Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Eric A. Bernard / The Kansas High Plains region is a key global agricultural production center (U.S. G.S, 2009). The High Plains physiography is ideal agricultural production landscape except for the semi-arid climate. Consequently, farmers mine vast groundwater resources from the High Plains Ogallala Aquifer formations to augment precipitation for crop production. Growing global population, current policy and subsidy programs, declining aquifer levels coupled with regional climatic changes call into question both short-term and long-term resilience of this agrarian landscape and food and water security. This project proposes a means to simulate future irrigated agriculture land use and crop cover patterns in the Kansas High Plains Aquifer region based on coupled modeling results from ongoing research at Kansas State University. A Cellular Automata (CA) modeling framework is used to simulate potential land use distribution, based on coupled modeling results from groundwater, economic, and crop models. The CA approach considers existing infrastructure resources, industrial and commercial systems, existing land use patterns, and suitability modeling results for agricultural production. The results of the distribution of irrigated land produced from the CA model provide necessary variable inputs for the next temporal coupled modeling iteration. For example, the groundwater model estimates water availability in saturated thickness and depth to water. The economic model projects which crops will be grown based on water availability and commodity prices at a county scale. The crop model estimates potential yield of a crop under specific soil, climate and growing conditions which further informs the economic model providing an estimate of profit, which informs regional economic and population models. Integrating the CA model into the coupled modeling system provides a key linkage to simulate spatial patterns of irrigated land use and crop type land cover based on coupled model results. Implementing the CA model in GIS offers visualization of coupled model components and results as well as the CA model land use and land cover. The project outcome hopes to afford decision-makers, including farmers, the ability to use the actual landscape data and the developed coupled modeling framework to strategically inform decisions with long-term resiliency.

La première partie de cette thèse porte sur les automates cellulaires probabilistes (ACP) sur la ligne et à deux voisins. Pour un ACP donné, nous cherchons l'ensemble de ces lois invariantes. Pour des raisons expliquées en détail dans la thèse, ceci est à l'heure actuelle inenvisageable de toutes les obtenir et nous nous concentrons, dans cette thèse, surles lois invariantes markoviennes. Nous établissons, tout d'abord, un théorème de nature algébrique qui donne des conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour qu'un ACP admette une ou plusieurs lois invariantes markoviennes dans le cas où l'alphabet E est fini. Par la suite, nous généralisons ce résultat au cas d'un alphabet E polonais après avoir clarifié les difficultés topologiques rencontrées. Enfin, nous calculons la fonction de corrélation du modèleà 8 sommets pour certaines valeurs des paramètres du modèle en utilisant une partie desrésultats précédents. / The first part of this thesis is about probabilistic cellular automata (PCA) on the line and with two neighbors. For a given PCA, we look for the set of its invariant distributions. Due to reasons explained in detail in this thesis, it is nowadays unthinkable to get all of them and we concentrate our reections on the invariant Markovian distributions. We establish, first, an algebraic theorem that gives a necessary and sufficient condition for a PCA to have one or more invariant Markovian distributions when the alphabet E is finite. Then, we generalize this result to the case of a polish alphabet E once we have clarified the encountered topological difficulties. Finally, we calculate the 8-vertex model's correlation function for some parameters values using previous results.The second part of this thesis is about infinite iterations of stochastic processes. We establish the convergence of the finite dimensional distributions of the α-stable processes iterated n times, when n goes to infinite, according to parameter of stability and to drift r. Then, we describe the limit distributions. In the iterated Brownian motion case, we show that the limit distributions are linked with iterated functions system.

Disturbance in a forest’s canopy, whether caused by treefall, limbfall, landslide, or fire determines not only the distribution of well-lit patches at any given time, but also the ways in which the forest changes over time. In this dissertation, I use a 25 year record of treefall gap formation find a novel and highly patterned process of forest disturbance and regeneration, providing a local mechanism by examining the factors that influence the likelihood of treefall. I then develop a stochastic cellular automaton for disturbance and regeneration based on the analysis of this long term data set and illustrate the potential of this model for the prediction and detection of patterned forest dynamics in general. Finally, I investigate the spatial structure of a population of one of the most common gap colonist species in this forest, Didymopanax pittieri, and illustrate the effect of local aggregation of treefalls and on the population dynamics of D. pittieri in the process.

