Gegen niedergelassene Kassenärzte wurden Ermittlungsverfahren wegen Bestechlichkeit im geschäftlichen Verkehr seit dem obiter dictum des Oberlandesgerichts Braunschweig im Jahr 2010 eingeleitet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Frage der Anwendbarkeit des § 299 Strafgesetzbuch auf den Vertragsarzt diskutiert. Zudem werden entsprechende Lösungsansätze nach geltendem bzw. zu schaffendem Recht dargestellt. Im Ergebnis gelten die Vertragsärzte nicht als geschäftlich Beauftrage der Krankenkassen bzw. Amtsträger. Es sollte jedoch auf das besondere „Vertragsverhältnis“ zwischen Arzt und Patient, das letztlich auf Vertrauen gründet, Rekurs genommen werden. Wenn gegenseitiges Vertrauen besteht, wird sich der Arzt in seinen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Entscheidungen nicht an seinen eigenen wirtschaftlichen Interessen bzw. Vorteilen orientieren, sondern sich zum Wohle des Patienten vom Facharztstandard unter Berücksichtigung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebots leiten lassen.

En revisor ska utifrån ett opartiskt och självständigt förhållningssätt granska ett företags redovisning. Uppdraget som revisorn genomför ska enligt gällande lagar genomföras helt oberoende. Det innebär att revisionen inte ska påverkas av yttre omständigheter eller personliga agendor. Under pandemin som pågår har revisorerna en viktig samhällsfunktion. Dels ur ett granskande perspektiv, men även andra uppdrag som exempelvis rådgivning fyller en viktig funktion i dagsläget. Revisorns arbetsuppgifter handlar till stor del om att skapa goda och hållbara kundrelationer. Anledningen till det är att företagen ska känna ett förtroende och att revision ska vara legitim.   Covid-19 är en global pandemi som orsakat stora förändringar i samhället såväl ekonomiskt som socialt. Mängder av företag har tvingats till åtgärder som att permittera personal och i vissa situationer avyttra sina verksamheter. Politiska aktörer har tvingats till nödåtgärder som till exempel innefattar stödpaket till de företag som drabbats av pandemin. Dessa stödpaket innehåller olika typer av ersättningar för permittering och fasta kostnader.  Studiens syfte är att granska hur revisorns arbetsuppgifter påverkas av den pågående Covid-19 pandemin. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär vilket innebär att resultatet bygger på genomförda intervjuer med revisorer i Sverige. Avgränsningarna som gjorts är att endast auktoriserade revisorer varit aktuella för studien samt att vi endast fokuserat på Sverige.  Studien indikerar att majoriteten av revisorerna upplever en förändring i deras arbetsuppgifter utifrån flera parametrar. Relationerna och mötena mellan revisor och kund har blivit allt mer digitaliserade som en konsekvens av pandemin. Fysiska kundmöten har minskat avsevärt vilket innebär att tidigare uppbyggda relationer har varit en viktig faktor för revisorerna. Majoriteten av revisorerna menar även att antalet situationer där oberoendet och objektiviteten behöver utvärderas har ökat i samband med att företag får ekonomiska problem. Stödpaketen som staten fördelar ut till företag har skapat en ny typ av revision för revisorerna. Granskningen av dessa stöd har lett till en ökad arbetsbörda.  Våra slutsatser är att pandemin har påverkat revisorns arbetsuppgifter utifrån flera aspekter. Utvecklingen av digitaliseringen har ökats på med anledningen av pandemin. Mindre fysisk kontakt har gjort att revisorerna använder sig av fler digitala hjälpmedel vid exempelvis kundmöten. Vi ser en tydlig förändring när det gäller fortlevnadsprincipens aktualitet. Allt fler företag drabbas av ekonomiska problem vilket har gjort revisorns bedömning av fortsatt drift mer aktuell. Studien indikerar också att stödpaketen som fördelats till företagen har gjort bedömningen av den fortsatta driften mer komplex. Vilket i sin tur har lett till att revisorerna vidtagit åtgärder. Till exempel genom ytterligare informationsinsamling av prognoser och rapporter för att kunna säkerställa sin bedömning. / An auditor must, based on an impartial approach, review a company's accounts. The assignment performed by the auditor must, in accordance with applicable law, be carried out completely independently. During the ongoing pandemic, the auditors have an important societal function. Partly from an reviewing perspective, but also other assignments such as counseling fulfill an important function in the current situation. The auditor's tasks is largely about creating good and sustainable customer relationships. Covid-19 is a global pandemic that has caused major changes in the society both economically and socially. Lots of companies have been forced to take measures such as laying off staff and in certain situations divesting their companies. Political actors have been forced to take emergency measures that, for example, include support packages for the companies affected by the pandemic. The purpose of the study is to review how the auditor's tasks is affected by the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. The study is of a qualitative nature, which means that the results are based on conducted interviews with auditors based in Sweden. The delimitations that have been made are that only authorized accountants have been relevant for the study and that we have only