Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T18:20:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana Fukuda.pdf: 14767349 bytes, checksum: 528a36df5cb8d77aa472422e59b6b486 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-30 / The protected areas (PAs) for nature conservation are important tools for maintaining ecological function and biodiversity conservation in a determined region. Specific laws for their protection are applied in the defined space within their limits. Thus, considering boundaries definition as a characteristic of fundamental importance to reach the goals for which the protected area has been created, in this work we aimed to evaluate socioeconomic- cultural and environmental features, and also management and political variables for suggesting boundaries to a marine costal protected area (MCPA) in the Reentrâncias Maranhenses region, with special attention to the municipality of Porto Rico do Maranhão. This portion of coast is characterized for its high nutrients levels, macro-tidal regimes, large continental shelf and exuberant mangroves, and the artisanal fishing as the main economic activity. We limited the purpose of this study to the managed MCPAs. We used interviews, field observations, water and sediment samples and secondary information to reach the following goals: 1) survey on the MCPAs in Brazil, analysing the management difficulties answered by their managers related to the boundaries definition; 2) discussion whether to create a new protected area in the region and its advantages; 3) characterize the local fishery and the direct users of fishery resources; 4) make a list of vertebrates species (not including herpetofauna) and benthos species which have occurrence indication in the area; 5) classify the local environments based on orbital images and field work; 6) sample estuarine waters for physical and chemical analysis; 7) consider land tenure, fishery management and navigation safety issues. The main contributions of this work are: a) information on 141 publicly managed coastal and marine protected areas; b) confirmation that in the older protected areas there have been fewer studies on boundary definition, in inverse proportion to current occurrence of management problems. These studies have been more frequent in the Extractive Reserves than in the Environmental Protected Areas; c) indications of an unsustainable fishery, socially, economically and environmentally endangering the region; d) occurrence indication of 89 fish morphospecies, 25 of shore birds and 6 of mammals, emphasizing the ones in danger of extinction; e) elaboration and analysis of a multi-criteria matrix to indicate the most important environments for protection; f) indication of an ideal area for protection, only considering environmental concepts and indication of an area we believe would be the most suitable for a PA, considering the other management variables. Yet, this suggestion must be discussed with all the stakeholders, in a consistent effort to make aware and empower the users so that they realize that the conflicts and problems will only be minimized with stakeholder participation and commitment to the issue. / As Unidades de Conservação (UCs) áreas protegidas para conservação da natureza são importantes instrumentos para conservação da biodiversidade e dos recursos ambientais de determinada região. Legislações específicas para sua proteção se aplicam ao espaço definido pelos seus limites. Desta forma, considerando a delimitação de uma UC como característica de fundamental importância para atingir os objetivos pelas quais a área foi criada, buscamos neste trabalho avaliar características ambientais e sócio-econômico-culturais, bem como variáveis políticas e de gestão, para sugerir limites para uma Unidade de Conservação costeiro-marinha (UCCM) na região das Reentrâncias Maranhenses, com especial atenção à região do município de Porto Rico do Maranhão. Esta porção da costa é caracterizada pelo alto aporte de nutrientes, regime de macro-marés, plataforma continental larga e manguezais exuberantes, sendo a pesca artesanal a principal atividade econômica. O escopo deste trabalho foi limitado às UCCMs de uso sustentável. Através de entrevistas, observações de campo, coleta de água e sedimento, e dados secundários, realizaramse: 1) levantamento das UCCMs de uso sustentável do Brasil, analisando-se as dificuldades de gestão relacionadas aos limites da área, de acordo com seus atuais gestores; 2) discussão sobre a necessidade e vantagens de se criar uma nova UC na região; 3) caracterização da pesca e dos usuários diretos dos recursos pesqueiros na região; 4) listagem das espécies de vertebrados (exceto herpetofauna) e de bentos de ocorrência na área; 5) classificação de ambientes lcoais com base em imagens orbitais e trabalho de campo; 6) amostragem de águas estuarinas para análises físicoquímicas; 7) considerações referentes a questões fundiárias, de pesca e de segurança da navegação. Como principais contribuições deste trabalho citam-se: a) levantamento de dados referentes a 141 UCCMs de uso sustentável, exceto RPPNs; b) confirmação de que as UCs mais antigas tiveram menos estudos para delimitação da área a ser protegida, em proporção inversa à ocorrência de problemas de gestão atuais. Entre as Reservas Extrativistas os estudos foram mais freqüentes do que entre as Áreas de Proteção Ambiental; c) demonstração de indícios de insustentabilidade da atividade pesqueira, com comprometimento social, econômico e ambiental da região; d) indicação de ocorrência de 89 morfoespécies de peixes, 25 de aves costeiras e 6 de mamíferos, destacando-se espécies ameaçadas de extinção; e) elaboração e análise de uma matriz-multi-critérios, para indicar ambientes mais importantes para proteção; f) indicação de uma área ideal para proteção, considerando apenas conceitos ambientais, e de uma área que acreditamos ser a mais adequada para a uma UC, considerando demais variáveis de gestão. Esta proposta deve ainda ser discutida juntamente com todos os grupos interessados, em um esforço consistente de conscientização dos usuários e empoderamento dos mesmos, assim como promoção de alternativas de geração de renda, de forma que eles percebam que os conflitos existentes só serão minimizados com a própria participação e comprometimento da comunidade interessada em relação à questão.