Les faits justificatifs de la diffamation témoignent de la difficile conciliation entre le droit à la protection de l’honneur et le droit à l’information. Le domaine de l’exception de vérité (art. 35 de la loi du 29 juillet 1881), délimité par trois exceptions en 1944, fut rapidement critiqué, en ce qu’il ne permettait pas la justification des imputations les plus utiles à la société. En outre, la sévérité des conditions de fond et de forme de la preuve de la vérité fit le plus souvent obstacle à la relaxe. En réaction, la jurisprudence créa le fait justificatif de la bonne foi, fondé sur quatre critères accessibles (but légitime, sérieux de l’enquête, prudence et mesure dans l’expression, défaut d’animosité personnelle et favorisant un droit du public à l’information de qualité. À la fin du XXème siècle, ce système fut profondément mis en cause, comme étant contraire à la jurisprudence de la CEDH relative à l’article 10 CESDH, laquelle impose une protection accrue des propos d’intérêt général ou politiques. En conséquence, le Conseil constitutionnel supprima deux des trois limites à l’exception de vérité, qui n’est plus interdite que dans domaine de la vie privée. Ce nouvel arbitrage entre les deux valeurs en conflit n’apparaît pas satisfaisant, d’autant que la preuve de la vérité est toujours entravée par des conditions drastiques. En 2008, la Cour de cassation intégra de manière radicale les critères strasbourgeois à sa jurisprudence sur la bonne foi. Elle se dirige aujourd’hui vers une formule plus équilibrée, fondée sur l’application proportionnelle des quatre critères traditionnels corrigés à la lumière des principes de la CEDH. Cependant, elle applique également les critères strasbourgeois à d’autres infractions attentatoires à la liberté d’expression, qui ne bénéficient pas de la structure d’accueil des faits justificatifs de la diffamation. Pour ces cas, au lieu de l’adoption du contrôle de proportionnalité envisagée, la création d’un fait justificatif générique fondé sur l’article 10 de la CESDH est proposée, plus respectueuse de la logique pénale. / The special justifications applicable to defamation bare witness to the difficult conciliation between the right to protect ones honor and the public’s right to information. The area of the defence of truth (art. 35 of the 29 July 1881), delineated by three exceptions in 1944, was rapidly critiqued, preventing the justification of some of the most socially useful imputations. Furthermore, the defence of truth was subjected to highly rigourous formal and substantial requirements that often prevented ones acquittal on the basis of that demonstration. In reaction, the case-law created another special justification for defamation, based on good faith, and founded on four accessible criterias (legitimate aim of the information, serious verification, moderation of tone and caution in the choice of words, lack of personal animosity) that favorise the public’s right to quality information. At the end of the 20th century, this system was profoundly questioned, as being against the case-law of the CEDH, that requires a stronger protection of freedom of speech (article 10 CESDH) in connexion with debates of general interest or political discussions. Consequently, the Constitutional council repealed two of the three limits within the defence of truth, which is now only forbidden in the area of ones private life. This new arbitration between the two conflicting values doesn’t seem satisfying, especially since the defence of truth is still impeded by drastic conditions. In 2008, the Court of cassation integrated in a radical manner the CEDH criterias to its case-law on good faith. The case-law today steers towards a more balanced formula, founded on a proportional application of the four traditional criterias corrected in the light of the principes of the CEDH. However, the Court of cassation equally applies the CEDH criterias to other detrimental offences towards the freedom of expression, that do not benefit from the structural support of the special justifications of defamation. For those offences, instead of adopting the envisioned control of proportionality, it is proposed to create a generic justification, founded on the article 10 of the CESDH, that would be more consistent with the logic of criminal law.

This thesis deals with questions of so called associative anaphora, which represents one of means of textual references. Firstly, the term is generally delimitated after a study of specialized literature. Then, the analysis is demonstrated at the French version of the novel by Milan Kundera called "La Plaisanterie" and the sequences found in this book are commented and classified on the basis of given criteria into several subcategories. The emphasis is put on semantic relations between coreferential segments and possible influence of using of determiners on functioning of these relations. In addition, the work aims to focus whether the associative link and lexical stereotypes are connected. The final task of this work is the comparison with Czech original and there is demonstrated by a summary what language means are used in Czech language to express such anaphoric links.

