O crescimento da consciência ecológica ocasionado por problemas ambientais evidenciados nas últimas décadas tem direcionado esforços no sentido de repensar práticas e posturas a fim de minimizar os impactos das atividades humanas no planeta. Termos como sustentabilidade, têm sido recorrentes nas definições de rumos e possibilidades que orientam a adoção de práticas produtivas em diferentes níveis da sociedade. A importância de setor primário potencializa as cobranças quanto aos impactos ambientais das suas diferentes produções, particularmente no que tange à criação de ruminantes na realidade atual das mudanças climáticas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho buscou colaborar de diferentes formas para um maior conhecimento dos impactos dos sistemas pastoris de produção bovina característicos do Sul do Brasil sobre o meio ambiente. (1) Inicialmente foram descritas as principais ferramentas utilizadas em estudos de sustentabilidade, com vistas à determinação de sua aplicabilidade na avaliação dos ditos sistemas pecuários. São apontados conceitos e peculiaridades a serem considerados e propostas sugestões no que se refere ao uso das mesmas em avaliações de sistemas de criação em pastagens. (2) No primeiro estudo foram avaliados os impactos ambientais de dois sistemas de produção bovina típicos da Região Sul do Brasil (sistema extensivo ou cenário base e sistema melhorado), através da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida. Mais precisamente, buscou-se: caracterizar seus impactos em termos de: aquecimento global, uso da terra, depleção das águas, de minerais e de combustíveis fósseis, acidificação terrestre e eutrofização das águas. Valores de emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e de uso da terra, de 22,5 kg de CO2 eq. e 234,78 m2a por kg de ganho de peso vivo, caracterizam o cenário-base. (3) No segundo estudo foram avaliados os impactos da aplicação de diferentes práticas melhoradoras no cenário-base sobre o balanço de GEE e demais aspectos ambientais relacionados à problemática do aquecimento global. Essas alterações incluíram no curto prazo: a introdução de gramíneas hibernais e estivais; introdução de leguminosas em substituição ao uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados; incrementos da taxa de desmame; intensificação do uso das pastagens e; aumento da taxa de descarte anual. Também foram considerados os efeitos do pastejo sobre os estoques de carbono do solo e a estabilização dos mesmos, numa perspectiva de médio e longo prazo. A diversidade dos resultados obtidos fornece subsídios para um maior entendimento das singularidades regionais, necessário para a proposição de alternativas de mitigação. Os diferentes cenários propostos demonstram diferentes possibilidades de mitigação dos efeitos destes sistemas produtivos sobre o ambiente, observando-se reduções de mais de 20 vezes das emissões de GEE e valores sete vezes menores de uso da terra. Os resultados obtidos são discutidos em função: de características climáticas e culturais da região que facilitam a obtenção de performances ambientais favoráveis e; da importância da dinâmica do carbono na biomassa aérea e radicular das plantas como elemento definidor da contribuição de sistemas pastoris de produção para a problemática do clima, bem como, para a questão ambiental em seu sentido amplo. / The growth of ecological consciousness caused by environmental problems highlighted in recent decades has directed efforts to rethink attitudes and practices to minimize the impacts of human activities on the planet. Terms such as sustainability have been recurrent in definitions of directions and possibilities that drive the adoption of production practices at different levels of society. The importance of the primary sector potentiates the charges regarding the environmental impacts of its various productions, particularly in relation to ruminant breeding in the current reality of climate changes. In this context, the present study sought to collaborate in different ways to a better understanding of the impacts on the environment of grazing systems for cattle production, characteristic of southern Brazil. (1) Initially, the main tools used in sustainability studies were described, with a view to determining their applicability in evaluating livestock grazing systems. Concepts and peculiarities are pointed, and suggestions regarding the use of these tools in evaluation of breeding pasture systems are proposed. (2) In the first study, the environmental impacts of two cattle production systems typical of Southern Brazil were assessment. (extensified system or baseline scenario and improved system), through the Life Cycle Assessment. More precisely, it was sought to characterize their impacts in terms of: global warming, land use, depletion of waters, minerals and fossil fuels, terrestrial acidification and eutrophication. The values of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and land use, of 22.5 kg CO2 eq. and 234.78 m2a per live weight kg, characterize the baseline scenario. (3) In the second study, the impacts of the application of different improved practices in baseline scenario on the GHG balance and other environmental aspects related to the issue of global warming were assessment. In the short-term, these changes included: the introduction of winter and summer grasses, the introduction of leguminous to replace the use of nitrogen fertilizers; the increasing of weaning rates, the intensification of pasture uses and, the increasing of the annual disposal rate. Furthermore, the effects of grazing on soil carbon stocks were also considered, in a medium and long term. The diversity of the obtained results provides subsidies to a greater understanding about regional singularities, which is necessary for proposing alternatives to mitigate their effects. The different baseline scenarios present different possibilities of mitigation the effects of these production systems on the environment, observing reductions of more than 20 times the GHG emissions and seven times lower values of land use. The results are discussed with reference to: climatic and cultural characteristics of the region that facilitate the achievement of favorable environmental performances and, the importance of the dynamics of carbon in root and aerial biomass of plants as a defining element of the contribution of pastoral production systems for climate issues, as well as for environmental issues in a broader sense.