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Liandra Peres Caldasso.pdf: 1522757 bytes, checksum: 09da3cd6391ae01473128031e0f60dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Artisanal fisheries are suffering a decline in most coastal areas in Brazil and in the world, which leads to ecological problems, such as the subtraction or even extinction of particular fish species, and to social problems, since fishermen no longer have their main source of livelihood. In Brazil, state intervention has not been sufficient to overcome these difficulties. Therefore, in order to face the crisis in the fisheries sector, an alternative form of management of common property resources arises in the literature. Intellectuals who study this issue have accepted shared management (collective management or co-management) as the best institutional arrangement alternative to avoid the perverse effects of over-exploitation. In this sense, the present work has as its main objective to analyse the shared management form implemented in the estuary of Lagoa dos Patos/Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) through the creation of the Lagoa dos Patos Forum, in 1996. Since this management alternative is based on the relevant role played by the managing bodies and users of such resources, we decided to use the contributions of theoretical analysis on common property resources, focusing on shared management, as we believe that this form of co-management can contribute to the efficient and sustainable use of fishery resources. / A pesca artesanal encontra-se em decl?nio na maior parte das zonas costeiras do Brasil e do mundo, levando a problemas ecol?gicos com a subtra??o ou mesmo a extin??o de determinadas esp?cies de pescado e a problemas sociais, j? que os pescadores n?o disp?em de seu principal meio de subsist?ncia. No Brasil, a interven??o estatal n?o foi suficiente para superar essas dificuldades. Assim, diante da crise no setor pesqueiro, surge na literatura que trata dos recursos de propriedade comum, uma forma alternativa de manejo para esses recursos. A forma de gest?o compartilhada (gest?o coletiva ou co-gest?o), tem sido aceita por intelectuais que se dedicam ao tema, como a melhor alternativa de arranjo institucional para evitar os efeitos perversos da sobre-explora??o. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal, analisar as forma de gest?o compartilhada implementada no estu?rio da Lagoa dos Patos/RS por meio da cria??o do F?rum da Lagoa dos Patos em 1996. Tendo em vista que essa alternativa de manejo fundamenta-se pelo relevante papel desempenhado pelos ?rg?os gestores e usu?rios de tais recursos, optou-se por utilizar as contribui??es da an?lise te?rica sobre recursos de propriedade comum, enfocando na gest?o compartilhada, acredita-se que essa forma de co-gest?o possa contribuir para o uso eficiente e sustent?vel dos recursos pesqueiros.

La pêche en mer se caractérise souvent par une exploitation non durable des ressources halieutiques dans la plupart des régions du monde.La forte demande en produits de la mer favorise la croissance de l’industrie de la pêche, qui repousse constamment ses propres limitesgéographiques et celles de ses capacités techniques, ce qui provoque des conflits avec l’exploitation massive de zones de pêche jusqu’alorsoccupées par des pêcheurs artisanaux. La région amazonienne transfrontalière du nord du Brésil illustre ce contexte : les pêcheursartisanaux de la municipalité d’Oiapoque (au nord de l'état d'Amapá) souffrent de l’invasion de leur espace par des pêcheurs de différentesrégions. La thèse aborde la dynamique de la pêche artisanale dans cette région, basée sur le concept de territoire, à travers les relationsqu’exercent les pêcheurs, la chaîne de production, les formes de conflit pour l'espace de pêche, les restrictions imposées par laréglementation générale avec la présence d’une aire protégée. La méthodologie est qualitative et quantitative: observation directe,questionnaires, entretiens et réalisation de cartes. La recherche met en évidence de nombreuses lacunes dans le système actuel (politiquespubliques, évaluation des ressources et des écosystèmes, etc.) pour comprendre et gérer durablement la ressource. Ces déficiencesencouragent l'exploitation désordonnée des ressources halieutiques ce qui menace l’avenir des pêcheurs artisanaux et la biodiversitémarine. Les pêcheurs artisanaux locaux comptent à présent sur une plus juste et plus ferme application de la réglementation dans l’aireprotégée afin de leur en réserver l’usage tout en empêchant la surpêche. / Sea fishing is often characterized by the unsustainable exploitation of fishing resources in most parts of the world. The strong demand forseafood causes the fishing industry to grow, which is steadily constraining its own geographical limits and its technical capacities,generating conflicts caused by the massive exploitation of fishing areas that, until recently, were only occupied by artisanal fishermen.The Amazonian border region in northern Brazil illustrates this context, while artisanal fishermen in Oiapoque (north of the state ofAmapá) are subject to the invasion of fishermen from different regions. The thesis addresses the artisanal fishing dynamics in Oiapoque,based on the concept of territory, through the relations engaged in by the fishermen, the productive chain, the forms of conflict for thefishing area, the restrictions imposed by the general regulations in a protected area. This work is qualitative and quantitative methodology:direct observation, questionnaires, interviews and maps. This research highlights many shortcomings in the current system (publicpolicies, resource and ecosystem assessment, etc.) in order to understand, monitor and sustainably manage the resource. Theseshortcomings encourage the disorderly exploitation of fishing resources, which threatens the future of artisanal fishermen and marinebiodiversity. Local artisanal fishermen are now under a fairer and more stringent enforcement of the regulations in the protected areaaimed at preserving its use, while avoiding overfishing. / A pesca marítima é frequentemente caracterizada pela exploração insustentável dos recursos pesqueiros na maior parte do mundo. A forte demanda por frutos do mar favorece o crescimento da indústria pesqueira, que está constantemente pressionando seus próprios limites geográficos e os de suas capacidades técnicas, o que está causando conflitos com a exploração maciça de áreas de pesca até então ocupada por pescadores artesanais. A região amazônica transfronteiriça do norte do Brasil ilustra esse contexto, onde os pescadores artesanais do município de Oiapoque sofrem com a invasão de sua área por pescadores de diferentes regiões. Esta pesquisa visa uma melhor compreensão da pesca na costa atlântica da Amazônia, suas questões econômicas, sociais e ambientais. A tese aborda a dinâmica da pesca artesanal em Oiapoque, norte do estado do Amapá. Baseia-se no conceito de território, através das relações exercidas pelos pescadores, a cadeia produtiva, as formas de conflito para a área de pesca, as restrições impostas pela regulamentação geral com a presença de uma área protegida. A metodologia é qualitativa e quantitativa, consiste em observação direta, questionários, entrevistas e elaboração de mapas. O processamento de dados geográficos, obtidos a partir de sistemas a bordo de embarcações de pesca e levantamentos de campo permitiu a identificação de áreas de pesca na área marinha e sua partilha com conflitos entre os diferentes usuários. Os atores do conflito vêm de diferentes níveis (local, nacional e internacional) e se manifestam em diferentes intensidades da área de pesca. A pesquisa destaca muitas deficiências no sistema atual (políticas públicas, conformidade regulatória, avaliação de recursos e ecossistemas, etc.) para entender, monitorar e gerenciar de forma sustentável o recurso pesqueiro. Estas deficiências encorajam a exploração desordenada dos recursos pesqueiros, o que ameaça o futuro dos pescadores artesanais e da biodiversidade marinha. Os pescadores artesanais locais contam agora com uma aplicação mais justa e mais rigorosa dos regulamentos na área protegida, a fim de reservar o seu uso, evitando ao mesmo tempo a sobrepesca.