This thesis examines the discipline of English studies in South Africa through a review of articles published in 11 academic journals over the period 1958-2004. The aims are to gain a better understanding of the functions of peer-reviewed journals, to reveal the presence of rules governing discursive production, and to uncover the historical shifts in approach and choice of disciplinary objects. The Foucauldian typology of procedures determining discursive production, that is: exclusionary, internal and restrictive procedures, is applied to the discipline of English studies in order to elucidate the existence of such procedures in the discipline. Each journal is reviewed individually and comparatively. Static and chronological statistical analyses are undertaken on the articles in the 11 journals in order to provide empirical evidence to subvert the contention that the discipline is unruly and its choice of objects random. The cumulative results of this analysis are used to describe the major shifts primarily in ranges of disciplinary objects, but also in metadiscursive and thematic debates. Each of the journals is characterised in relation to what the overall analysis reveals about the mainstream developments. The two main findings are that, during the period under review, South African imaginative written artefacts have moved from a marginal position to the centre of focus of the discipline; and that the conception of what constitutes the `literary' has returned to a pre-Practical criticism definition, broadly inclusive of a variety of types of artefact including imaginative writing, such as autobiography, letters, journals and orature. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

On October 1, 1990 the Rwandan Patriotic Front launched a war from and with the support of the Republic of Uganda against Rwanda. This war was accompanied by unspeakable violations of International Humanitarian Law. Both conflicting parties violated the basic rules protecting the civilian population in situations of armed conflicts. The United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of its Charter, passed resolution 955 of November 8, 1994 establishing the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to prosecute alleged responsible of such violations. This study investigates the background of the ICTR and questions the nature of the conflict that prompted the Security Council to establish another ad hoc international criminal tribunal after the one established for the former Yugoslavia. It further inquires into its jurisprudence and reflects critically on the ICTR's approach to serious violations of IHL under Article 3 Common to the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II. / Jurisprudence / LL. M. (Law)

This research aims to investigate the understanding, attitudes and application of Article 4 of the Belhar Confession by Melodi ya Tshwane (MyT). The aim specifically outlines the current mission praxis of MyT and its missionary activities, the church’s missionary calling in line with Article 4 of Belhar , evaluate the extent to which Article 4 of Belhar is applied, and to propose missionary praxis for MyT . The research findings include: participants have a narrow understanding of missions; conducting outreach activities in the form of charity. Some gaps identified include: lack of understanding of God as the missionary God, and a narrow interpretation of justice. Guiding principles on being missional include: missions should be Christ-centred, relational, collaborative, transformational, and lived out in word and deed. Proposed mission praxis consider the following approaches: the church as an institution, as a living organism and the church’s corporate service, and missional consciousness. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Missiology)

O presente trabalho, plasmado em metodologia jurídica, reflete criticamente sobre o problema da motivação da sentença civil como elemento de organização e de funcionamento do Estado Constitucional Democrático de Direito. A motivação é condição essencial de jurisdicionalidade, no sentido de que sem motivação não há exercício legítimo da função jurisdicional. O trabalho faz uma abordagem da natureza da motivação como discurso justificativo, jurídico e racional, da validade dos critérios de escolha ou de valoração empregados pelo juiz em sua decisão. O raciocínio do juiz é apresentado sob dupla feição: raciocínio decisório interno (contexto de descoberta ou deliberação) e raciocínio justificativo externo (contexto de justificação ou de validação). O conjunto das funções técnico-instrumental (endoprocessual) e político-garantística (extraprocessual) é objeto de investigação. A motivação, nos planos teórico e prático, exerce também a função de garantia do garantismo processual. A tese da inexistência jurídica da sentença tem três eixos teóricos: omissão total da motivação gráfica; falta de motivação ideológica, equiparada à hipótese de ausência de motivação gráfica; incompatibilidade lógica radical entre as premissas ou entre as premissas e a conclusão final, que também equivale à ausência total de motivação. O trabalho retrata um modelo de injustiça atemporal vivificado pelo