A indústria da construção, nomeadamente no setor da edificação, baseia-se essencialmente em métodos de construção tradicional. Esta indústria é caracterizada pela elevada quantidade de recursos que consome, pela quantidade de resíduos que produz, a sua implicação na economia dos países e à sua inter-relação com a sociedade. Esta realidade é de todo incompatível com os desígnios do desenvolvimento sustentável, nos quais se procura a correlação harmoniosa entre as vertentes ambientais, sociais e econômicas. O desafio da sustentabilidade colocado à atividade da construção tem motivado abordagens distintas, não só por parte das várias especialidades da engenharia, como também da arquitetura. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propôs-se a desenvolver uma Ferramenta que, de uma forma coordenada e integrada permita orientar o desenvolvimento do projeto para soluções sustentáveis ao longo das várias fases do ciclo de evolução de um projeto. Foi desenvolvida recorrendo a uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o tema da gestão de projetos e sobre o sistema de certificação de sustentabilidade Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Para além disto, foram ainda incorporados alguns requisitos normativos, obtidos por meio de normas brasileiras ABNT, normas Americanas e normas Europeias. Pensa-se que da adequada aplicação desta ferramenta, os objetivos definidos pelo promotor da obra em termos de sustentabilidade, poderão ser mais facilmente atingidos pela equipa de projetista através da consideração antecipada de medidas e soluções de sustentabilidade nas diferentes fases de desenvolvimento do projeto permitindo assim, um melhor desempenho do edifício ao nível da construção sustentável. / The construction industry, particularly in the building sector, is based mainly on traditional construction methods. This industry is characterized by excessive consumption of resources, the amount of waste it produces, its implication in the economy of countries and their relationship with society. This reality is entirely incompatible with the aims of sustainable development, which seeks a harmonious relationship between the environmental, social and economic aspects. The sustainability challenge faced by the construction activity has motivated different approaches, not only by the various engineering specialties, but also by the architecture. In this sense, this paper aimed to develop a model in a coordinated and integrated manner to guide the development of the project to sustainable solutions throughout the various stages of the project life cycle. It was developed using a literature review about the topic of project management and sustainability assessment tool Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Furthermore, and to improve the effectiveness of the Model, it was been incorporated some standardisation requirements, obtained by Brazilian standards ABNT, American standards and European standards. Through proper application of this tool, the goals set by Owner of the work, in terms of sustainability, can be more easily achieved by the project design team through timely consideration of measures and sustainability solutions at different stages of project development. Allowing a better performance of the building in terms of the sustainable construction.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 James dos Santos Penna.pdf: 2804252 bytes, checksum: 429130ba880acf3626ab91a463ee8869 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-31 / The development of tests for cognitive assessment of deaf students has allowed a better understanding of reading, writing, vocabulary and sign language (LIBRAS). These assessment tools are usually developed for pen and paper application. The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of a computer administered test battery (BALES) for assessment of reading, writing skills and sign language familiarity through: correlation between the tests, comparison of the scores between grades and pen and pencil application. The subjects were 44 deaf students of the 1st and 2 nd grade of the cycle II, of the three Basic School from the Great São Paulo. The computer based version of BALES with 11 tests was administered: The Word Reading Test (WRT); the Sentence Reading Test (SRT1.1); the Choice Picture Naming Test (CPNT 1.1); the Written Picture Naming Test (WPNT 1.1); the Choice Picture Naming Test (CPNT 2.1); the Written Picture Naming Test (WPNT 2.1); the Written Word Choice Libra Naming Test (WWCLNT 1.1); the Written Libra Naming Test (WLNT 1.1); the choice Libra Naming Test (CLNT 2.1); The Written Libra Naming Test (WLNT 1.1); the Choice Libra Naming Test (CLNT 2.1); the Written Libra Naming Test (WLNT 2.1); the Libra Vocabulary Test (LVT 1.1). The results showed a high correlation for 10 tests but one (LVT) with low correlation. The comparison of subjects scores with the school grade factor showed no significant difference between the two compared grades in computer application, which was coherent with