Introduction L’exploitation minière artisanale est une activité qui intervient dans un contexte de précarité et suscité plus interrogations sur le respect des règles de l’art minier, la protection de l’environnement ainsi que la préservation de la santé, de la sécurité et du bien-être au travail des personnes impliquées. Dans le cas particulier de la Province du Katanga, en République Démocratique du Congo, elle a connu un essor particulier suite à l’effondrement de la GECAMINES, société d’Etat qui exploite le cuivre et le cobalt et était le principal pourvoyeur des emplois directs et indirects dans cette partie du pays. Cet essor s’est également trouvé conforté par l’envolée des prix des produits miniers et a accentué l’ampleur des problèmes posés par l’artisanat minier. Alors que la plus grande attention est tournée vers la gestion des problèmes environnementaux, nous avons voulu évaluer l’impact des conditions de travail dans ce secteur d’activité sur la santé et la sécurité des exploitants artisanaux. En matérialisant cet impact, notre ambition est d’identifier les facteurs-clé sur lesquels construire une politique de promotion, d’éducation et d’amélioration de la santé au travail dans ce milieu. Matériel et méthodes Notre étude repose sur deux enquêtes réalisées en vue de circonscrire les éléments caractéristiques de la situation de travail dans l’exploitation minière artisanale. Ces enquêtes se sont déroulées dans les mines artisanales de la Ruashi et de Lupoto. Elles nous ont permis également de procéder à une observation de cette activité, telle qu’elle se pratique sur le terrain et la première enquête a été couplée à une analyse d’exposition et d’imprégnation des mineurs artisanaux aux contaminants contenus dans la gangue minéralisée. L’exploitation des résultats de ces enquêtes a donné lieu à plusieurs études descriptives à visée étiologiques dans lesquelles nous avons présenté, en plus des statistiques usuelles, les Odds Ratio et les tests d’association calculés grâce au logiciel SPSS version 17. Nous avons également procédé à des revues de la littérature, principalement pour circonscrire les pathologies liées aux risques toxicologiques spécifiques à cette activité ainsi que pour identifier les facteurs-clé de succès des expériences de réforme de la mine artisanale. Résultats Les résultats obtenus ont fait l’objet des publications compilées dans la présente thèse. Pour l’essentiel, ils consistent aux constatations suivantes : L’inadéquation de la législation minière actuelle qui ne tient pas suffisamment compte des contraintes inhérentes à l’exercice de l’activité minière artisanale. L’absence de droit privatif d’exploitation sur un périmètre minier, même restreint, met l’exploitant artisanal en concurrence avec les autres mineurs artisanaux et le poussent à recourir à des procédés d’exploitation expéditifs, nuisibles à l’environnement et à sa propre santé et sécurité. Son statut d’indépendant est également un obstacle au respect des règles en matière de sécurité et de préservation de l’environnement dans la mesure où l’application des sanctions directes peut avoir pour conséquence de pousser l’indépendant dans l’informel et la clandestinité. Travaillant dans ce cadre informel et en marge de la réglementation en matière d’exploitation minière artisanale, les mineurs sont exposés aux conséquences découlant de la précarité de leurs conditions de travail. Ces conséquences se manifestent par l’existence d’importants risques et facteurs de dangers. Parmi celles-ci figurent l’exposition aux composants de la gangue minéralisée. L’analyse des échantillons de cheveu, réalisée par la spectrométrie d’émission en plasma induit couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (ICP-MS), a montré des taux élevés chez les mineurs, par comparaison à une population non-exposée, en l’occurrence les étudiants de la faculté de médecine de l’Université de Lubumbashi. Un autre impact de mauvaises conditions de travail est traduit par des OR élevés notamment des cotes d’exposition élevées pour des symptômes de maladie comme Les troubles musculo-squelettiques [douleurs dorsales (OR=36,5), douleurs des membres supérieurs (OR=20,7), des membres inférieurs (OR=18,3)] les troubles de sommeil (OR=21,4) et les troubles respiratoires (OR=14,6) quand on compare les artisans une population non travailleuse. La fréquence des accidents de travail est également très élevée au sein de cette population (72,2%). L’analyse des circonstances de survenue de ces accidents met en évidence la place très importante attribuée par les mineurs aux accidents liés à un problème de manipulation d’outils. Ceci traduit le caractère inadapté des outils et de la technologie utilisés. Discussion Les résultats que nous avons obtenus confirment l’ampleur des problèmes que nous avons cherché à matérialiser. Cette ampleur nécessite que des études analogues soient menées dans d’autres contextes pour valider ces résultats et les associations qui sont avancées pour les expliquer. Quoiqu’il en soit, le rapprochement de ces constatations avec celles rapportées dans les études traitant des problèmes similaires nous permettent à mettre en évidence les conséquences de mauvaises conditions de travail sur la santé-sécurité des mineurs artisanaux : l’effet des mauvaises postures de travail, du travail dans la poussière et des fines particules en suspension dans l’air, l’absence de moyens de protection ou encore le caractère rudimentaire de l’outil de travail. L’analyse des expériences de réforme de cette activité a mis en évidence le cercle vicieux de la précarité. Celle-ci ne permet pas d’investir dans les moyens dont le résultat serait une amélioration de la rentabilité de l’activité. Ainsi, elle devient à la fois, la cause et la conséquence des problèmes observés dans l’artisanat minier. Pour casser ce cercle vicieux, il est important de rencontrer les différentes contraintes inhérentes à cette activité : formaliser son cadre de déroulement et mécaniser ses procédés d’exploitation. Dans le contexte particulier de l’artisanat minier au Katanga, les conditions d’intégration des leçons découlant de ces expériences peuvent être remplies et crédibiliser une stratégie d’amélioration et de promotion de la santé-sécurité au travail. Conclusion L’importance de la population impliquée dans