In this Doktorarbeit the Lattice Boltzmann scheme, a heuristic method for the simulation of flows in complicated boundaries, is investigated. Its theory is renewed by emphasizing the entropy maximization principle, and new means for the modelling of geometries (including moving boundaries) and the visual representation of evoluting flows are presented. An object oriented implemen- tation is given with communication between objects realized by an interpreter object and communication from outside realized via interprocess communica- tion. Within the new theoretical apprach the applicability of existing Lattice Boltzmann schemes to model thermal flows for arbitrary temperatures is reex- amined. / In dieser Doktorarbeit wird das Gitter-Boltzmann-Schema, eine heuristische Methode fuer die Simulation von Stroemungen innerhalb komplexer Raender, untersucht. Die zugrundeliegende Theorie wird unter neuen Gesichtspunkten, insbesondere dem Prinzip der Entropiemaximierung, betrachtet. Des weiteren werden neuartige Methoden fuer die Modellierung der Geometrie (einschl. beweglicher Raender) und der visuellen Darstellung aufgezeigt. Eine objektorientierte Implementierung wird vorgestellt, wobei die Kommunikation zwischen den Objekten über Interpreter-Objekte und die Kommunikation mit der Aussenwelt ueber Interprozess-Kommunikation gehandhabt wird. Mit dem neuen theoretischen Ansatz wird die Gueltigkeit bestehender Gitter-Boltzmann-Schemata fuer die Anwendung auf Stroemungen mit nicht konstanter Temperatur untersucht.

Automatic translation has seen tremendous progress in recent years, mainly thanks to statistical methods applied to large parallel corpora. Transductions represent a principled approach to modeling translation, but existing transduction classes are either not expressive enough to capture structural regularities between natural languages or too complex to support efficient statistical induction on a large scale. A common approach is to severely prune search over a relatively unrestricted space of transduction grammars. These restrictions are often applied at different stages in a pipeline, with the obvious drawback of committing to irrevocable decisions that should not have been made. In this thesis we will instead restrict the space of transduction grammars to a space that is less expressive, but can be efficiently searched. First, the class of linear transductions is defined and characterized. They are generated by linear transduction grammars, which represent the natural bilingual case of linear grammars, as well as the natural linear case of inversion transduction grammars (and higher order syntax-directed transduction grammars). They are recognized by zipper finite-state transducers, which are equivalent to finite-state automata with four tapes. By allowing this extra dimensionality, linear transductions can represent alignments that finite-state transductions cannot, and by keeping the mechanism free of auxiliary storage, they become much more efficient than inversion transductions. Secondly, we present an algorithm for parsing with linear transduction grammars that allows pruning. The pruning scheme imposes no restrictions a priori, but guides the search to potentially interesting parts of the search space in an informed and dynamic way. Being able to parse efficiently allows learning of stochastic linear transduction grammars through expectation maximization. All the above work would be for naught if linear transductions were too poor a reflection of the actual transduction between natural languages. We test this empirically by building systems based on the alignments imposed by the learned grammars. The conclusion is that stochastic linear inversion transduction grammars learned from observed data stand up well to the state of the art.