focused on Sweden. The study indicates that the majority of auditors experience a change in their tasks based on several parameters. The relationships and meetings between auditor and customer have become increasingly digital as a consequence of the pandemic. Physical customer meetings have decreased significantly, which means that previously built relationships have been an important factor for the auditors. The majority of the auditors also believe that the number of situations where independence and objectivity need to be evaluated has increased due to companies having financial problems. The support packages that the state distributes to companies have created a new type of audit for the auditors. Our conclusions are that the pandemic has affected the auditor's tasks based on several aspects. The development of digitalization has increased due to the pandemic. Less physical contact has led to the auditors using more digital solutions at, for example, customer meetings. We see a clear change in the topicality of some principles. More and more companies are suffering from financial problems, which has made the auditor's assessment of continued operations more relevant. The study also indicates that the support packages distributed to the companies have made the assessment of continued operations more difficult. (This essay is written in Swedish).

Gegen niedergelassene Kassenärzte wurden Ermittlungsverfahren wegen Bestechlichkeit im geschäftlichen Verkehr seit dem obiter dictum des Oberlandesgerichts Braunschweig im Jahr 2010 eingeleitet. In dieser Arbeit wird die Frage der Anwendbarkeit des § 299 Strafgesetzbuch auf den Vertragsarzt diskutiert. Zudem werden entsprechende Lösungsansätze nach geltendem bzw. zu schaffendem Recht dargestellt. Im Ergebnis gelten die Vertragsärzte nicht als geschäftlich Beauftrage der Krankenkassen bzw. Amtsträger. Es sollte jedoch auf das besondere „Vertragsverhältnis“ zwischen Arzt und Patient, das letztlich auf Vertrauen gründet, Rekurs genommen werden. Wenn gegenseitiges Vertrauen besteht, wird sich der Arzt in seinen diagnostischen und therapeutischen Entscheidungen nicht an seinen eigenen wirtschaftlichen Interessen bzw. Vorteilen orientieren, sondern sich zum Wohle des Patienten vom Facharztstandard unter Berücksichtigung des Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebots leiten lassen.

To complete work in a satisfactory manner, the auditor needs to maintain his or her qualifying role; it is required that the auditor is independent. The auditor shall review his or her independence before each assignment and resign if there are circumstances that could upset the trust in his or her independence. The study is based on the scepticism we have that a human being can ever be independent. The thesis aims to obtain valuable insight into the auditor’s independent position by studying the auditor’s approach on independence and the eventual threats they may experience. Furthermore, the purpose is to determine if an auditor can be independent. Through a qualitative method and abductive approach, the study has taken its starting point in the research to supplement the general knowledge with the practice from the auditor’s perspective. Within the institutional context, we have analyzed the empirical data based on three overarching themes; 1. The Swedish Auditing Act’s five threats against independence, 2. Independence in fact and independence in appearance, and 3. The auditor’s practical course of action. The study shows that there are divided opinions about whether an auditor can be independent and that there are patterns that indicate the existence of isomorphism. Likewise, the study shows that threats of friendship and self-examination should not necessarily be seen as a threat but rather as an advantage to conducting a qualitative audit. / För att en revisor ska genomföra ett tillfredsställande arbete och behålla sin kvalitetsstämplande roll krävs det att hen är oberoende. Revisorn ska med stöd av revisorslagens analysmodell pröva sitt oberoende innan varje uppdrag och avsäga sig uppdrag om det finns omständigheter som kan rubba förtroendet för hens opartiskhet eller självständighet. Problematiken i studien grundar sig i den skepticism vi har till att en människa någonsin kan vara oberoende. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en användbar inblick i revisorns oberoendeposition genom att studera revisors synsätt på sin roll och de eventuella hotbilder mot oberoendet som de upplever. Vidare är syftet att reda ut om det överhuvudtaget är möjligt för en revisor att vara oberoende. Studien har genom en kvalitativ metod och abduktiv ansats tagit avstamp ur forskningen för att komplettera det rådande vetandet med praktiken ur revisorers perspektiv. Studien har inom en institutionell kontext analyserat empirin utifrån tre övergripande teman; 1. Revisorslagens analysmodell, 2. Faktiskt och synbart oberoende, och 3. Revisorns praktiska tillvägagångssätt. Studien visar att det finns delade meningar kring huruvida det är möjligt för en revisor att vara oberoende, samt att det föreligger mönster som tyder på existensen av isomorfism. Studien påvisar likaså att vänskaps- och självgranskningshot inte nödvändigtvis bör ses som ett hot, utan snarare som en fördel till att genomföra en kvalitativ revision.