cette activité nécessite la mise en place des stratégies de rémédiation de nature à éviter un déclassement prématuré et massif d’une population encore dans la force de l’âge. Sa contribution à la formation de la richesse nationale et aux recettes d’exportation nécessite une mobilisation conséquente des ressources pour la mise en œuvre de ces stratégies, en vue de l’amélioration, de la promotion et de l’éducation de la santé dans ce secteur d’activité. Abstract Introduction Artisanal mining is an activity which occurs in a precariousness context and raises several concerns about the compliance with mining rules, environmental protection and the management of occupational health, safety and welfare for those are involved in. In the particular case of the Province of Katanga, Democratic Republic of Congo, this activity has mostly grown-up following the collapse of Gecamines, the State corporation in charge of copper and cobalt mining, which was the main source of direct and indirect employment in that part of the country. The boom has also been reinforced by the soaring price of mineral commodities. So, it has increased the extent of problems posed by artisanal mining. While most attention is turned towards the management of environmental problems, we wanted to assess the impact of working conditions on health and safety of artisanal miners in this business. By materializing this impact, we aim to identify key factors on which to build a promotion, education and occupational health improvement policy in this environment. Materials and methods Our study is based on two surveys conducted to identify features characteristic of the working situation in artisanal mining. These surveys were conducted in the artisanal mines of the Ruashi and Lupoto. They also enabled us to carry out an observation of this business, as it takes place in the field and the first survey was combined with an analysis of exposure and impregnation of artisanal miners to contaminants contained within the mineralized veinstone. The exploitation of these investigations outcomes has resulted in several descriptive and aetiological studies where we presented, besides usual statistics, odds ratio and tests of association, calculated using the software SPSS version 17. We also conducted literature reviews, mainly to confine diseases associated with toxicological risks which appeared specific to this activity and to identify key success factors in artisanal mining reform experiences. Results Achievements have resulted in several publications which have been compiled in this thesis. Basically, they include of the following findings: The inadequacy of the current mining legislation which does not take sufficiently in consideration constraints inherent while performing artisanal mining activities. The lack of exclusive right to operate a mining perimeter, even small size one, puts operator in competition with other miners and lead him to use expeditious operating processes which are harmful to the environment and its own health and safety. Its independent’s status is also an barrier to compliance with safety and environmental preservation the rules, at the extent that the imposition of sanctions may have as direct consequence pushing the independent in informal and clandestine sector. Working in this casual framework and ignorance of artisanal mining regulation, miners are exposed to consequences ensuing from precariousness of their working conditions These consequences appear in the existence of significant hazards and risk factors. Among those hazards is exposure to the mineralized veinstone components. Hair samples analysis, performed using emission spectrometry by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), showed high levels among miners in comparison to an unexposed population who were represented, in this case, by students of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lubumbashi. Another impact of bad working conditions has resulted in higher odds ratios, in particular higher odds of exposure for symptoms of diseases such as musculoskeletal disorders [back pain (OR = 36.5), upper limb pains (OR = 20.7), lower limbs (OR = 18.3)] sleep problems (OR = 21.4) and respiratory disorders (OR = 14.6), when comparing artisanal miners to non-hard working population The frequency of occupational accidents is also high within this population (72.2%). Analysis of occurrence circumstances of these accidents highlights the important place given by the miners to accidents related to an issue of handling tools. This reflects the inadequacy of tools and technology used. Discussion The results that we have obtained confirm the magnitude of issues we have looked to materialize. Their scope requires that similar reviews should be conducted in other contexts to confirm these findings and associations that had been put forward to explain them. Nevertheless, comparison of these findings with those reported in studies dealing with similar challenges, enable us to highlight the consequences of bad working conditions on occupational health and safety of miners: effect of bad working postures, working with dust and fine particles in suspension in air, lack of protection equipments or tool crudeness. The analysis of reform experiences of this activity has highlighted the vicious circle of precariousness. It does not allow investments in equipments that would result in improved business profitability. Thus, it becomes both the cause and consequence of problems reported in artisanal mining. To break this vicious circle, it is important to address the various constraints inherent in this business: formalizing its framework and mechanizing its operational processes. In the particular context of artisanal mining in Katanga, conditions for integrating lessons raised from these experiences can be met and give credibility to strategy for improving and promoting occupational health and safety. Conclusion The importance of population engaged in this activity requires the implementation of remediation strategies likely to avoid a premature and massive downgrading of a population still in the prime of life. Its contribution to the national welfare and export earnings requires mobilization of resources for implementation of improvement, promotion and health education strategies in this industry.