juiz Crono, oposto à motivação como inestimável fator de legitimação argumentativa da jurisdição. A obrigatoriedade de motivação pública é o traço característico da jurisdição de nossa contemporaneidade e representa a maior conquista civilizatória do processo équo e justo. / This work, shaped in juridical methodology, critically reflects on the problem of motivation of civil judgment as an element of organization and functioning of the Democratic Constitutional State of Law. Motivation is an essential condition of jurisdiction, in the sense that without motivation there is no legitimate exercise of the jurisdictional function. The work makes an approach to the nature of motivation as a justificative discourse, juridical and rational, of the validity of choice or valuation criteria employed by the judge in its decision. The reasoning of the judge ispresented in double feature: internal decision-making reasoning (context of discovery or deliberation) and external justificative reasoning (context of justification or validation). The set of the technical-instrumental function (endoprocedural) and the political-rights assurance function (extraprocedural) is object of investigation. Motivation, in the theoretical and practical levels, also exerts the function of guarantee of the procedural right assuring mechanism. The thesis of the juridical validity of the judgment has three theoretical axes: total omission of the graphical motivation; lack of ideological motivation, equated to the hypothesis of nonexistence of the graphical motivation; radical logical incompatibility between the premises or between premises and the finalconclusion, which is also equivalent to the total lack of motivation. The work depicts a model of timeless injustice vivified by the judge Crono, opposite to the motivation as an invaluable factor of argumentative legitimacy of jurisdiction. Mandatory public motivation is the characteristic feature of the jurisdiction of our times and represents the greatest civilizing conquest of equal and fair proceeding.

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-04T16:58:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) RODRIGO CHUEIRI - DISSERTAÇÃO - ADIMPLEMENTO SUBSTANCIAL_ ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE PARÂMETROS PARA APLICAÇÃO NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO (2).pdf: 1306827 bytes, checksum: 4ac8441f02e2c15234e6424dcd40daa1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T16:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) RODRIGO CHUEIRI - DISSERTAÇÃO - ADIMPLEMENTO SUBSTANCIAL_ ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE PARÂMETROS PARA APLICAÇÃO NO DIREITO BRASILEIRO (2).pdf: 1306827 bytes, checksum: 4ac8441f02e2c15234e6424dcd40daa1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / CAPES / A relação jurídica obrigacional não pode mais ser vista somente como relação atomizada, linear, composta pela ideia de um antagonismo protagonizado por credor e devedor. A verificação do adimplemento e do inadimplemento passa, atualmente, pela observância de direitos e deveres primários, secundários e laterais, sendo possível valorar a mora e suas consequências. Expressão disso é a teoria do adimplemento substancial, pela qual a regra contida no artigo 475, do Código Civil Brasileiro de 2002, que elenca um direito aparentemente potestativo do credor à resolução do contrato diante de inadimplemento, encontra possibilidade de mitigação. Diante de tal possibilidade, a dissertação intenciona analisar a teoria, verificando, além de sua origem, ordenamentos jurídicos que a contemplam atualmente, com a busca pelos parâmetros de aplicação ali propostos, dentre os quais o da Inglaterra, Estados Unidos da América, Alemanha, Itália e Portugal. Na posse de tais dados, foi analisada a aplicação da teoria no Brasil, constatando que se baseia na função social dos contratos e na boa-fé objetiva e apontando que a atuação do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em relação à matéria é predominantemente lastreada em um critério matemático de verificação da substancialidade do adimplemento. Por perceber que a análise puramente matemática pode não ser suficiente para a aplicação da teoria, foram elencados outros critérios, qualitativos, como tempo, local e forma da prestação, o comportamento dos contratantes, a fundamentalidade do objeto em relação aos contratantes, e, em âmbito estrangeiro e supranacional, algumas proposições interpretativas, nas quais se percebeu constante remissão ao interesse surgido da relação jurídica como parâmetro maior de verificação. Realizada incursão sobre o interesse juridicamente relevante para a relação contratual, se chegou à ideia de interesse objetivado, com grande proximidade à ideia de causa dos contratos, sob o aspecto da finalidade. Desta forma, o estudo culminou por elencar a possibilidade de manutenção da causa contratual final concreta como parâmetro último de verificação da substancialidade do adimplemento, propondo balizas interpretativas. Algumas, figurando como elementos de presença necessária, outros, de presença impeditiva à aplicação e, em uma terceira categoria, elementos auxiliares à verificação da substancialidade. / The