Datum:2022-06-02 Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 hp Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Högskola Författare: AL Hano Faro, Sura George    920101  Alen Jajeno                               971228  Mohammad Jamal                    000910 Title:En studie om förändringen av redovisningskonsultens arbetsroll till följd av digitaliseringen Handledare:Ulla Pettersson Nyckelord: Redovisningskonsult, auktoriserad redovisningskonsult, kompetenskrav, digitalisering,profession, legitimitet, digitalisering inom redovisning Frågeställningar:           • Vilken förändring har digitaliseringen medfört på redovisningskonsultens arbetssätt och arbetsuppgifter under de senaste 10-15 åren?    Hur har redovisningskonsultens kompetenskrav förändrats under de senaste 10-15 åren med hänsyn till digitaliseringen?   Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka vad digitaliseringen medfört för förändringar till redovisningskonsultens arbetsuppgifter, arbetssätt samt kompetenskraven under de senaste 10-15 åren. Metod: Under arbetet kommer en kvalitativ explanatorisk metod att tillämpas, vilket omfattar ett antal intervjuer med både auktoriserade såväl som icke auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter. Tanken bakom intervjuerna är att ta reda på hur redovisningskonsulterna själva upplevt att digitaliseringen har påverkat bland annat hur yrkesrollen har förändrats över tid till följd av digitaliseringen samt vilka nya kompetenser kräver marknaden av redovisningskonsulter.  Slutsats: Slutsatserna som kan dras är att arbetssättet har skiftat idag från att ha tidigare varit analogt till att det blivit mer digitalt. Arbetsuppgifterna har blivit mer kundorienterad och skiftar sig mer till rådgivning. Den andra slutsatsen som kan dras är att kompetenskraven inte förändrats, men att tekniska framsteg har underlättat för redovisningskonsulten att utföra många arbeten och att detta bidragit med att konsulterna numera behöver utöka på sina IT kunskaper. / Date:2022-06-02 Level:Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: AL Hano Faro, Sura George    920101               Alen Jajeno                           971228              Mohammad Jamal                   000910 Title:A study of the change in the accounting consultant's work role as a result of digitalisation Tutor:Ulla Pettersson Keywords: Accounting consultant, authorized accounting consultant, competence requirements, digitalization in accounting Research questions: How has digitalization changed the accounting consultants work   procedure and tasks over a timespan of 10-15 years?  Are there any new competence requirements in the context of digitalization? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze what digitalization has changed in the accounting consultants work procedure, tasks and competence requirements in the last 10-15 years. Method: In this qualitative study, we have gathered primary data from seven semistructured interviews. The interviews that have been conducted come from seven different accountants from six different accounting firms that range in size. The focus of the study is to see if digitization has brought forth any change and also analyze if there is any difference in competence requirements.    Conclusion: The conclusions that can be drawn are as follows the accounting consultants have gone from analogue to becoming more digital. The tasks have become more customer-oriented and shifted more towards analyzing and consulting the customer. The other conclusion that can be drawn is that the competence requirements have not changed, but that technical advances have made it easier for the accounting consultant to perform many jobs and that this has contributed to the consultants now having to expand their IT skills.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo describir el problema que presentan algunas agencias de aduanas para que se certifiquen como Operadores Económicos Autorizados (OEA) Lima y Callao en el periodo de años 2012-2019. La metodología de investigación que se ha utilizado para la presente tesis es la metodología enfoque cualitativo con carácter explicativo, tiene como objetivo comprender el complejo mundo del comercio exterior y la experiencia que viven los agentes de aduanas. El Análisis de resultados es la falta de conocimiento de los beneficios de la certificación OEA, la capacidad estructural y económica para enfrentar las diferentes auditorias y fiscalizaciones de la Sunat, las agencias de aduanas no logran crear procesos adecuados para mejorar su operatividad aduanera. Se recomienda las agencias de aduanas realicen las modificaciones e inversiones en las infraestructuras de sus empresas para garantizar la seguridad de las cargas de sus clientes, así como también por su capital humano. Además, deben estar alineados a los diferentes reglamentos y las exigencias de las leyes laborales peruanas para generar confianza y buena imagen a sus respectivos