The present study is one of the first attempts to analyze the societal importance of seagrasses (marine flowering plants) from a Natural Resource Management perspective, using a social-ecological systems (SES) approach. The interdisciplinary study takes place in East Africa (Western Indian Ocean, WIO) and includes in-depth studies in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Natural and social sciences methods were used. The results are presented in six articles, showing that seagrass ecosystems are rich in seagrass species (13) and form an important part of the SES within the tropical seascape of the WIO. Seagrasses provide livelihoods opportunities and basic animal protein, in from of seagrass associated fish e.g. Siganidae and Scaridae. Research, management and education initiatives are, however, nearly non-existent. In Chwaka Bay, the goods and ecosystem services associated with the meadows and also appreciated by locals were fishing and collection grounds as well as substrate for seaweed cultivation. Seagrasses are used as medicines and fertilizers and associated with different beliefs and values. Dema (basket trap) fishery showed clear links to seagrass beds and provided the highest gross income per capita of all economic activities. All showing that the meadows provide social-ecological resilience. Drag-net fishery seems to damage the meadows. Two ecological studies show that artisanal seaweed farming of red algae, mainly done by women and pictured as sustainable in the WIO, has a thinning effect on seagrass beds, reduces associated macrofauna, affects sediments, changes fish catch composition and reduces diversity. Furthermore, it has a negative effect on i.a. women’s health. The two last papers are institutional analyses of the human-seagrass relationship. A broad approach was used to analyze regulative, normative and cultural-cognitive institutions. Cooperation and conflict take place between different institutions, interacting with their slow or fast moving characteristics, and are thus fundamental in directing the system into sustainable/unsustainable paths. Ecological knowledge was heterogeneous and situated. Due to the abundance of resources and high internal control, the SES seems to be entangled in a rigidity trap with the risk of falling into a poverty trap. Regulations were found insufficient to understand SES dynamics. “Well” designed organizational structures for management were found insufficient for “good” institutional performance. The dynamics between individuals embedded in different social and cultural structures showed to be crucial. Bwana Dikos, monitoring officials, placed in villages or landing sites in Zanzibar experienced four dilemmas – kinship, loyalty, poverty and control – which decrease efficiency and affect resilience. Mismatches between institutions themselves, and between institutions and cognitive capacities were identified. Some important practical implications are the need to include seagrass meadows in management and educational plans, addressing a seascape perspective, livelihood diversification, subsistence value, impacts, social-ecological resilience, and a broad institutional approach.

Los objetivos de la tesis fueron estudiar los factores que pueden explicar la variabilidad existente en la distribución e intensidad de la pesca artesanal en torno a una reserva marina (RM), valorar el efecto de la protección sobre la pesca y analizar y valorar los efectos bio-económicos de configuraciones alternativas de diseño y gestión. Los resultados revelaron que las embarcaciones artesanales calan más artes, de menor longitud, en zonas de elevada diversidad de hábitats. El rendimiento pesquero depende del nivel de protección, la distancia a la RM y la diversidad de artes por unidad de área. La protección está teniendo resultados positivos sobre las poblaciones de peces explotadas y beneficiando a la economía local. El aumento de superficie protegida, distribuido en varias reservas integrales en emplazamientos adecuados, distanciadas unas decenas kilómetros, más que la reducción del esfuerzo, tendría efectos positivos sobre el poblamiento de peces y la economía local. / The aim of the present work is to study the factors that may explain the variability in distribution and intensity of artisanal fishing around a marine reserve, evaluate the reserve effect and analyze and assess the biological and economic effects of alternative configurations of a marine protected area. The results revealed that artisanal vessels used more fishing gears, but shorter, in high habitat diversity areas. The fishing yield depends of protection level, distance to marine reserve and diversity of fishing gears per unit area. The protection measures have had positive results on exploited fish populations and in the local economy. The increase of protected area surface, distributed on several no take zones at appropriate locations, a few kilometers apart, more than the reduction of the fishing effort, would have positive effects on the population of commercial fishes and the local economy.

A ecologia humana analisa as relações entre populações humanas e os recursos naturais e pode gerar informações úteis para o manejo das atividades de pesca em áreas costeiras. Este estudo foi realizado nos anos de 2007 e 2008 em duas comunidades de pescadores do litoral sul do Brasil, localizadas nas praias da Guarda do Embaú (GE) e Pinheira (PP), no estado de Santa Catarina. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram: analisar as estratégias de pesca e as interações entre diferentes grupos humanos nas atividades da pesca artesanal de subsistência; identificar as decisões e estratégias utilizadas pelos pescadores na pesca artesanal comercial e registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) dos pescadores de duas comunidades sobre os peixes, comparando-o com o conhecimento científico e comparando o CEL entre as comunidades. Na praia da GE foi registrado o número de pescadores e obtidas as seguintes variáveis da pesca através de entrevistas realizadas com estes pescadores: procedência, atividade econômica, petrechos e técnicas utilizadas, tempo gasto pescando e pontos de pesca utilizados, além da composição e biomassa de peixes capturados. Na época de migração de tainhas e paratis (Mugil platanus e M. curema), pescadores locais e ocasionais (de outras regiões) intensificaram a atividade da pesca, registrando um maior rendimento pesqueiro. As técnicas de pesca (espía e sarraio utilizadas com tarrafas e a vara de pesca) utilizadas pelos pescadores (n=163), apresentaram diferenças quanto à produtividade e seletividade. A espía foi a técnica mais produtiva. O sarraio e a espía foram técnicas mais seletivas, quando comparadas à vara de pesca. Foi evidenciada a partilha de nicho entre os pescadores locais e ocasionais quanto ao uso do espaço de pesca e das estratégias de captura utilizadas. Foram observados indícios de regras de uso do espaço de pesca: o respeito