in the pen and paper application results. Additionally, the means of right responses in each test f the battery were similar to those found in the pen and paper application. Results proved the possibility of BALES-on line battery, as a useful assessment tool for reading, writing and sign language (LIBRA) evaluation. / O desenvolvimento de instrumentos para avaliação cognitiva de escolares surdos brasileiros tem possibilitado a compreensão das habilidades de leitura, escrita, vocabulário e de língua de sinais brasileiros (LIBRAS). Tais instrumentos tradicionalmente são desenvolvidos para serem aplicados na forma de papel e lápis. A presente dissertação teve por objetivo verificar a viabilidade de uma bateria computadorizada de avaliação de leitura, escrita e conhecimento de língua de sinais (BALES) por meio de: correlação entre os testes que compõe a bateria, comparação entre as séries escolares e com os dados obtidos na aplicação tradicional. Foram avaliados 44 em surdos do 1° e 2° ano do ciclo II, do Ensino Fundamental de 3 escolas públicas da Grande São Paulo. Foi aplicada a versão computadorizada da BALES, que era composta de 11 testes: Teste de Competência de Leitura de Palavras (TCLP 1.1); Teste de Competência de Leitura de Sentenças (TCLS 1.1); Teste de Nomeação de Figuras por escolha (TNF 1.1); Teste de Nomeação de Figuras por escrita (TNF 1.1); Teste de nomeação de figuras por escolha (TNF 2.1); Teste de nomeação de figuras por escrita (TNF 2.1); Teste de nomeação de sinais por escolha de palavras escritas (TNS 1.1); Teste de nomeação de sinais por escrita (TNS 1.1); Teste de nomeação de sinais por escolha (TNS 2.1); Teste de nomeação de sinais por escrita (TNS 2.1); Teste de Vocabulário Receptivo de Sinais da Libras (TVRSL 1.1). Resultados mostraram correlações positivas entre 10 testes que compõem a bateria, sendo que o único teste que apresentou baixas correlações com os demais foi o TVRSL. A comparação do desempenho dos sujeitos em função da série escolar revelou não haver diferenças significativas entre as duas séries avaliadas através dos testes computadorizados, esta ausência de diferença também foi observada na verão lápis e papel. Por fim, os valores médios de acertos nos teste que compõe a bateria foram muito semelhantes aqueles obtidos através da avaliação tradicional. Os dados encontrados mostram a viabilidade da BALES-on line como instrumento de avaliação de habilidades de leitura, escrita e conhecimento de sinais da LIBRAS.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:41:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruna Tonietti Trevisan.pdf: 1685175 bytes, checksum: 3d54561a68385e42dc74a06a665b60f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-12 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects about 3-5% of school-age children. In spite of many evidences of cognitive impairments in this disorder, the diagnosis is still predominantly clinical. Many relevant neuropsychological abilities have been implicated in ADHD, including deficits in executive functions (EF) of the regulatory state and delay aversion. However, it remains unclear if these three factors are independent pathways for explanation of ADHD, or even how to derive the relationships between such factors and ADHD. In addition to the investigation of the aforementioned subjects, it is necessary to explore the functional implications of symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in ADHD, to establish appropriate interventions for the disorder. Furthermore, in Brazil there are no studies that have sought to develop valid and accurate measures for evaluating state regulation and delay aversion in children, as well as ecological measures of EF. The objectives of this project are to translate, adapt and develop tools for evaluation of children and adolescents with ADHD; examine the neuropsychological performance in terms of different aspects of EF, regulation and delay aversion; and to investigate the relationship between symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and academic skills. Based on these relationships, three studies were conducted: Study 1 - Translate, adapt and seek evidence of validity and accuracy of Chexi while ecological measure of FE; Task of Regulation, as a measure of state regulation; and the Delay Aversion (TAD) test for assessment of aversion to delay. Participants 408 children, ages 4 to 7 years of Child Education students and first year of elementary school of public schools in São Paulo, as well as their teachers and parents. Study 2 - Develop a new task aversion to delay another state regulation and an inventory covering different facets of FE, to be answered by parents and teachers. Participated in a total of 332 children and adolescents between 5 and 14 years of age, of both sexes, students from 1st to 9th grade at a public school and two private schools in São Paulo. Study 3 - verify the heterogeneity of ADHD, both in terms of neuropsychological performance as compared to academic and behavioral performance in 62 children and adolescents (50% diagnosed with ADHD and 50% matched controls in terms of age, sex and education) between 7 and 14 years of age, of both sexes, students from public and private schools. Results: Study 1: Internal consistency of Chexi were excellent (Cronbach's alpha of 0.94 and 0.98 for the father answered by teachers; Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.92 and 0.96 for parents and teachers , respectively). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed two factors for CHEXI (an EF general factor and a factor representing self-regulation and inhibitory control). Thus, the CHEXI factorial structure did not found the structured we desired. Thus, we performed a Study 2: All the three new developed measures achieved excellent internal consistency indices and EFA for IFERI yielded the five desired dimensions (working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, delay aversion and state regulation). Study 3: Mann-Whitney Analyzes revealed differences between clinical and control groups in most of the measures and Spearman correlation analysis indicated the relationship between neuropsychological, functional, symptomatic and functional performance, highlighting the importance of the characterization of ADHD under dimensional point of view. / O TDAH é um distúrbio que atinge de 3 a 5% de crianças em idade escolar. Apesar de evidências de comprometimento cognitivo em tal transtorno, seu diagnóstico ainda é predominantemente clínico. Importantes processos neuropsicológicos têm sido implicados no TDAH, incluindo déficits de funções executivas (FE), de regulação do estado e aversão à demora. No entanto, ainda não foi esclarecido se estes três fatores constituem vias independentes para explicação do TDAH ou, ainda, como se estabelece a relação entre tais fatores e o TDAH. Além da investigação de tais relações, se faz necessário verificar quais são as implicações funcionais da presença dos sintomas e dos déficits neuropsicológicos, visto que intervenções adequadas podem ser convenientemente conduzidas. Contudo, não há no Brasil estudos que buscaram desenvolver instrumentos válidos e precisos com o objetivo de avaliar regulação do estado e aversão à demora em crianças, bem como medidas mais ecológicas de FE. Os objetivos do presente projeto são traduzir, adaptar e desenvolver instrumentos para avaliação de crianças e adolescentes com TDAH; analisar o perfil neuropsicológico em termos de funções executivas, regulação e aversão à demora; bem como investigar a relação entre o transtorno, o perfil neuropsicológico, a sintomatologia, o desempenho acadêmico e o desempenho comportamental. Para tanto, o presente projeto foi desenvolvido por meio de três estudos: Estudo 1 Traduzir, adaptar e buscar evidências de validade e precisão do CHEXI, enquanto medida ecológica de FE; da Tarefa de Regulação, como medida de regulação do estado; e do Teste de Aversão à Demora (TAD), para avaliação de aversão à demora. Participaram 408 crianças, dos 4 aos 7 anos, estudantes do Ensino Infantil e primeiro ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas municipais da Grande São Paulo, bem como seus professores e pais. Estudo 2 desenvolver uma nova tarefa de aversão à demora, outra de regulação do estado e um inventário que abrangesse diferentes facetas de FE (IFERI), para serem respondidas pelos pais e professores. Participaram um total de 332 crianças e adolescentes, entre 5 e 14 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, estudantes do 1º ao 9º ano de uma escola pública e duas escolas particulares de São Paulo. Estudo 3 - verificar a heterogeneidade do TDAH, tanto em termos de desempenho neuropsicológico quanto em relação a desempenho acadêmico e comportamental, em 62 crianças e adolescentes (50% com diagnóstico de TDAH e 50% controles pareados em termos de idade, sexo e escolaridade), entre 7 e 14 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares. Resultados do estudo 1:Os índices de consistência interna da CHEXI foram excelentes (alfa de Cronbach de 0,94 respondidos pelo pai e 0,98 pelos professores; coeficiente de Spearman-Brown foi de 0,92 e 0,96 para pais e professores, respectivamente). A análise fatorial exploratória revelou dois fatores para a CHEXI (fator geral para FE e outro representando autorregulação e controle inibitório). Assim, a validade fatorial não foi a inicialmente almejada. Deste modo, realizou-se um Estudo 2: todas as três novas medidas alcançaram excelentes índices consistência interna e a análise fatorial exploratória da IFERI revelou as cinco dimensões desejadas (memória de trabalho, flexibilidade cognitiva, controle inibitório, aversão à demora e regulação do estado). Resultados do estudo 3: Análises U de Mann- Whitney revelaram diferenças entre os grupos clínico e controle na maior parte da medidas e Análises de Correlação de Spearman indicaram relação entre o desempenho neuropsicológico, funcional, sintomatológico e funcional, evidenciando a importância da caracterização do TDAH sob ponto de vista dimensional.