clientes para que rentabilice la relación comercial entre agencia de aduana y cliente. Por ello, la investigación se ha estructurado en cinco partes para una mejor comprensión del lector. La primera parte es el “Marco teórico”, que presenta los antecedentes a nivel nacional e internacional, las bases teóricas del comercio internacional, de aduanas, de agente de aduanas y los operadores económicos autorizados, así como los beneficios, los requisitos y el impacto de la certificación como operador económico autorizado en el Perú y el mundo. La segunda parte es el “Plan de Investigación”, donde se plantea la problemática, la hipótesis y los objetivos generales y específicos que se pretenden lograr en la presente tesis. En la tercera parte, “Metodología del trabajo” se expone el tipo de investigación utilizada en el presente estudio y para lo cual se han realizado entrevistas exhaustivas a representantes de las agencias de aduanas que no se encuentran certificadas como agente de OEA - Operador Económico Autorizado en Lima y Callao. En la cuarta parte, “Desarrollo de la tesis”, se realiza el análisis de los datos recolectados en las entrevistas, a fin de obtener los resultados y las respuestas más relevantes a las preguntas planteadas, que permitirán cumplir con el objetivo principal de esta investigación y aportar a la teoría existente. En la quinta y última parte, se presenta la “Discusión y Análisis de resultados”, se plasman las conclusiones obtenidas. / The purpose of this investigation is to describe the problem some identify the reasons why Customs agents have in order not to get certified as Authorized Economic Operator Certification (AEO) in Lima and Callao from 2012 until 2019. The methodology used in this investigation has qualitative approach with descriptive and explanatory character and has as an objective to comprehend the complex world of the foreign trade and the experience that custom agents have. The Analysis of results is the lack of knowledge of the benefits of the AEO certification, the structural and economic capacity to face the different audits and inspections of the SUNAT, the customs agencies fail to create adequate processes to improve their customs operations. Customs agencies are recommended to make modifications and investments in their companies 'infrastructures to guarantee the safety of their clients' cargoes, as well as for their human capital. In addition, they must be aligned to the different regulations and the requirements of Peruvian labor laws to generate confidence and good image to their respective clients so that they make profitable the commercial relationship between customs agency and client. Therefore, the research has been structured in five parts for a better understanding of the reader. The first part is the “Theoretical Framework”, which presents the national and international background, the theoretical bases of international trade, customs, customs brokers and authorized economic operators, as well as the benefits, requirements and impact of certification as an authorized economic operator in Peru and the world. The second part is the "Research Plan", where the problem, the hypothesis and the general and specific objectives that are intended to be achieved in this thesis are presented. In the third part, "Work Methodology" the type of research used in this study is exposed and for which exhaustive interviews have been conducted with representatives of customs agencies that are not certified as an AEO agent - Authorized Economic Operator in Lima and Callao. In the fourth part, "Development of the thesis", the analysis of the data collected in the interviews is carried out, in order to obtain the most relevant results and answers to the questions asked, which will enable the main objective of this research to be fulfilled. and contribute to the existing theory. In the fifth and last part, the "Discussion and Analysis of results" is presented, the conclusions obtained are reflected. / Tesis

This thesis analyzes additions to the gospels in the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible. To assess the appropriateness of the JST additions, the thesis examines Joseph Smith's additions to verify whether they parallel the approaches of the original gospel writers to their audiences. There is strong indication that material added to the King James Version by the Joseph Smith Translation is consistent with the approaches of the original gospels to their audiences. Chapter one shows that the JST Matthew, like the KJV Matthew, is concerned with showing that Jesus fulfills Old Testament prophecy. Chapter two finds that JST Mark is as generic in its approach and even more fast-paced than the KJV Mark. In chapter three, Joseph Smith's translation of Luke extends Luke's stress on parables and women's issues. Chapter four demonstrates that JST John emphasizes John's central concern, the primacy of Jesus, even more emphatically than the KJV John.