dos pescadores ocasionais sobre o ponto de pesca utilizado apenas pelos pescadores locais, além de um comportamento territorial dos pescadores locais que defenderam o ponto de pesca através de sanções sociais (intimidação). Foram registrados os fatores sócio-ecológicos que favorecem planos de co-manejo pesqueiro, como a presença da associação de pescadores dentre outros. A pesca na praia da Pinheira foi analisada através do modelo de forrageio ótimo a partir de um “lugar central” (ponto de saída das embarcações de pesca), que prevê que os pescadores procurarão maximizar os ganhos (biomassa de peixe capturada) em pontos de pesca mais distantes intensificando o esforço de captura. Foram registrados os seguintes dados dos desembarques pesqueiros (n=285): técnicas e áreas de pesca, tempo de viagem até as áreas de pesca (custos), tempo de permanência nas áreas de pesca (esforço) e espécies capturadas (benefícios). O comportamento dos pescadores não seguiu as premissas do modelo de forrageio ótimo. Os pescadores das técnicas de pesca caceio e fundeio visitaram as áreas de pesca de maior probabilidade de boas capturas, independente da distância do “lugar central”. Para encontrar esses lugares os pescadores utilizaram técnicas de sondagem que indicaram as áreas de pesca de maior produtividade. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com pescadores das praias da GE (n=28) e PP (n=31), com mais de dez anos de experiência na atividade, com o objetivo de registrar o conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) e compará-lo com a literatura científica e com estudos biológicos. Foi registrado o CEL dos pescadores sobre a abundância, período de reprodução e itens alimentares ingeridos por 7 espécies de peixes na GE e 13 espécies na PP. Foram coletados peixes de cinco espécies junto aos pescadores da PP para análises dos aspectos reprodutivos e alimentares. Os pescadores das duas comunidades possuem um conhecimento detalhado sobre as espécies de peixes, que foi influenciado por fatores como a utilidade e a abundância dos peixes e esteve de acordo com a literatura científica, na maioria das vezes. Algumas informações obtidas pelo CEL não foram encontradas na literatura científica e outras não condizentes com a literatura serviram para formular hipóteses para futuras investigações. Foram registradas diferenças no CEL dos pescadores quanto à biologia das espécies de mugilídeos e da anchova (Pomatomus saltatrix), quando comparadas as duas comunidades de pesca. O reconhecimento das particularidades das diferentes comunidades de pescadores permite conduzir as estratégias de manejo dos recursos de uma forma participativa e mais eficiente, através de práticas de co-manejo pesqueiro. / Human ecology examines the relationships between human populations and natural resources and can generate useful information for management of fishing activities in coastal areas. This study was conducted in the years 2007 and 2008 in two fishing communities of southern Brazilian coast, located at Guarda do Embaú (GE) and Pinheira beaches (PP), state of Santa Catarina. The main objectives of this study were: analyze the strategies of fisheries and interactions between different groups in the activities of artisanal fisheries subsistence, identifying the decisions and strategies used by fishermen on the fishing trade and register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishers of two communities over the fish, comparing it with scientific knowledge and comparing the LEK between communities. On the beach GE was the number of registered fishers and the following variables of fishing through interviews with fishers: origin, economic activity, fishing gear and techniques, time spent fishing and fishing spots used in addition to the composition and biomass fishes. At the time of migration of mullets (Mugil platanus and M. curema), local fishers and fishers occasional (other regions) have intensified the activity of fishing, logging a higher yield fishery. The fishing techniques (espia and sarraio used with cast nets and fishing pole) used by fishers (n = 163) differed in yield and selectivity. The espia was the most productive technique. The sarraio and espia techniques were more selective when compared to the fishing pole. There was evidence for niche sharing between local fishers and occasional about the use of the area of fisheries and capture strategies used. Indication, rules of use of space fishing: respect for the occasional fishers on the fishing spot only used by local fishermen, and a territorial behavior of the local fishers who defended the fishing spot through social sanctions (intimidation). Were recorded the socio-ecological factors that promote co-management plans for fisheries, as the presence of the fishermen's association and others. Fishing on the beach Pinheira was analyzed using the model of optimal foraging from a "central place" (point of exit of fishing vessels), which provides that the fishers seek to maximize gains (biomass of fish caught) in points more distant fishing intensifying the fishing effort. Were recorded the following data of fishing landings (n = 285): techniques and fishing areas, travel time to the fishing areas (costs), time in the fishing areas (effort) and species caught (benefits). The behavior of the fishers did not follow the model assumptions of optimal foraging. The fishers of the fishing techniques caceio and fundeio, visited the fishing areas with the highest probability of good catches, regardless of distance from the "central place". To find these places the fishers used probing techniques indicated that the fishing areas of higher productivity. Were also conducted interviews with fishers from the beaches of GE (n = 28) and PP (n = 31), with over ten years experience in the activity, in order to register the local ecological knowledge (LEK) and compare it with the scientific literature and other biological studies. Were registered fishers LEK on the abundance, breeding period and food items eaten by 7 species of fish and 13 species at GE in the PP. Were collected five species of fish of the fishers at PP for analysis of the reproductive aspects and feeding. Fishers from both communities have a detailed knowledge about the species of fish, which was influenced by such factors as the usefulness and abundance of fish and was in accordance with the scientific literature, most of the time. Some information obtained from LEK was not found in the literature and others not consistent with the literature used to formulate hypotheses for future investigations. Differences in the KEL were fishermen on the biology of the species of mullets and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), compared to the two fishing communities. The recognition of the particularities of different fishing communities allows driving the strategies for managing resources in a participatory manner and more efficiently, through practices of comanagement fisheries.

