Bedömning inom skolan är något komplext och bedömningsbegrepp likaså, hur de definieras, tolkas och används. Hur bedömning förmedlas till en elev är av stor betydelse för det fortsatta lärandet. Rätt utformad kan denna förmedling resultera i ett ökat engagemang hos eleven och en förbättring av elevens lärande. Behovet av att förstå bedömningsprocesser och olika former av bedömning är idag högaktuellt inom svensk grundskola i och med att landets skolor och rektorer givits i uppdrag att utforma skriftliga omdömen från skolår 1. Även om det gått snart ett år sedan uppdraget gavs är det i kontakter med lärare och rektorer tydligt att utformandet av skriftliga omdömen i många fall är en process som är långt ifrån klar. För att kunna utforma dessa omdömen på tillfredsställande sätt behövs djupare kunskaper om bedömningsbegrepp.   Denna studie är en forskningsöversikt, en analytisk undersökning av aktuell forskning kring bedömningsbegreppet. I översikten problematiseras bedömningsbegreppet inom skolans värld för att tydliggöra hur olika former av bedömning definieras och används inom svensk och anglosaxisk forskning. Undersökningen omfattar 48 källor, varav 27 svenska. Dessa har analyserats genom en studie av definitioner, argument, formuleringar, författarnas perspektiv och eventuella personliga ställningstaganden, samt om de är att betrakta som problematiserande eller enbart konstaterande.   Resultatet visar att det inom den anglosaxiska forskningen, som dominerar den internationella forskningen kring bedömning, finns en betydligt högre grad av problematisering och diskussion kring bedömningsbegrepp än inom svensk forskning. Inom svensk forskning är det istället lätt att tro att det råder konsensus i hur man tolkar och förstår bedömningsbegrepp. Denna villfarelse skapas av en brist på definitioner och en avsaknad av diskussioner kring begrepp. Istället problematiseras summativ bedömning i form av betyg utifrån frågan om likvärdighet, en diskussion som saknas i anglosaxisk forskning.   Vid en jämförelse av svensk och anglosaxisk forskning kring bedömning framträder en tydlig skillnad i fokus, även om svensk forskning börjar närma sig ett anglosaxiskt perspektiv. Detta genom att inta ett övergripande perspektiv på bedömning istället för att se formativ och summativ bedömning som separata företeelser. Att tala övergripande i termer av kunskapsbedömning innebär dock inte att svårigheterna för bedömning att uppfylla kraven för att tillskrivas såväl formativ som summativ karaktär försvinner Detta är något som den anglosaxiska forskningen tydligt vittnar om.

The aim of this study was to analyze the assessment of the primary school, from the teacher’s perspective. There has been an ongoing discussion regarding assessment and about the purposes of assessment for a long time. But there is a paucity of research on what teachers believe about. This study examined primary teachers’ beliefs on major purposes of assessment. Assessment is the process of gathering and interpreting information about students’ learning. The main purpose of assessment is to stimulate and encourage students' cognitive and social development. There are several types of assessment but the most relevant for this study is: assessment of learning (summative assessment) and assessment for learning (formative assessment). Assessment of learning looks at a student’s performance or presentation on a specific task or at the end of a part of teaching and learning. Assessment for learning should be used as a regular part of teaching and learning. The information teachers’ gain from assessment activities should be used to shape the teachers future teaching and that assessment for learning should be an essential and integrated part of the teaching and learning process. The main intention with assessment is to allow for students to demonstrate what they know and can do. It is also important that students are involved in the assessment process This study is based on interviews and qualitative research studies. I interviewed four teachers from two different schools.