Learner absenteeism is one of the major precursors to poor academic performance. If learners miss school, they do not learn and ultimately they fail or drop-out. Notwithstanding, this problem does not receive the attention it deserves. A literature study, which reviewed research findings concerning absenteeism in South Africa and selected countries, provided a framework for the ensuing empirical inquiry. A qualitative study using in-depth interviews, focus group interviews, document review and observation as data gathering techniques focused on two selected primary schools with a high rate of learner absenteeism in the Acornhoek area of Mpumalanga, South Africa. Participants were purposefully selected as information rich candidates: absentee learners, parents of absentee learners, teachers and school principals. Learner absenteeism negatively impacts effective professional practice, that is, teaching and learning. The study concludes with recommendations to prevent learner absenteeism in order to improve teaching and learning in South African primary schools. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Landmarkism was a sectarian view of Baptist church history and practice. It arose in the mid-eighteenth century and was a dominant force in the first half-century of the life of the Southern Baptist Convention, America’s largest Protestant denomination. J. R. Graves was its chief architect, promoter, and apologist. He initiated or helped propagate controversies which shaped Southern Baptist life and practice. His influence spread Landmarkism throughout the Southern Baptist Convention through religious periodicals, books, and educational materials. Key Landmark figures in the seminaries and churches also promoted these views. After over fifty years of significant impact the influence of Landmarkism seemed to diminish eventually fading from sight. Many observers of Southern Baptist life relegated it to a movement of historical interest but no current impact. In an effort to examine this assumption, research was conducted which explored certain theological positions of Graves, other Landmarkers, and sects claimed as the true church by the promoters of Baptist church succession. Further research focused on the Landmark influence leading up to the American Civil War (1861-1865) and the spread of Landmarkism after the death of Graves (1893) until the close of the twentieth century. The research revealed significant theological inconsistencies which were heretofore unexamined critically and often ignored by promoters of the Landmark view as long as the view of the Baptist Church and its history was within Landmark definitions. A mass of vituperative rhetoric in defense of slavery from Landmark authors was uncovered. It was also found that significant percentages of Southern Baptists still hold some key Landmark beliefs. The persistence of these beliefs is tied to Landmarkers in key positions within the Southern Baptist Convention and the influence of local pastors with Landmark views. Landmarkism is a term the average Southern Baptist cannot define. Landmark beliefs, however, are still present, but many view them merely as Baptist doctrine and history. The research concluded that Landmarkism is far from a forgotten piece of Southern Baptist history. Its influence, impact, and grip are very visible in some Southern Baptist beliefs and practices. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D.Th. (Church History)

Resume The disertation is conceived as a case study focused on the influence of introducing the quality standards of social services in a daily centre for people with mental and combined disability. It deals with the theoretical outline of the issues, particularly The Law of Social Services n. 108/2006 in the current version of later phrasing and amendment, and the quality standards of social services in relation to mentally disabled people. It also concerns with the formation of the Diakonie of the Czech Protestant Church, the Ratolest Centre in Prague and the evaluation of practical results of the introducing of the quality standards of social services in daily work of the concerned centre from the point of its staff and ordinary practice. The work on the standards in Ratolest Centre can be devided in three main stages. The first stage concerns the years 2004-2007, when the standards were intensely but not continually worked on. The work was primarily organized by one member of the staff and the management of the Centre. In this phase it meant mainly changes of practical dealing and communication with the clients. The methodology was worked out according to the momentary need, in methodological issues was no uniting character and respecting the standards was dispersed in different documents. On this stage...