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskors uppfattningar om att använda bedömningsinstrument i preventiv vård av äldre personer inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: Kvalitativ ansats användes, där individuella intervjuer med sjuksköterskor inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård genomfördes. Insamlat material analyserades med induktiv innehållsanalys.Resultat: Utifrån genomförd innehållsanalys framkom det tre kategorier: verktyg för ökad patientsäkerhet, erfarenhet och kunskap är en förutsättning, bristande verklighetsförankring och användbarhet. Till dessa finns subkategorier, där studiens syfte belystes. Resultatet visade att bedömningsinstrument kan användas som verktyg till en säkrare och mer jämlik vård, där risker kunde identifieras, skapa en objektiv och tydlig struktur. Erfarenhet och kunskap ansågs vara förutsättningar för att kunna använda bedömningsinstrument. Det fanns också svårigheter, som att bedömnings-instrumenten kunde vara svåra att tolka, missvisande och inte alltid stämde med verkligheten, vilket gör det viktigt att välja rätt bedömningsinstrument.Slutsats: Användning av bedömningsinstrument kan leda till säkrare, mer jämlik och rättvis förebyggande vård av äldre. Det krävs utbildning och kunskap för att bedömningsinstrument ska användas och vana ökade användning och acceptans. Begränsningar som upplevdes var att det kunde vara svårt eller missvisande. Vidare forskning skulle kunna vara den äldres upplevelse av bedömningsinstrumenten i den preventiva vården samt hur bedömningsinstrument används vid bedömning av äldre med kognitiv svikt.Nyckelord: Sjuksköterskors upplevelser, bedömningsinstrument, kommunal hälso- och sjukvård, preventiv vård av äldre / Aim: The purpose was to investigate the nurses perception in using the assessment instrument in preventative care of elderly within a municipal health care setting. Method: A qualitative approach was used and were performed with individual interviews of nurses. They were working in a municipal health care setting. The collected material was assessed with an inductive content analysis. Results: From the content analysis it emerged three categories, tools for increased patient safety, experience and knowledge is vital, lacking reality abutment and usability and to these sub categories where the purpose of the study where shown. The result showed that the assessment instrument can be used as a tool for a safer and more equal care. Experience and knowledge where seen as vital in order to be able to use the assessment instrument. It also emerged that there could be difficulties to interpret the assessment instrument as well as being misleading and not in touch with reality. Conclusions: The use of assessment instruments can lead to a secure, more equal and fair prevention in the care of the elderly. It is required to get education and knowledge about the assessment instrument to make sure it is being used and by using it frequently it increased use and acceptance. The limitations that were perceived were that it could be hard to understand or misleading. Further research could be the elderly experience of the assessment tools in preventive care and how assessment tools are used in assessing the elderly with cognitive impairment.Keywords: Nursing experiences, assessment tools, municipal health care, preventive care of older people.

Syftet med rapporten är att sammanställa branschbaserat underlag för värdering av hållbart byggande som belyser vikten för val av ytterväggskonstruktion till flerbostadshus. Byggbranschen har länge fokuserat på att minska byggnadsverks energi- och miljöpåverkan under förvaltningsskedet. Det har haft mycket goda resultat och i dagsläget står förvaltningsskedet för ca 50 procent av hållbara byggnaders totala energianvändning. Projektering med långsiktigt perspektiv är nyckeln till hållbart byggande eftersom små förändringar kan ha stor inverkan under längre tid. Detta medför ökad betydelse för effektivisering under byggskedet. Utvecklingen av hållbara byggnader har resulterat i framtagning av nollenergi- och passivhus. De byggkoncepten ställer högre krav på klimatskalets byggtekniska egenskaper. Klimatskalet innefattar tak, grund, fönster, dörrar och ytterväggar. Samtliga komponenter har stor inverkan på byggnadens egenskaper. Rapporten belyser endast betydelsefulla egenskaper och olika aspekter för hållbara ytterväggskonstruktioner och hur de skall värderas. Rapportens mål är att ta fram ett anpassningsbart bedömningsverktyg med värderingsunderlag från 9 olika aspekter. Aspekterna som bedöms är byggbarhet, brand, fukt, estetik, förvaltning, inomhusmiljö, energiförluster, livscykelkostnad och miljöpåverkan. Bedömningsverktyget visualiseras som en mall där poängsättning används för aspekterna vilket möjliggör tydliga jämförelser mellan konstruktioner. Fakta analyseras och hämtas från en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer med en byggnadskonstruktör, en brand- och en fuktkonsult. De ligger till grund för bedömningsverktygets utformning. För att kunna tillämpa bedömningsmallen i byggbranschen väljs 6 ytterväggskonstruktioner med olika uppbyggnad och egenskaper. De är anpassade för koncepthus med hållbart byggande och uppnår krav från Boverkets byggregler och Passivhuskonceptet. Ytterväggskonstruktionerna prövas i mallen och våra resultat visar att mallen kan tillämpas och åskådliggöra