It has been shown in various research contexts that action programs do not always work as they should, even though there are clear guidelines on how the action programs should be designed and used. The aim of this study is to illustrate which processes that occur before an action program as well as how these processes lead to action that will give the student the support he or she needs. Through qualitative interviews with eight teachers, I have tried to answer the questions that I created. I have tried to answer my research questions that I have made based on the purpose. The questions are; What type of inquiry will be done if a student risk to not reach the knowledge goals? How will the inquiry support the action program? In what way does the action program support pupils in special needs? The result of my survey show that the survey being done for an action program is very individual-focused and that the mapping rarely shows on the teachers role or school environment to students who fall into special needs. It also shows that teachers find it difficult to identify the students who have general learning difficulties. It also emerged that there are teachers who do not believe that the action program helps students in need of special support, that educators believe that it depends on many different factors if the action program becomes to support the students or not. One factor are including the teachers themselves. Conclusions to be drawn from the survey is such that it is the pedagogue attitude toward the action program that governs whether it helps the student in need of special assistance or not. A further conclusion is that the action programs structure are similar to the formative assessment within the assessment theory, assessment for learning. / Det har i olika forskningssammanhang framkommit att åtgärdsprogrammen inte alltid fungerar som de ska, trots att det finns tydliga direktiv om hur åtgärdsprogrammen ska utformas och användas. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att belysa vilka processer som sker innan ett åtgärdsprogram upprättas samt på vilket sätt dessa processer leder till det åtgärdsprogram som ska ge eleven det stöd som han eller hon behöver. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta pedagoger har jag försökt besvara de frågeställningar som jag utifrån detta syfte utformat. De frågeställningar jag utgått ifrån var: Vilken typ av utredning, kartläggning sker om en elev riskerar att inte uppnå kunskapsmålen? Påverkas utformandet av åtgärdsprogrammet utifrån den utredning, kartläggning som gjorts? På vilket sätt stödjer åtgärdsprogrammet eleven som är i behov av särskilt stöd? Resultatet av min undersökning visade att den kartläggning som görs inför ett åtgärdsprogram är väldigt individfokuserad och att kartläggningen sällan visar på lärarens roll eller skolmiljöns betydelse för eleven som hamnar i behov av särskilt stöd. Det visar även att pedagogerna upplever svårigheter att kartlägga de elever som har generella inlärningssvårigheter. Det visade även att det finns pedagoger som inte anser att åtgärdsprogrammet hjälper elever i behov av särskilt stöd, att pedagogerna anser att det beror på många olika faktorer om åtgärdsprogrammet blir till något stöd för eleverna som är i behov av stöd eller inte, däribland pedagogerna själva. Slutsatser som kan dras av undersökningen är till exempel att det är pedagogens inställning till åtgärdsprogrammet som styr om det hjälper eleven som är i behov av särskilt stöd eller inte. En ytterligare slutsats var att åtgärdsprogrammens uppbyggnad liknar den formativa bedömningen inom assessment teorin, bedömning för lärande.

The purpose of this study was to investigate formative assessment and formative feedbacks effects on students. One teacher describes through interviews her experiences of formative assessment and feedback. Also the students' perceptions are described. It is examined through observations, how different types of feedback is communicated by the teacher to the student and among students. This study wanted to highlight the effects formative assessment and formative feedback may have on their learning and motivation. This with particular interest in the Swedish lessons. I chose to concentrate on this following questions: What types of feedback communicates from teacher to student, and students among each other? How does one teacher describe her feedback and how it affects student motivation and learning process? What is the student’s thoughts on the feedback they give and receive from each other and how it affects their motivation and learning process? Formative assessment includes five strategies that shape the students to reach the goal in which three actors are involved. Those are the teacher, other students and the pupil. One of the five strategies is formative feedback, that can identify and provide the student information which helps the student to gain insight on how a task should be solved. Different types of feedback are identified by Hattie and Timperley and had the function as analyses tools in this study. The method of this study was qualitative, though I have done observations in one classroom of 26 students for five days and interviews with one teacher and 10 pupils in the school year 3 (9-10 year-olds). The result showed that the teacher used mostly process-oriented feedback and the pupils became to use it through time. The result also indicated that the students' learning process and motivation was affected to the extent that they were more independent, seeking feedback from peers and became more engaged in the lessons with time.