O conhecimento ecológico local (CEL) é o conhecimento que indivíduos de uma população possuem sobre o ambiente em que vivem e o recurso que exploram. Informações derivadas do CEL podem ajudar a melhorar e ampliar o conhecimento biológico. O presente estudo teve como objetivos principais: 1) analisar o CEL de pescadores de lagoas costeiras do sul do Brasil sobre mudanças no ambiente ao longo de 20 anos, bem como sobre a composição e a abundância da ictiofauna (Capítulo 1); 2) analisar o CEL dos pescadores sobre duas espécies invasoras: o mexilhão dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) e o peixe porrudo (Trachelyopterus lucenai) (Capítulo 2). No primeiro capítulo foram comparados os dados de CEL com dados de coleta científica de peixes e dados de geoprocessamento em 15 lagoas no Litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul, de Palmares do Sul (30°15'28"S 50°30'36"O) até Torres (29°20'06"S 49°43'37"O). No segundo capítulo foi analisada a possibilidade do uso de CEL dos pescadores em estudos sobre espécies invasoras, nas mesmas lagoas. No total, 146 pescadores artesanais foram entrevistados com uso de questionários semi-estruturados padronizados. Os pescadores foram selecionados para o estudo através de indicações de outros entrevistados. Não houve correlação entre a abundância de peixes coletados (N= 3884) e peixes citados como mais capturados pelos entrevistados (N= 146), além de não se correlacionarem também peixes coletados com peixes que aumentaram ou diminuíram de abundância segundo os pescadores. As mudanças ambientais mais citadas pelos entrevistados foram poluição (18,1%), lagoas mais rasas (14,2%), impactos de lavouras (12,7%), construções no entorno (9,3%) e menos vegetação no entorno (8,6%). Essas mudanças ambientais citadas pelos entrevistados foram correlacionadas com dados de uso e ocupação do solo, estimados através da análise de imagens de geoprocessamento: porcentagem no entorno das lagoas de área antrópica, de agropecuária, de agricultura, e de florestas. Obteve-se correlação positiva significativa apenas entre os impactos causados pelas lavouras, segundo os entrevistados, e área de agricultura no entorno da lagoa (rs= 0,62 e p= 0,01). Quanto às espécies invasoras, a maioria (83%) dos 146 entrevistados afirmou conhecer o porrudo e 112 entrevistados que conhecem o porrudo disseram que o mesmo ocorre no local. Metade (52%) dos entrevistados respondeu que conhece o mexilhão dourado, sendo que 45 destes afirmam que o mesmo ocorre no local. Os pescadores que souberam precisar a data da invasão pelo porrudo (N= 84) disseram que o mesmo apareceu acerca de 6,1 (+-3,8) anos. Já para o mexilhão dourado os entrevistados que citaram uma provável data de invasão (N= 38) acreditam que o início da mesma se deu a aproximadamente 2,4 (+-1,4) anos. A discordância entre dados de etnoictiologia e dados de coleta científica pode servir para levantar questões interessantes que devam ser estudadas com maior atenção, dessa maneira contribuindo para melhorar os estudos científicos. Além disso, os objetivos da pesquisa científica tendem a ser diferentes dos objetivos que determinam o CEL dos pescadores. Esse estudo sugere ainda que o CEL de pescadores pode ser um bom indicador para o estudo de invasões biológicas. / Local ecological knowledge (LEK) is the knowledge that individuals in a population have about the environment where they live and the resources that they explore. This study had two main objectives: 1)to analyze the LEK of fishermen about changes in the environment and about the composition and abundance of the ichthyofauna (Chapter 1); 2)to analyze the LEK of fishermen about two invasive species in subtropical coastal lagoons: the golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei) and fish porrudo (Trachelyopterus lucenai) (Chapter 2). In the first chapter, data from fishers‟ LEK was compared with experimental fish sampling and geoprocessing data in15 lagoons from the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul, from Palmares do Sul (30°15'28"S 50°30'36"O) to Torres (29°20'06"S 49°43'37"O). In the second chapter we analyzed the potential application of LEK to studies about invasive species in the same lagoons. A total of 146 artisanal fishermen were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The fishermen were selected using a method were one interviewee indicated the next one. We did not observe correlation between the abundance of collected fishes (N= 3884) and fishes mentioned by fishermen (N= 146) as being the most captured ones. We also did not observe correlation between the abundance of collected fishes and the fishes quoted by fishermen as being the ones that have their abundance increased or reduced. We also correlated environmental changes most mentioned by the interviewees, such as increase in pollution (18,1%), shallower lagoons (14,2%), impacts of farming in the lagoons (12,7%), construction in the surrounding areas (9,3%) and decrease in vegetation in the surrounding areas (8,6%), with data of use and occupation of the soil, which was estimated through analyses of geoprocessing images, such as percentage of anthropic area, livestock, agricultural and forested area in the surrounding areas of the lagoons. For the invasive species, the majority (83%) of the 146 interviewed fishers claimed to know the porrudo and 112 said that it occurs at the site. Half (52%) of respondents reported they know the golden mussel and 45 fishers mentioned that it occurs at the site. The fishermen who knew the exact date of the invasion by porrudo claimed its appearance to an average of 6.1 (+-3.8) years. As to the golden mussel, the interviewees believe that the beginning of the invasion occurred at 2.4 (+-1.4) years in average. The disagreement between ethnoicthyological data and data from scientific collections may be useful to raise interesting questions that deserve more attention, contributing to improve scientific studies. Furthermore, the objectives of scientific research are not the same as the objectives that determines fishermen LEK. This study suggests also that fishermen LEK may be an useful indicator for the study of biological invasions.