skillnader mellan konstruktionerna. Ytterväggarna erhåller ett generellt betyg samt ett viktat betyg som utgår från en anpassningsbar viktfaktor. Möjlighet för vidareutveckling finns för bedömningsmallen. Mallen är generell och tillämpningsbar på konstruktioner med andra egenskaper än de valda i rapporten. Rapporten indikerar på att mallen kan anpassas för att möjliggöra val av fördelaktiga konstruktioner för olika klimatzoner och beställarens ändamål. / The report aims to bring together industry-based data for evaluation of sustainable building that shows the importance of the choice regarding exterior wall construction for apartment buildings. The construction industry has focused on reducing the energy and environmental impact on buildings during the management phase for a long time. The results have been positive and to this date, the management phase stands for 50 percent of sustainable buildings total energy use. Designing with a long-term perspective is the key to sustainable building, because small changes can have a big impact over time. The importance of energy efficiency during the construction phase has increased. The results of the development regarding sustainable building have increased the production of zero energy- buildings and passive houses. The new concepts of building technology are placing higher demands on the technical properties of the building envelope. A building envelope includes roofs, foundation, windows, doors and exterior walls. All components have a major impact on the technical properties of a building, but the report only highlights significant aspects of sustainable exterior wall constructions and how they should be evaluated. The goal of the report is to develop an adapted assessment tool with evaluation data from 9 different aspects. The aspects that we will review in the report is constructability, fire, moisture, aesthetics, management, indoor environment, energy losses from the exterior wall construction, life cycle cost and environmental impact. The assessment tool is portrayed as a template that rates and scores different exterior wall construction. This enables clear comparisons between structures. The basic facts for the report are retrieved from a literature study. Interviews with a structural engineer and a fire- and moisture consultant have been conducted for a deeper view on how the construction industry evaluates and scores exterior wall construction. To apply the assessment template for trade and industry, 6 exterior wall constructions with different structures and properties were selected. They were suitable for conceptual houses with sustainable building technology and are the basis for achieving requirements from National board of housing and passivehouse rules. The different exterior wall constructions were tested on the template and the results show that the model can be applied positively on them. The different constructions receive a general grade and a weighted grade. The weighted grade is based on a customizable weight factor. The assessment template illustrated the differences between them. Possibilities for further development of the assessment template exist. It’s possible to apply the template on structures with different kind of properties than the ones chosen for this project. The template can be a tool for choosing a construction based on the demands from a client and it can be adapted to different kind of climate zones.

The digitalization of the healthcare sector has expanded and changed how actors in a healthcare journey experience mental healthcare. One significant change is how symptom assessment is conducted, specifically the digital transformation of self-assessment tools and models. New ways of assessing symptoms elicit challenges for designers working with digital mental healthcare. Challenges exist in developing and transforming self-assessment tools to fit a digital environment. This study takes a qualitative approach to explore what challenges designers might face while working with digital self-assessment tools. The study method consists of seven open interviews where thematic analysis was used to interpret themes representing design challenges. The identified themes are immutable tools and models, limited user involvement in design, regulatory barriers and official requirements, and multiple actors in design work. The themes highlight design challenges working with self-assessment tools and are represented through data extracts and discussed with identified relevant literature. Understanding design challenges could help designers make informed decisions while working with digital self-assessment services and tools