juridical relationship concerning obligations must no longer be seen only as an atomized, linear relationship, composed by the idea of an antagonism played by creditor and debtor. The verification of performance and non-performance is currently goes through the observation of primary, secondary and side rights and duties, making it possible to assess arrearage and its consequences. An expression of this is the doctrine of the substantial performance, through which the rule contained in article 475 of Código Civil de 2002 (Brazilian Civil Code of 2002), that seemingly lists a potestative right of the creditor to cancel the contract in case of noncompliance, is susceptible of mitigation. Facing that possibility, the present dissertation intends to analyze the referred doctrine in order to verify, beyond its origin, juridical systems in which it is contemplated nowadays, such as the English, North American, German, Italian and Portuguese systems, especially in the search of application parameters that are proposed. Possessing this data, the application of the theory was analyzed in Brazil, showing it is based on the social function of contracts and on the objective good faith and also showing that the acting of the Superior Court of Justice towards the subject is mainly supported in a mathematic criterion of verification of the substantiality of the performance. After realizing that the pure mathematic analysis may not be enough for the application of the theory, other criteria was chosen, such as time, place and the ways of fulfillment, the behavior of the contractors, the fundamentality of the object in relation to the contractors and, in an international and supranational perspective, some interpretative propositions, where it was noticed the constant remission of the interest raised from the juridical relationship as main parameter of verification was shown. Once the deepening on the juridically relevant interest to the contractual relationship was accomplished, the idea of objectived interest was achieved, with great proximity to the concept of cause of contracts, under the aspect of its finality. Thereby, this study culminated in registering the possibility to maintain the final contractual concrete cause as the last parameter to verify the substantiality of the performance, with the proposition of interpretative guidelines. Some of those guidelines turned out to be elements of mandatory attendance, others which presence is impeditive to application and, as a third category, auxiliary elements to the verification of substantiality were set.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BDTD - trabalhos retidos.docx: 11621 bytes, checksum: 0452b8296967440b491d0b515ed6814d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-01 / In Brazil, through social rights were recognized, in parallel, the civil and political rights. Even at authoritarian times, social rights have been formally recognized, given that the Federal Constitution of 1988 gave them enormous attention. However, realization of social rights requires, beyond the state action, the commitment of workers and their unions, occupying Article 8., III CF/88 position of prominence in this particular, by allowing the union, as a procedural substitute, to file lawsuits in defense of collective rights (especially of a certain workers class) and homogeneous individual rights of its members. This ensures isonomic access to justice to the members of the class (especially professional), and also decrease the excessive amount of individual claims and increase the number of workers protected. Finally, the most frequent activities of the union as a procedural substitute for workers, beyond strengthening the ties between them, will reduce the low rate of spontaneous compliance of the constitutional and legal norms which enshrine social rights by employers, also reducing, as a result, judicial cases and relieving the Labor Courts. / No Brasil, através dos direitos sociais, foram consagrados, de forma paralela, os direitos civis e políticos. Mesmo em períodos autoritários, os direitos sociais foram reconhecidos formalmente, sendo certo que a Constituição Federal de 1988 deu a eles enorme destaque. Contudo, a concretização dos direitos sociais, além de prestações do próprio Estado, requer o empenho dos trabalhadores e de seus sindicatos, ocupando o artigo 8º., III da CF/88, neste particular, posição de destaque, ao possibilitar que o sindicato, na condição de substituto processual, ajuíze ações em defesa dos direitos coletivos (da categoria profissional, enquanto tal) e dos direitos individuais homogêneos de seus membros. Isso garante aos integrantes da categoria (notadamente profissional) isonomia no acesso à justiça, além de diminuir a quantidade excessiva de reclamações individuais e aumentar o número de trabalhadores tutelados. Por fim, a atuação mais freqüente do sindicato como substituto processual dos trabalhadores, além de fortalecer os laços entre eles, aumentará o baixo índice de cumprimento espontâneo pelos empregadores das normas constitucionais e legais que consagram os direitos sociais, reduzindo também, via de conseqüência, os processos judiciais e desafogando a Justiça do Trabalho.

