This essay examines the degree to which pastors within the Uniting church of Sweden (Equmeniakyrkan) feel that they possess authority within the context of their ministries and in what way they find opportunities to influence people to green transition. The method used to study this is a combined study, comprising a survey and a couple of follow-up interviews. The results of the study show that the majority of the pastors believe that it is important to work with issues related to green transition, but that the majority at the same time show doubts about being concrete and precise about these matters. The result could indicate an uncertainty regarding one's own authority to guide individuals to concrete lifestyle changes and ethical stances. The pastor can thus be understood as a “key person” in his context; a person entrusted with authority and "keys". The survey shows that the pastors prefer to use their keys to open, but seldom to close or “lock tight”, in the sense of stipulating what a person should or should not do.

An emerging pattern of public doubt in scientific and political authorities has been seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, where numerous alternatives to vaccinations have gone viral. Ivermectin's growth from a relatively known specialist drug to a political controversy is a striking example of the amplification that social media can provide. Doubt in the dangers of illness has occurred in regard to previous diseases with limited impact, including the Zika virus, Ebola, and H1N1. However, the COVID-19 pandemic's impact in the United States is a much larger example of the gaps in current risk assessments and methods of public health authorities. Publicly available Twitter data was mined to identify tweets discussing ivermectin and vaccination during the first year of COVID-19, before public discussion of ivermectin took off. Those tweets were coded using textual analysis and examined through the use of statistical tools. I examine existing sociological studies about trust in medical authority, vaccine rejection, diffusion of new information, and risk analysis to provide context for my results. Attitudes towards vaccination influenced attitudes towards ivermectin inversely. Negative attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination were associated with more positive attitudes towards ivermectin. Mentions of pharmaceuticals, deaths during the vaccine wait, or a vaccine conspiracy were additionally significant, all of which led to more positive attitudes towards ivermectin.

Organizational culture is a comprehensive concept and is defined as norms, values and ideasof an organization. All organizations consist of management but what influences themanagement? What influences the orientation of activities? It could be interesting to reflecton which objectives the leadership form in the organization and which factors affect theformulation of the objectives. Could it be the underlying norms in the organization? Doesorganizational culture matter? Research shows that the police authority has a strongorganizational culture. The aim of this essay is to analyze the organizational culture andmanagement of the Swedish police authority. In order to gain a deeper insight into a policeorganization the police in Umeå will also be studied. In this paper organizational culture hasbeen operationalised as norms. The formal and informal organization of the police has beenstudied and thus the formal and informal norms. The questions of this essay are to investigatewhat characterizes the organizational culture and how the culture affects the management ofthe police. The methods in this graduation project are based on organizational analysis wherethe data collection has been done partly through literature review but also through interviews.The results show that different kinds of cultures occur in the Swedish police authority and theculture contains both formal and informal norms. The results also show that the cultureinfluences the objectives that are formulated, in particular with regard to a changing culturewhich requires other types of objectives. However the results indicate that the organizationalculture and the management are strongly correlated since the cultures themselves arecharacterized by objectives. The conclusions of this work are as previously mentioned thatthe culture is characterized by formal and informal norms. The culture must consist ofspecific norms in order for the police to fulfill their missions. Norms also arise morespontaneously in interaction with colleagues and the environment. Finally as previouslymentioned the organizational culture have an impact on the management.

Due to its status and reach, media discourse can shape its reader's perspective on social actors and events, for good and for worse. This thesis investigates 100 headlines retrieved via searches in the NOW corpus, of which 50 portray killings of police officers by civilians and 50 portray the opposite, killings of civilians by police officers. The US headlines were exposed to transitivity analysis with a focus on agency in order to discover potential differences in portrayal when comparing the two groups. The results show that the killing agents are placed similarly, that the civilian as the killing agent is named to a slightly higher extent and that the police officer as the killing agent is presented in plural or as a group to a much higher extent. All of these choices may have different motives. The descriptions of the participants and the circumstances seem to be the most significant in comparison, where the police officers and their actions are mainly neutrally described and the civilians and their actions are often negatively described, even when they are the victim. The study highlights and discusses the imbalanced relationship between journalists and police, which perhaps needs to be addressed more often publicly in order for news media's portrayals of mishaps by police officers to be understood critically.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the Digital Certificate managementactors of the Public Key Infrastructure of the Internet have changed over the past two years(2021-2023). A set of one million registered top domains were queried with the intention ofmapping out their certificates. This thesis presents a frequency analysis of issuing Certifi-cate Authorities of the top one million domains and presents a concise table showing whichthe most popular Certificate Authorities are, as well as how the popularity has shifted overthe past two years. This thesis also presents tables of how well a select few major CertificateAuthorities follow the stipulated Baseline Requirements issued for the purpose of settingguidelines in handling certificates. Our findings suggest that the major Certificate Author-ities have highly increased their compliance with the requirements over the time period.The Baseline Requirements have stipulated a few new guidelines, none of which relate tothe fields of issuance, revocation and expiration. All the major Certificate Authorities haveadded more support than they have retracted and so it is clear to see that they respect theBaseline Requirements and work toward implementing them.