The growing human population puts pressure on our ecosystems and natural resources. One of the major causes of household’s environmental impact has been found to be the consumption of food, which is why actions need to be taken to decrease it. One such action has been taken by the Swedish grocery store Coop, who by sharing Sustainability Declarations for food products provides information on the sustainability impacts caused by their products. Coop has identified a need to further develop their framework and to ensure its legitimacy, something that this master’s thesis aims to contribute too.  Seven sustainability assessment tools of food used within Europe were compared: Beelong Eco-Score, Eco Impact, Eco-Score, Impact Score Shopping, Köttguiden, Vegoguiden and the Sustainability Declarations, for which similarities and differences were identified. Some of the main similarities that were identified were that all tools applied a life cycle perspective, that they mainly focused on consumers and that they aimed to ease the decision of what food to purchase by providing information on sustainability impact. Some of the main differences were the range of scores, type of scores, which functional units were applied and from where the data were collected. Differences were also found in transparency, where some tools provided both scores and detailed descriptions of their framework, whilst others provided a few scores with a brief description of their framework. Whether social sustainability indicators were included or not also differed, and only the Sustainability Declarations were found to include it to a large extent, whilst Impact Score Shopping included it to some extent.  To deepen the apprehension of the tools' methodologies and how these impacted the assessments, scores for six products: Almonds, Chocolate, Flour, Milk, Pork and Rice were also compared. The assessments of flour were similar across all tools, whilst the assessment of almonds differed the most. The Beelong Eco-Score generally assessed products lower than the others, whilst the Sustainability Declarations assessed the products higher. The differences were deemed to both be a result of different methodological approaches, but also to be a result of varying food regulations in the country of origin of the food products.  To further develop the Sustainability Declarations, Coop could consider integrating Agribalyse in their assessments, and to widen their indicators to include seasonality and packaging to a larger extent. It could also be advantageous to provide their customers with alternatives and ideas of more sustainable products. The method used for the Sustainability Declarations seems to be in line with many of the choices and assumptions made for the methodologies within the other tools, and to be in line with the current state of knowledge in the scientific field. / Den växande mänskliga populationen utsätter ekosystemen och våra naturliga resurser för påtryckningar. En av de största orsakerna till miljöpåverkan skapad av hushållen har identifierats som konsumtionen av mat, varför insatser behöver implementeras för att minska denna. Ett sådant initiativ har skapats av Coop, som genom att förse sina kunder med Hållbarhetsdeklarationer innehållande information om vilken påverkan produkter har på olika hållbarhetsaspekter möjliggör för sina kunder att göra mer informerade val av produkter. Coop har identifierat ett behov av att fortsätta att utveckla detta regelverk samt att försäkra sig om regelverkets legitimitet, något som denna masteruppsats syftar till att bidra till.  Sju hållbarhetsbedömningsverktyg för mat som används inom Europa analyserades inom ramarna för denna masteruppsats. Verktygen som inkluderades var Beelong Eco-Score, Eco Impact, Eco-Score, Impact Score Shopping, Köttguiden, Vegoguiden och Hållbarhetsdeklarationerna, och dess likheter och olikheter identifierades. Några av de huvudsakliga likheterna som identifierades var att alla verktygen applicerar ett livscykelperspektiv, att de i huvudsak fokuserar på konsumenter och att deras mål är att bidra med information om matens hållbarhetsavtryck i syfte att förenkla valet av vilken mat konsumenterna ska köpa. Några av de huvudsakliga skillnaderna var vilken poängskala verktygen använde, vilken typ av poäng, vilken funktionell enhet som användes och var data hämtades från. Även verktygens transparens skilde sig åt, då några verktyg både hade tillgängliggjort alla sina produktbedömningar och detaljerade beskrivningar av deras regelverk, medan andra hade tillgängliggjort bedömningarna för några få produkter och endast redogjort för några grundläggande delar av deras metod. Det skiljde sig även mellan verktygen om sociala hållbarhetsindikatorer hade inkluderats eller inte. Endast Hållbarhetsdeklarationerna inkluderade specifika indikatorer och poäng för hållbarhetsaspekter, medans Impact Score Shopping inkluderade några få sociala hållbarhetsaspekter i deras indikatorer.  För att ytterligare fördjupa förståelsen för metoderna bakom bedömningsverktygen och hur dessa tar sig i uttryck jämfördes också poängen för sex produkter, dessa var: mandlar, choklad, vetemjöl, mjölk och ris. Poängsättningen för mjöl var lik inom alla de analyserade verktygen, medan bedömningen för mandlar varierade mest. Verktyget Beelong Eco-Score gav generellt produkter lägst poäng, medan Hållbarhetsdeklarationerna generellt gav produkterna högst poäng. Skillnaderna bedömdes både bero på skillnader i metodval och vara ett resultat och skillnader i lagar och regelverk som påverkar matproduktionen inom länderna.  För att utveckla Hållbarhetsdeklarationerna skulle Coop kunna utvärdera möjligheten att integrera Agribalyse i deras bedömningar, och att utöka deras indikatorer till att också inkludera säsongsvariationer och förpackningar i större utsträckning. Det skulle också kunna vara fördelaktigt att förse deras kunder med alternativa idéer på mer hållbara produkter. Metoden som använts för Hållbarhetsdeklarationerna fanns vara i linje med de val och antaganden som gjorts inom de undersökta verktygen. Metoden fanns även vara i linje med det nuvarande kunskapsläget i det vetenskapliga området.