期貨交易法，事實上即為衍生性商品交易法，隨著衍生性商品發展推陳出新，在其高隱蔽與高槓桿的特性下，對於市場之波動甚至更甚於傳統基礎證券商品，而有管制之必要。我國於民國86年間訂定期貨交易法第107條內線交易禁止之規定，嗣又於105年11月9日為首次之修正，惟修正後仍有諸多疑慮，例如就連結至有價證券之期貨交易乙節，是否即已完全排除法規套利之誘因？而不區分連結之商品類型，一概適用期貨交易法是否妥適？又期貨交易法第107條部分體例如獲悉、消息成立等節，係採與證券交易法第157條之1相異之用語，適用上應如何解釋？就此，本論文交互對照證券交易法第157條之1之規定及比較法上美國之立法例，建議期貨交易法第107條在近期修正之目標上，應可就連結至有價證券之期貨交易增訂準用證券交易法內線交易禁止之規定，或將之參諸證券交易法第157條之1規定自期貨交易法第107條抽出獨立規範；另就諸如消息成立時點、定義、主觀要件等體例設計上與證券交易法統一，俾同時解決法規套利、法規漏洞以及規範解釋適用等疑義。 / With the frequent business and finance development, the concealment and leverage of derivative commodities are obviously higher than before. This shows the necessity and importance of the legal governance. Article 107 of the Futures Trading Act regarding the forbidden of insider trading was promulgated in 1997, and revised firstly in 2016. However, is the aforesaid amendment enough to eliminate the incentive of insider trading for the commodities derived from securities? Is the amendment which directly governs all kinds of futures trading without distinguishing by the nature thereof proper?And how to interpret the terms of “knowing”, “the establishment of information” of the Futures Trading Act since they are inconsistent with the Article 157-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act? For those aforementioned doubts, referring to the Securities and Exchange Act and the United States law system, this study suggests that the Futures Trading Act may adopt the following revisions: 1. The futures trading derived from securities and commodities shall be governed respectively. 2. Those terms such as “knowing”, “the establishment of information” which are irrelevant with the nature of futures trading shall be consistent with the Securities and Exchange Act.

近年來我國勞動基準法歷經多次修法，然而台灣的長工時現象卻持續引發許多社會問題，勞工的過勞事件仍舊層出不窮，因此有必要檢討現行的勞動基準法工時制度是否對勞工的保障仍有不周。 在經濟全球化的浪潮下，勞動基準法逐步導入各種彈性化的工作時間制度。而在先進各國中日本在地緣關係與社經文化上與我國較為接近，對於我國勞動法制有深刻的影響，且其勞動法規中設有許多彈性的工作時間制度並作有大量的研究檢討報告，應可作為我國之借鏡。因此本文欲探究日本與我國各種工時制度與長時間勞動間的關聯，分析其原由，檢視我國現有規範及行政措施的成效，並提出改善建議，作為未來工時制度設計上的參考。 就結論而言，本文認為我國勞動基準法應導入移動工時制度，同時第84條之1的適用範圍與法律效果應予調整。最後，尚應根據過勞的認定基準，設定工作時間的絕對上限，以防堵極端情形發生，保障勞工所應有的權益。 / Labor Standards Act has revised several times in recent years. However, the phenomenon of long working hours in Taiwan is causing lots of social issues, and tragedies of Karoshi never end. Hence, it is necessary to review the legal regulations of working hours. As the influence of Economic globalization, special working time systems such as variable working hours system, de facto working hours system are introduced into Labor Standards Act. Across developed countries, Japan has similar geopolitical position and culture to Taiwan. Furthermore, Japan is not only influencing Taiwan on Labor Law, but also has made a lot of researches on special working time systems. Therefore, the author examined the legal regulations of working hours and effects between Labor Standards Laws of Taiwan and Japan for the purpose of improving the rights of labors. In conclusion, it is necessary to introdece flexible working hours system into Labor Standards Laws of Taiwan and adjust the range and effect of article 84-1. In addition, absolute limit of working hours based on the guideline of Karoshi should be set to avoid extreme cases of long working hours.