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka elever och lärares uppfattning av återkoppling i gymnasieskolan. Utifrån Hattie och Timperleys teori om återkopplingsnivåer samt Gibbs och Simpsons Assessment Experience Questionnaire (AEQ) har en kvantitativ enkätundersökning genomförts på en gymnasieskola. Hattie och Timperley har tagit fram fyra återkopplingsnivåer som på olika sätt kan påverka elevens möjlighet att tillgodogöra sig lärarens återkoppling och använda den på ett positivt sätt. De fyra nivåerna är: återkoppling på uppgiftsnivå, återkoppling på processnivå, återkoppling på självreglerandenivå och återkoppling på person. Den sista är den som är minst effektiv och kan vara kontraproduktiv. Den bästa nivån, som är mest effektiv, är den på självreglerandenivån.  Metod som använts i undersökningen är en kvantitativ enkät som genom en pragmatisk ansats även är tolkande i sin konstruktion och analys.   Resultatet visade att elever och lärare hade något så när lika uppfattning om vad återkoppling innebär. Bägge grupperna identifierade samtal som en viktig del av återkoppling. Det fanns skillnad i hur elever och lärare definierade återkoppling. Elever ansåg att de får återkoppling av lärare på den högsta nivån utifrån Hattie och Timperley (2007), den på självreglerande nivå. Både elever och lärare identifierar återkoppling som när läraren berättar för eleven hur det går för den i ett ämne. / The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions about feedback amongst students and teachers at an upper high school. The study has its foundation from the works of Hattie and Timperley and from Gibbs and Simpson. The latter has developed Assessment Experience Questionnaire (AEQ). Hattie and Timperley have developed four feedback levels, that in diverse ways affect the student’s ability to use the teacher’s feedback in a positive way. The feedback levels are; on task level, on process level, a selfregulated level and on a person level. The last one is the worst, in respect of student’s learning, and can be counterproductive to student’s ability to develop lifelong study skills. The level that is the best one, in respect of student’s learning, is on self-regulated level.  The method used in this study is through a quantitative questionnaire and through a pragmatic onset that has an interpretive construction and analysis.  The result of the study shows that teacher’s and student’s share the perception of feedback as something teacher and student talk about. There is a variance and nuance as to what defines feedback. Student’s are given feedback from their teacher at the highest level from Hattie and Timperley (2007), on a self-regulated level. Both student and teacher agree on the definition of feedback as when the teacher has a conversation with the student about his or her situation in a subject.

Tidigare amerikanska studier av utredningsmetoden ”Therapeutic Assessment with Children and Families” (TA-C) visar att föräldrar så väl som barn upplever förbättringar av barnets psykiatriska symptom, samt av familjens globala funktionsförmåga och emotionella relaterande under utredningsprocessen. TA-C leder också till en ökad tillfredsställelse med den behandling som sedan erbjudits. Metod: En randomiserad kontrollerad pilotstudie inkluderande totalt 12 barn mellan 7-10 år och deras familjer genomfördes på en BUP mottagning inom Stockholms läns landsting. Barnen/ familjerna randomiserades till TA-C respektive traditionell utredning (TU). Den totala behandlingstiden utvärderades i de båda grupperna. Föräldra- skattning med ”Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire” (SDQ), ”Outcome Rating Scale” (ORS) och ”Session Rating Scale (SRS). Dessutom barnskattning med Child Outcome Rating Scale (CORS) och Child Session Rating Scale (CSRS) samt kliniker bedömde global funktionsnivå med Children´s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) före och efter utredning. Resultat: Utredningstiden för TA-C gruppen var 68 dagar med i medeltal 11 sessioner och för TU gruppen 60 dagar med i medeltal 7,5 sessioner. Livstillfredsställelsen mätt med självskattningsformulären ORS och CORS var signifikant högre hos både föräldrarna och barnen vid genomförd TA-C jämfört med TU. Däremot uppvisade inte grupperna signifikanta skillnader i global funktionsnivå (CGAS), psykiatriska symtom (SDQ) eller i den självskattade alliansen mellan terapeut och föräldrar mätt med Session Rating Scale (SRS) eller mellan terapeut och barn mätt med Children Session Rating Scale (CSRS). Konklusion: I denna randomiserade kontrollerade pilotstudie av utredningsmetoden TA-C jämfört med TU framkom att TA-C gav ökad livstillfredsställelse hos både barnet och föräldrarna men inte förbättrad funktionsförmåga, psykisk symptomreduktion eller terapeutisk allians jämfört med TU. TA-C kan bidra till att skapa unika individ- och familjeanpassade åtgärdsförslag som bidrar till ökad livstillfredsställelse i vardagen vad gäller individuella och relationella aspekter hos både barnen och föräldrarna. Vi bedömer därför att TA-C har potential att fungera som ett värdefullt komplement till TU inom BUP.

