continues to do so, the complex nature of climate induced migration and the undeveloped jurisprudence on this issue leaves important questions unanswered. This thesis finds that there seems to be no obvious response to the question whether climate change is a relevant factor in the legal analysis of non-refoulement claims, and whether it should be. Furthermore, there are great challenges in discerning the required intensity of harm for the threshold to be met and protection to be granted. In addition, this thesis finds that applying the non-refoulement principle in the context of slow onset processes entails several difficulties, particularly concerning the timing and prediction of the harm. It is therefore concluded that, as long as there is no framework dedicated to the issue of climate induced migration, clarity will be much needed in case law as to the scope of non-refoulement obligations in the context of, especially, slow onset processes due to climate change.

Competition and data protection law are two powerful regimes simultaneously shaping the use of digital information, which has given rise to new interactions between these areas of law. While most views on this intersection emphasize that competition and data protection law must work together, nascent developments indicate that these legal regimes may sometimes conflict.  In the first place, firms faced with antitrust allegations are to an increasing extent invoking the need to protect the privacy of their users to justify their impugned conduct. Here, the conduct could either be prohibited by competition law despite of data protection or justified under competition law because of data protection. In the EU, no such justification attempt has reached court-stage, and it remains unclear how an enforcer ought to deal with such a claim. In the second place, competition law can mandate a firm to provide access to commercially valuable personal data to its rivals under a competition law remedy. Where that is the case, the question arising in this connection is whether an enforcer can and should design the remedy in a way that aligns with data protection law. If so, the issue remains of how that ought to be done. The task of the thesis has been to explore these issues, legally, economically, and coherently.  The thesis has rendered four main conclusions. First, data protection has a justified role in EU competition law in two ways. On the one hand, enhanced data protection can increase the quality of a service and may thus be factored in the competitive analysis as a dimension of quality. On the other, data protection as a human right must be guaranteed in the application of competition law. Second, these perspectives can be squared with the criteria for justifying competition breaches, in that data protection can be invoked to exculpate a firm from antitrust allegations. Third, in that context, the human rights dimension of data protection may entail that the enforcer must consider data protection even if it is not invoked. However, allowing data protection interests to override competition law in this manner is relatively inefficient as it may lead to less innovation, higher costs, and lower revenues. Fourth, the profound importance of data protection in the EU necessarily means that enforcers should accommodate data protection interests in designing competition law remedies which mandate access to personal data. This may be done in several ways, including requirements to anonymize data before providing access, or to oblige the firm to be compliant with data protection law in the process of providing access. The analysis largely confirms that anonymization is the preferable option.

Die Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz bietet seit vielen Jahren verschiedene Services zum Open-Access-Publizieren für die Wissenschaftler der Technischen Universität. Dazu gehören u.a. das digitale Volltextarchiv, das Open Journal System und der Universitätsverlag. Wissenschaftliche Autoren können sowohl auf dem Goldenen als auch auf dem Grünen Weg Open Access publizieren. In diesem Jahr wurde erstmals ein Publikationsfonds für die Veröffentlichung von Open-Access-Artikeln eingerichtet. Es wurden Mittel von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der Technischen Universität Chemnitz bereitgestellt. Damit können die Universitätsangehörigen die finanzielle Übernahme von Publikationsgebühren für Open-Access-Artikel bei der Bibliothek beantragen. Sind die Fördervoraussetzungen erfüllt, erfolgt der Zuschlag in der Reihenfolge des Eingangs der Rechnung. / Since many years the University Library of Chemnitz offers several services regarding open access publication to the scientists of Chemnitz University of Technology. Among others this includes a digital archive, a Journal Management System, and the University Press. It is possible to publish on Golden Way of Open Access as well as on Green Way. This year we offer for the first time a publication funds for the publication of open access articles. The financial resources are provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Chemnitz University of Technology. Please apply for financial support at the University Library if you need to pay a publication fee for open access articles. If the criteria for financial support are met an agreement will be made in order of invoices received.