As percepções e os saberes das populações tradicionais vêm conquistando cada vez mais espaço no meio acadêmico e nas instituições governamentais. Tal valorização ganha projeção uma vez que estes grupos apresentam culturas comumente mais conservacionistas e integradas aos locais onde vivem do que a sociedade urbano-industrial, e suas práticas servem de exemplo para a gestão e para a conservação ambiental. Entretanto, a valorização desses saberes ainda é incipiente no que se refere à conservação de áreas naturais, tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo. O presente estudo, através dos fundamentos da Geografia Cultural Humanística, descreve e interpreta a geograficidade e parte dos conhecimentos ambientais dos pescadores do Lago Guaíba, com relação à qualidade das águas, a ictiofauna e os impactos ambientais presentes no manancial. Como parte dos resultados, temos a hierarquização dos principais impactos ambientais presentes no Lago, descritos pelos pescadores. De modo sucinto, os pescadores destacam como o principal degradante do manancial o esgoto doméstico, seguido pelo lixo sobrenadante, a ação das balsas de extração de areia (areeiras), a contaminação de origem industrial e, em quinto e último lugar, a contaminação por agrotóxicos. O estudo apresenta ainda propostas de gerenciamento, por parte dos pescadores e do pesquisador, com o intuito de enriquecer o processo de gestão de suas águas, revalorizando os saberes dos pescadores do delta do rio Jacuí. / The perceptions and knowledge of traditional populations are conquering each increasingly space in academic and in government institutions. This valuation gains projection since these groups have crops most commonly integrated conservation and the places where they live than the urban-industrial society, and its practices serve as an example for the management and for environmental conservation. However , the valorization of these knowing is still budding about the conservation of natural areas, both in Brazil as in the world. The present studied, through the foundations of Cultural Geography, describes and interprets the geographical experiences and part of the environmental knowledge of the fishermen of Lake Guaíba, with regard to water quality, fish and environmental impacts in the wealth. As part of the results, we have a hierarchy of the main environmental impacts in the Lake, described by fishermen. In brief, the fishermen out as the main source of degrading the domestic sewage, followed by garbage supernatant, the action of ferries of extraction of sand (bot of sands), the contamination from industry, and in fifth and last place, the contamination by pesticides. The study also presents proposals for management on the part of fishermen and the search in order to enrich the process of managing their water, raising the knowledge of fishermen on the delta of the river Jacuí.

BATISTA, Leidiane Priscilla de Paiva. Saberes Etnoictiológicos dos Pescadores Artesanais nos Açudes do Alto Rio Acaraú, Ceará, Brasil. 2012. 102 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente-PRODEMA, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T16:43:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ lppbatista.pdf: 14346238 bytes, checksum: cd0e7a424d9c932b857183e761c3733b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-05-03T16:46:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ lppbatista.pdf: 14346238 bytes, checksum: cd0e7a424d9c932b857183e761c3733b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T16:46:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_ lppbatista.pdf: 14346238 bytes, checksum: cd0e7a424d9c932b857183e761c3733b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / The ethnoictiology to describe and use the knowledge of fishermen, by studies that show that they are carriers of bio-ecological knowledge about fish they catch. Thus, the objective was to compare the knowledge of fishermen of public dams Araras and Edson Queiroz (Middle Acaraú River Basin, Ceará) with the scientific literature. With this end, we selected a representative population for each of these reservoirs. Therefore, there is the Ilha de Esaú, for the dam Araras, and Vila São Cosme, to Edson Queiroz. Were performed participant observation, semi-structured interviews, visual stimulus, and guided fishing tours of these populations. Twenty fishermen were interviewed in Vila Sao Cosme and twenty-four on the Ihla de Esaú The interviews aspects ethnoecological of the main fish species caught by fishermen. Were cited twenty ethnospecies fish and shrimp as captured in the reservoirs. Among these, the most important, economically, are cará-tilapia [Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)], curimatã [(Prochilodus brevis (Steindachner, 1874)], pescada [Plagiossion squamossimus (Heckel, 1840)], piau (Leporinus sp.),traíra (Hoplias brasiliensis e H. malabaricus) and tucunaré [Cichla cf. ocellaris (Bloch; Schneider, 1801)]. In the classification of fishes, fishemen used morphological and ethological aspects, presenting several ethnospecies with generic names and few with binomial names. In your diet, these populations consume fish as the main source of animal protein, with social and cultural restrictions. As for ethnoictiology, it is concluded that the fishermen have consistent knowledge about the general ecology, trophic and reproductive of fishes captured. Therefore, the consistency of the knowledge of fishermen on the Ilha de Esaú and Vila São Cosme, this knowledge can contribute to future scientific studies and be incorporated in the preparation of management plans and sustainable management of water resources and fisheries in the middle region Acaraú. / A etnoictiologia busca descrever e valorizar os conhecimentos dos pescadores artesanais, através de estudos que evidenciam que estes são portadores de conhecimentos bioecológicos acerca dos peixes que capturam. Desta forma, objetivou-se comparar os conhecimentos etnoictiológicos dos pescadores artesanais dos açudes públicos Araras e Edson Queiroz (bacia do médio rio Acaraú-CE) com a literatura científica. Com este fim, selecionou-se uma população representativa para cada um destes açudes. Assim, tem-se a Ilha de Esaú, para o açude Araras, e Vila São Cosme, para o Edson Queiroz. Foram realizadas observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas, estímulo visual e turnês-guiadas com pescadores destas populações. Foram entrevistados vinte pescadores na Vila São Cosme e vinte e quatro na Ilha de Esaú. As entrevistas abordaram aspectos etnoecológicos das principais espécies de peixes capturadas pelos pescadores. Foram citadas vinte etnoespécies de peixes e uma de camarão como sendo capturadas nos açudes. Dentre estas, as mais importantes, economicamente, foram: cará-tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 e Tilapia rendalli Boulenger, 1897), curimatã (Prochilodus brevis Steindachner, 1874), pescada, (Plagiossion squamossimus Heckel, 1840), piau (Leporinus sp.), traíra (Hoplias brasiliensis e H. malabaricus Bloch, 1794) e tucunaré (Cichla cf. ocellaris Bloch; Schneider, 1801). Na classificação da ictiofauna, os pescadores utilizam aspectos morfológicos e etológicos, apresentando várias etnoespécies com nomes genéricos e poucas com nomes binomiais. Em sua dieta, estas populações consomem peixes, como principal fonte de proteína animal, havendo restrições por caráter social e cultural. Quanto à etnoictiologia, conclui-se que os pescadores possuem conhecimentos consistentes sobre a ecologia geral, trófica e reprodutiva da ictiofauna capturada, vivenciando empiricamente muitas das informações presentes na literatura acadêmica. Logo, pela consistência dos saberes dos pescadores da Ilha de Esaú e da Vila São Cosme, estes conhecimentos podem contribuir para futuros estudos científicos e ser incorporados na elaboração de planos de gestão e manejo sustentável dos recursos hídricos e pesqueiros da região média do Acaraú.