The quality of education in Botswana is not yet up to standard as there has been emphasis on attainment of Universal Basic Education. Quality in education encompasses a number of factors such as the development of the relevant curriculum, improvement of teacher preparation, development of appropriate learning materials, and improving the methods of assessing pupils (Grisay&Mählck, 1991, cited in Kellaghan&Geaney, 2003). The quality of what is going on in the classroom is judged by the processes and outcomes that are defined qualitatively. Assessment in Agriculture in Botswana senior schools comprises performance assessment and standardised paper-and-pencil tests. Performance assessment contributes only 20% (MoE&SD, 2001.p.6) yet it is allocated more time than paper-and-pencil tests. The aim of the study therefore was to understand and explore the characteristics and quality processes needed in the performance assessment of Agriculture Form Four students to ensure valid and reliable examinations in Botswana. The study was guided by two research questions. The first research question was: How valid and reliable are the performance assessment processes in Botswana schools? This research question sought to understand how performance assessment was conducted in Botswana schools, and how it compared with the international practice. The second research question was: How can quality assurance processes be developed in order to produce valid and reliable marks for BGCSE Agriculture performance assessment? The intention was to develop quality processes for performance assessment in the context of Form Four Agriculture in Botswana, to ensure valid and reliable marks for certification. A design research was employed in this study in which a baseline survey was conducted and based on the outcome, a quality assurance process was designed which included the development of standard tasks and assessment materials. During the baseline survey, teachers and school administrators completed a questionnaire and were also interviewed. Subsequently, prototypes of exemplar materials were developed iteratively in collaboration with practitioners and formatively evaluated. Feedback from evaluation was incorporated into the redesign and development of successive prototypes. Findings from baseline survey revealed that the conduct of performance assessment in schools was not standardised, primarily due to the absence of assessment policy and procedures to guide its conduct. Implementation of performance assessment was done by teachers who had insufficient training, in large classes with inadequate resources and received very little support from supervisors both internally and externally. Despite all these, insufficient time was allocated for conducting performance assessment, resulting in teachers forming groups most of the time during the conduct of tasks and assigning a single mark for the group based on the quality of the group’s product. However, findings from the intervention study revealed that entrenching quality assurance processes in the system produced valid and reliable performance assessment marks for certification. The characteristics of a quality assurance system for implementation of performance assessment were the presence of an assessment policy; training and accrediting teachers to assess; an efficient internal and external monitoring system; the provision of adequate resources; applying multiple modes of assessment; and multiple rating of the students. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

Syftet med kunskapsöversikten är att ta reda på hur elevernas skrivutveckling gynnas av en formativ bedömning. Metoden har bestått av informationssökning där resultatet av källorna sedan har bearbetats och noggrant granskats samt slutligen sammanställts. Såväl nationella som internationella studier har använts i kunskapsöversikten. Resultatet visar på att elever uppfattar feedback som något positivt som fokuserar på både styrkorna och vad som kan förbättras och att det faktiskt är till hjälp för deras progression. Forskningen tar även upp två olika verktyg i form av elevportfolion samt kamratbedömning som kan vara användbara i undervisningen.