Cette dissertation explore la carrière de la rencontre manquée Lacanienne dans la littérature canonique américaine du dix-neuvième siècle à travers le prisme de la psychanalyse, la déconstruction, le postmodernisme et le postcolonialisme. Je me concentre particulièrement sur La Lettre Écarlate de Hawthorne et Moby-Dick de Melville, en montrant comment ils sont investis dans l'économie narrative de la rencontre manquée, l'économie de ce qui est au-delà de la symbolisation et l'assimilation. L’introduction examine les contours et les détours historiques, philosophiques et théoriques du concept de la rencontre manquée. Cette dissertation a donc deux objectifs: d'une part, elle tente d'examiner le statut et la fonction de la rencontre manquée dans la littérature américaine du dix-neuvième siècle, et d’autre part, elle explore comment la théorisation de la rencontre manquée pourrait nous aider à aller au-delà de la théorisation binaire qui caractérise les scènes géopolitiques actuelles. Mon premier chapitre sur La Lettre Écarlate de Hawthorne, tente de tracer la carrière du signifiant comme une navette entre l'archive et l'avenir, entre le sujet et l'objet, entre le signifiant et le signifié. Le but de ce chapitre est de rendre compte de la temporalité du signifiant et la temporalité de la subjectivité et d’expliquer comment ils répondent à la temporalité du tuché. En explorant la dimension crypto-temporelle de la rencontre manquée, ce chapitre étudie l'excès de cryptes par la poétique (principalement prosopopée, anasémie, et les tropes d'exhumation). Le deuxième chapitre élabore sur les contours de la rencontre manquée. En adoptant des approches psychanalytiques et déconstructives, ce chapitre négocie la temporalité de la rencontre manquée (la temporalité de l'automaton et de la répétition). En explorant la temporalité narrative (prolepse et analepse) conjointement à la psycho-poétique du double, ce chapitre essaie de dévoiler les vicissitudes de la mélancolie et la “dépression narcissique” dans Moby-Dick (en particulier la répétition d'Achab lors de sa rencontre originelle dénarrée ou jamais racontée avec le cachalot blanc et sa position mélancolique par rapport à l'objet qu'il a perdu). En exposant la nature du trauma comme une rencontre manquée, dont les résidus se manifestent symptomatiquement par la répétition (et le doublement), ce chapitre explique le glissement de la lettre (par l'entremise du supplément et de la différance). Le troisième chapitre élargit la portée de la rencontre manquée pour inclure les Autres de l'Amérique. Le but principal de ce chapitre est d'évaluer les investitures politiques, culturelles, imaginaires et libidinales de la rencontre manquée dans le Réel, le Symbolique nationale des États-Unis et la réalité géopolitique actuelle. Il traite également de la relation ambiguë entre la jouissance et le Symbolique: la manière dont la jouissance anime et régit le Symbolique tout en confondant la distinction entre le Réel et la réalité et en protégeant ses manœuvres excessives. / This dissertation explores the career of the Lacanian missed encounter in canonical nineteenth-century American literature through the lens of psychoanalysis, deconstruction, postmodernism, and postcolonialism. In particular, I concentrate on Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Melville’s Moby-Dick, showing how they are invested in the narrative economy of the missed encounter, the economy of that which is beyond symbolization and assimilation. The introductory chapter investigates the historical, philosophical, and theoretical contours and detours of the concept of the missed encounter. This dissertation, then, has two goals: on the one hand, it attempts to examine the status and function of the missed encounter in nineteenth-century American literature, and on the other, it explores how theorizing the missed encounter might help us move beyond the binarist theorization that characterizes the current geopolitical scenes. My first chapter on Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter attempts to map the career of the signifier as a shuttling between the archive and the future, between the subject and the object, and between the signifier and the signified. The aim of this chapter is to account for the temporality of the signifier and the temporality of subjectivity and how they meet the temporality of the Tuché. By exploring the crypto-temporal dimension of the missed encounter, this chapter studies the excess of crypts through poetics (mainly prosopopeia, anasemia, and tropes of exhumation). The second chapter elaborates the contours of the missed encounter. This chapter approaches, from psychoanalytic and deconstructive viewpoints, the temporality of the missed encounter (the temporality of automaton and repetition). By exploring the narrative temporality (prolepsis and analepsis) in conjunction with the psycho-poetics of the double, this chapter attempts to lay bare the vicissitudes of melancholia and “narcissistic depression” in Moby-Dick (especially Ahab’s repetition of his unnarrated or disnarrated original encounter with the White Whale and his melancholic position in relation to the object he lost). By exposing the nature of trauma as a missed encounter, the residues of which manifest symptomatically through