Problématique : Entre 25 et 45 % des enfants nés entre 29-36 semaines de gestation (PT) présenteront un retard de développement persistant (RD) à l’âge corrigé (AC) de 2 ans. Dans la première année de vie, le retard moteur peut représenter une déviation transitoire de la trajectoire développementale, en raison de la prématurité, ou être le premier signe d’un RD. Afin de suivre le développement moteur des enfants à risque, le General Movement Assessment (GMA), l’Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) et le Neuro-Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) sont parmi les outils les plus recommandés, mais la trajectoire neuromotrice spécifique des enfants PT n’est pas connue sur ces outils. Objectifs : Le présent mémoire visait à décrire la trajectoire neuromotrice entre l’âge-équivalent du terme (AET) et 8 mois AC des enfants nés entre 29-36 semaines de gestation à l’aide du GMA, du AIMS et du NSMDA. Un objectif secondaire visait à déterminer la capacité du GMA à l’AET et 3,5 mois AC à prédire le devenir neuromoteur évalué à l’aide du AIMS et du NSMDA à 8 mois AC. Méthodologie : Une étude prospective incluant 173 PT admis ≥ 48h à l’unité des soins intensifs néonatale a été réalisée pour atteindre les objectifs principal et secondaire. Le développement neuromoteur a été évalué à 3 reprises : à l’AET (GMA), à 3,5 mois AC (GMA, AIMS et NSMDA) et à 8 mois AC (AIMS et NSMDA). Des analyses descriptives et des calculs de validité prédictive ont été effectués. Résultats : Entre l’AET et 8 mois AC, 21 % des enfants sont demeurés avec des évaluations normales, 19 % des enfants sont demeurés avec des évaluations anormales, 56% ont évolué d’un résultat anormal à un résultat normal, alors que 4 % ont évolué d’un résultat normal à un résultat anormal. À l’AET, le GMA de base présentait une sensibilité de 67 % et une spécificité de 38 %. À 3,5 mois AC, le GMA détaillé a identifié 85 % des enfants avec un résultat anormal à 8 mois AC, mais la spécificité était basse (22 %). Conclusion : La tendance principale est une normalisation avec l’âge, observée chez plus de 50 % des enfants. Le GMA aide à identifier un nombre significatif d’enfants qui pourraient bénéficier de services d’interventions précoces, et ce dès l’AET. En contrepartie, la spécificité demeure faible, pouvant mener à des sur-références pour ces services. / Background : Between 25 and 45 % of infants born between 29-36 weeks of gestation (PT) will have a significant developmental delay (DD) by 2 years corrected age (CA). During the first year of life, motor delay could either be a transient deviation in neurodevelopmental trajectory, in the context of preterm birth, or the first sign of significant DD. The General Movement Assessment (GMA), the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) and the Neuro-Sensory Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) are three of the most recommended tools for at-risk infants to follow motor development, but have been rarely used with PT to describe neuromotor trajectory. Aims : This paper aimed to describe the neuromotor trajectory between term-equivalent age (TEA) and 8 months CA of infants born from 29 to 36 weeks of gestation with the GMA, the AIMS and the NSMDA. A second goal aimed to determine the ability of the GMA at TEA and 3,5 months CA to predict neuromotor outcome at 8 months CA on the AIMS and the NSMDA. Methods : A prospective study including 173 PT admitted for ≥ 48h in the neonatal intensive care unit was realised to achieve primary and secondary goals. Neuromotor development was evaluated at three timepoints: at TEA (GMA), at 3,5 months CA (GMA, AIMS and NSMDA) and at 8 months CA (AIMS et NSMDA). Descriptive statistics and calculation of predictive validity were performed. Results : Between TEA and 8 months CA, 21% of infants remained with normal results, 19% of infants remained with abnormal results, 56% progressed from abnormal results to normal results, while 4% progressed from normal results to abnormal results. The basic GMA had the best sensitivity and specificity at TEA (67 % and 38 %). The detailed GMA at 3,5 months CA identified 85 % of infants with abnormal results at 8 months CA, but specificity was low (22 %). Conclusion : Motor development tends to normalize with age. The GMA is helpful to identify a significant number of infants as soon as TEA who would benefit from early interventions, to the detriment of over-referrals due to low specificity.

Graduation work is devoted to the study of the design of the fund of evaluative means of higher education. The paper describes the structure and content of the fund of assessment tools of the Ural Federal University as a complex of teaching materials, standardizing the procedures for assessing learning outcomes (establishing compliance of educational achievements with the planned learning outcomes and the requirements of educational programs, work programs of disciplines. A draft fund of assessment tools for the current certification based on the taxonomy of B. Blum’s pedagogical goals and D. Tolingerova’s learning objectives is presented. / Выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена исследованию проектирования фонда оценочных средств высшей школы. В работе описана структура и содержание фонда оценочных средств УРФУ как комплекса методических материалов, нормирующих процедуры оценивания результатов обучения (установление соответствия учебных достижений запланированным результатам обучения и требованиям образовательных программ, рабочих программ дисциплин. Представлен проект фонда оценочных средств текущей аттестации на основе таксономии педагогических целей Б. Блума и учебных задач Д. Толингеровой.