Orientador: Lourdes de la Rosa Onuchic / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi entender como a Avaliação para a Aprendizagem acontece, ou poderia acontecer, na Metodologia de Ensino-Aprendizagem-Avaliação de Matemática através da Resolução de Problemas. Nossa pesquisa foi amparada pelo Modelo Metodológico de Romberg-Onuchic e possui um viés qualitativo. Para alcançar o nosso objetivo, criamos um Projeto de aplicação dessa Metodologia, que fora desenvolvido no sétimo ano da Educação Básica de um colégio privado da cidade de Lisboa, em Portugal, com 24 alunos com idades entre 12 e 14 anos. O Projeto, com cinco problemas geradores, foi implementado durante o terceiro trimestre do ano letivo de 2017/2018, entre os meses de março e junho. Esses problemas foram trabalhados segundo a Metodologia de Ensino-Aprendizagem-Avaliação de Matemática através da Resolução de Problemas. O registro das aulas foi realizado através da gravação de áudios (distribuídos entre os grupos de alunos), de anotações do pesquisador em diário de campo, pelo recolhimento da produção dos alunos e pelo registro de aula produzido pela lousa eletrônica. Além disso, a pesquisa contou com o registro de algumas aulas, também por áudio, anotações e registros da lousa, e com os depoimentos espontâneos da professora titular da turma e de alguns alunos. Nossa pesquisa revelou que a Metodologia de Ensino-Aprendizagem-Avaliação de Matemática através da Resolução de Problemas pode ser utilizada como um instrumento de Avaliação para a Aprendizagem, segundo os p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The main objective of this study was to understand how the Assessment for Learning happens, or could happen, in Methodology of Teaching-Learning- Assessment of Mathematics through Problem Solving. Our research was supported by the Romberg-Onuchic Methodological Model and has a qualitative bias. To achieve our goal, we created a Project to apply this Methodology, which was developed in the seventh year of Basic Education of a private school in the city of Lisbon, in Portugal, with 24 students aged 12 to 14 years. The project, with five generating problems, was implemented during the third quarter of the 2017/2018 school year, between March and June. These problems were worked according to the Methodology of Teaching-Learning-Assessment of Mathematics through Problem Solving. Classes were recorded by recording audios (distributed among student groups), notes by the researcher in a field diary, collecting student production and by the class record, produced by the electronic whiteboard. In addition, the research included the recording of some lessons, also by audio, notes and whiteboard records and with the spontaneous testimonials of the head teacher and some students. Our research revealed that the Methodology of Teaching-Learning-Assessment of Mathematics through Problem Solving can be used as an Assessment for Learning tool, according to the principles of the Assessment Reform Group - ARG. This assessment happens naturally during the class that uses this methodology, through... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Starting from the experience of watching the role of the teacher turn into a bureaucrat, this work examines the factors dominating current education systems. It identies Human Capital Theory as a main inuence on policy and prioritization decisions in education. A central tension that results from this inuence is the fact that economic theory assumes consumer sovereignty, which dismisses many ideological and political aspects of education as paternalism. This inherent conict between economic theory and educational theory leads to an overemphasis on positional goods, goods that are limited by scarcity, over nonpositional goods, such as knowledge. Educating for positional goods is contrasted to the Spinozistic ideal of education for freedom and for increased conatus. It is then discussed how current assessment practices play a central role in cementing the current hegemony in education as governed by economic concerns. Assessment practices are found to both contribute to current trends in education as well as stabilizing the system overall making transformative change less likely. This is more specically illustrated by two particular assessment practices, namely standardized testing and assessment for learning. It concludes with a search for possible paths to meaningful change in education.