repetition (and doubling), this chapter explains the glissement of the letter (through the work of the supplement and différance). Chapter three broadens the scope of the missed encounter to the Others of America. The main purpose of this chapter is to assess the political, cultural, imaginary, and libidinal investitures of the missed encounter in the Real, the national Symbolic of the United States, and the current geopolitical reality. It also deals with the ambiguous relationship between jouissance and the Symbolic: the way in which jouissance animates and governs the Symbolic, while at the same time it blurs the boundary lines between the Real and reality and protects its excessive maneuvers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:38:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RONALDO DE CASTRO CORREA.pdf: 1467426 bytes, checksum: a5e2b011297c7075c278d2dfd4502c98 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-23 / Cellular automata are discrete dynamic systems that by local action rules, even very simple, can present arbitrarily complex global processing. The reversibility is a property that a few rules have and guarantees the existence of an inverse rule capable of reversing the temporal evolution of the original rule. For a rule be reversible all possible configurations of lattices must have only one predecessor, i.e., only one pre-image. In this context, it had been proposed in the literature the concept of rules may be characterized by its relative partial reversibility, that is, rules can be more or less reversible than others. This notion is represented by the rule pre-image pattern, which is composed of the quantities ordered pre-images of all the possible configurations of lattices up to a maximum size. To sort the rules of the reversible for less reversible, or group them if they had the same reversibility was made lexicographical ordering patterns of pre-images. This paper reviewed the original definition, based on elementary cellular automata, although the results are applicable to any other one-dimensional family rules. Thus, proposed it was a measure of the reversibility level of a rule, also based on its default pre-image, but now from the probability of correctly reverse each possible configurations of lattices up to a given maximum size. This measure allows us to analyze the degree of reversibility of a rule in absolute terms and not relative to other rules. Thus, it becomes possible to individually analyze the reversibility levels of rules, making it possible to infer the degree of rules reversible for lattices arbitrarily larger than calculated, in particular, identifying rules that tend to be reversible when the size of the lattices tends to infinity. It was also possible to define an operation that, from their own state transitions rule, allows to obtain partially rules that have the same level of reversibility without the need of standard calculating preview image, which is extremely expensive computationally. / Autômatos celulares são sistemas dinâmicos discretos que, por meio de regras de ação local, até mesmo muito simples, podem apresentar processamento global arbitrariamente complexo. A reversibilidade é uma propriedade que poucas regras possuem e que garante a existência de uma regra inversa capaz de reverter a evolução temporal da regra original. Para uma regra ser reversível, todas as configurações possíveis de reticulado devem possuir somente uma única configuração antecessora, ou seja, uma única pré-imagem. Nesse contexto, havia sido proposto na literatura o conceito de regras poderem ser caracterizadas por sua reversibilidade parcial relativa, ou seja, regras poderem ser mais ou menos reversíveis que outras. Essa noção é representada por meio do padrão de pré-imagem da regra, que é composto pelas quantidades ordenadas de pré-imagens de todas as configurações possíveis de reticulado, até um tamanho máximo. Para classificar as regras das mais reversíveis para as menos reversíveis, ou agrupá-las caso possuíssem a mesma reversibilidade, era feita a ordenação lexicográfica dos padrões de pré-imagens. Este trabalho reavaliou a definição original, com base nos autômatos celulares elementares, apesar de os resultados serem aplicáveis a qualquer outra família unidimensional de regras. Assim, foi proposta uma grandeza que representa o nível de reversibilidade de uma regra, também baseada em seu padrão de pré-imagem, mas agora a partir da probabilidade de reverter corretamente cada configuração possível de reticulado, até um tamanho máximo dado. Tal medida permite analisar o nível de reversibilidade de uma regra em termos absolutos, e não mais relativamente a outras regras. Dessa forma, torna-se possível analisar individualmente os níveis de reversibilidade das regras, o que possibilitou inferir o nível de reversibilidade de regras para reticulados arbitrariamente maiores que os calculados, em particular, identificando regras que tendem a ser reversíveis conforme o tamanho do reticulado tende a infinito. Também foi possível definir uma operação que, a partir das próprias transições de estado de uma regra, permite obter parcialmente as regras que possuem o mesmo nível de reversibilidade, sem a necessidade do cálculo do padrão de pré-imagem, que é extremamente custoso computacionalmente.