The obstacles that hinder democracy in Latin America are the topics of interest of this research. Loopholes within Latin American democratic systems of governance are a cause for concern, but also intrigue. In this research the specific loopholes and strengths of democracies in Latin America will be spotted and explained. More specifically, this research features a series quantitative method to help explain and evaluate the characteristics of strong democracies in Latin America as well as the characteristics of weak democracies in Latin America. A series of regression models show a causal relationship between rule of law and the overall democratic success of Latin American countries within the region. Therefore, it can be said that countries that hold robust judiciary systems are not more likely to reach and continue democratic success.

Studien undersöker biståndshandläggarnas perspektiv på tolkens roll vid myndighets möten i en svensk medelstor kommun. Studien analyserar även hur dessa upplevelser påverkar trepartskommunikationen mellan biståndshandläggare, tolk och klient. Målet med studien är att förbättra förståelsen och främja effektiv kommunikation och relationer inom detta sammanhang. Studien har tagit hjälp av professionsteori, yrkeskompetens, relations- och handlingskompetens, processinriktad kommunikationsteori och filter- och brusmodellen. Det är en kvalitativ studie som utgår ifrån sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med biståndshandläggare. Det insamlade materialet genomgick en tematisk analys, vilket ledde till identifieringen av totalt fyra teman. Dessa teman konstruerades med utgångspunkterna frågeställningar, tidigare forskning och intervjuguiden. Dessa teman är: 1. Kommunikation med tolk, 2. Relation mellan biståndshandläggare och klient samt tolk, 3. Specifika utmaningar och framgångar vid interaktion genom tolk, 4. Strategier och tekniker för att förbättra kommunikationen genom tolken. Studiens resultat visar att kommunikation med tolkar inom socialt arbete är avgörande för att tillgodose klienters behov på ett rättvist sätt, trots utmaningar med översättning av känslor. Relationen mellan biståndshandläggare, klient och tolk präglas av vikten att bygga och upprätthålla tillit, med öppen och transparent kommunikation som central faktor. / The study explores the perspectives of social workers on the interpreter's role in official meetings in a medium-sized Swedish municipality, analyzing how these experiences influence triadic communication among case workers, interpreters, and clients. The aim is to enhance understanding and promote effective communication and relationships in this context. Drawing on professional theory, professional competence, relational and action competence, process-oriented communication theory, and the filter-and-noise model, the qualitative study is based on six semi-structured interviews with case workers. The collected material was analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis resulted in a total of four themes, established based on the research questions, previous studies, and the interview guide: 1. Communication with interpreters, 2. Relationship between case workers and clients as well as interpreters, 3. Specific challenges and successes in interaction through interpreters, 4. Strategies and techniques to improve communication through interpreters. The study's findings suggest that communication with interpreters in social work is crucial for meeting clients' needs fairly, despite challenges in translating emotions. The relationship between case workers, clients, and interpreters emphasizes the importance of building and maintaining trust, with open and transparent communication as a central factor.

In educational research, the concept of school climate has been linked to quality teaching, teacher-pupil relations, and explicit values education, among others. In Sweden, despite showing positive teacher-pupil relations, critiques towards classroom management and a lack of teacher authority, which affect its school climate, have been made. This research aims to compare different teacher-pupil authority relations and their influence on the transmission of the hidden curriculum in Sweden. The study is going to be framed within the perspectives, definition, and current research on the hidden curriculum transmission and Wrong’s types of authority applied to classroom contexts. Non-participatory observations were conducted in a municipal school, an independent school, and an international school located in Sweden to collect data for this research. These observations take place within two Grade 9 classrooms of grundskola, and a Grade 3 classroom of gymnasieskolan. Maribel Blasco’s operationalisation of the hidden curriculum is adapted to classroom contexts to conduct the observations. Findings were described and compared considering the author’s ontology and epistemology, the operationalisation of the hidden curriculum, and the theoretical framework that guided this research. The findings of this research relate to the implicit transmission of values through authority responses, the teacher’s classroom management strategies and teaching style, their consistency and coherence in the application of classroom rules, and the implicit transmission of messages through pedagogical strategies. The researcher outlines the implications that this study has for teacher training programmes in Sweden. The direction of further research is also delimited.

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