L’évolution d’une phase microbienne au sein d’un milieu poreux est un processus complexe de par la prise en compte des effets de croissance (ou de mortalité) et d’étalement de la phase cellulaire. D’autres processus tels que l’arrachement d’une partie du biofilm ou l’attachement-détachement de cellules mobiles depuis la phase fluide peuvent aussi contribuer à la variation du volume de biofilm présent. Une meilleure compréhension des interactions mis en jeu entre les processus de croissance de biofilm, du transport de soluté et de l’écoulement et une modélisation rigoureuse de ce processus de croissance à l’échelle microscopique est un enjeu essentiel à une prédiction plus fine du devenir des polluants dans les sols. L’évolution temporelle d’un milieu poreux sous l’effet de l’activité biologique constitue toutefois à l’heure actuelle un défi scientifique majeur d’un point de vue de la modélisation numérique. Les variations locales de la géométrie du domaine (bio-obstruction des pores) induisent en effet une chenalisation de l’écoulement et du transport qui va évoluer au cours du temps. Si différentes méthodes numériques – lagrangiennes ou eulériennes – ont été développées (méthode de capture du front, méthode d’interface diffuse de type « Level Set » ou « Volume Of Fluid »), elles restent souvent peu adaptées à des modélisations 3D à l’échelle du pore (temps de calcul, remaillage parfois nécessaire, problème de gain ou de perte de masse). Nous combinons ici une méthode IBM (Immersed Boundary Method) à une méthode LBM (Lattice Boltzman Method) pour le calcul de l’écoulement en 3D tandis qu’une approche de type VOF (Volume of Fluid) ou par reconstruction d’interface couplée à une discrétisation en Volume Finis est utilisée pour le transport des espèces chimiques. L’intérêt ici de la méthode IB-LBM est de pouvoir bénéficier de la précision de la formulation Lattice- Boltzmann tout en travaillant sur un maillage fixe, un terme correcteur venant modifier la vitesse au voisinage des interfaces mobiles. Le modèle d’écoulement-transport en milieu poreux évolutif développé est ensuite couplé à un modèle d’automate cellulaire prenant en compte les processus d’attachement-détachement. Le modèle est comparé à des benchmarks numériques et utilisé pour étudier les différents régimes de croissance du biofilm en fonction des conditions hydrodynamiques. Dans le dernier chapitre, ce modèle est étendu à la prise en compte d’une phase non-miscible afin d’étudier l’impact des processus de biodégradation sur la dissolution d’une phase polluante piégé. On se limite aux conditions où le NAPL est à saturation résiduelle. L’influence de la production de biosurfactant sur la solubilité du polluant ainsi que la toxicité de celui-ci sur la cinétique de croissance des bactéries est prise en compte. Plusieurs résultats numériques sont présentés afin d’illustrer l’influence des différents paramètres hydrodynamiques sur la dissolution du NAPL. / Mathematical modeling of transport in porous media of organic chemical species in the presence of a bacterial population growing in the form of biofilms is an important area of research for environmental and industrial applications such as the treatment and the remediation of groundwater contaminated by organic pollutants. Biofilms, which are composed of bacteria and extracellular organic substances, grow on the pore-walls of the porous medium. Biodegradable organic solutes are converted into biomass or other organic compounds by the bacterial metabolism. This evolution of the microbial biomass phase within the porous medium is a complex process due mainly to growth (or decay) and spatial spreading of the cellular phase. Processes such as biofilm sloughing and attachment (or detachment) of cells from the fluid phase may also contribute to the biofilm volume variation. In this context, the aim of the thesis is to focus on the mechanisms that control the development of biofilms in porous media and its impact on the hydrodynamic properties of the porous matrix. The objective of this work is to model this pore-scale phenomenon of biofilm growth by integrating the various mechanisms which favor the bacterial development (bacterial proliferation, assimilation of nutrients to synthesize new cellular materials, attachment of cells) or, conversely, which are responsible for slowing down (e.g., detachment of cells, toxicity). An IB-LB model is developed for flow calculation and non-boundary conforming finite volume methods (volume of fluid and reconstruction methods) are used for reactive solute transport. A sophisticated cellular automaton model is developed to describe the spatial distribution of bacteria. Several numerical simulations have been performed on complex porous media and a quantitative diagram representing the transitions between the different biofilm growth patterns was proposed. Finally, the bioenhanced dissolution of NAPL in the presence of biofilms was simulated at the pore scale. The impact of biosurfactants and NAPL toxicity on bacterial growth has been investigated.

The aim of this master thesis is to introduce a new technique for the design of cellular automata which will provide a better possibilities for the implementation and solving given problems in an environment of non-uniform automata. In this work, the theoretical foundations of cellular automata have been summarized and the possibilities of their design were examined using two evolutionary principles that have commonly been used - genetic algorithm and cellular programming. Two principally different issues were selected on which the possibilities and capabilities of these techniques were proven: the synchronization problem and the system of implementation of logic gates in an environment of cellular automata. Based on a review of the implementation properties and the initial results of usage of these methods a new design method for cellular automata was created - cellular evolution. The cellular evolution with its method of "prediction of the future state of surrounding cells" provides new possibilities in the design of cellular automata since it operates with structured genes which allow the gene to be active for a variety of cellular surroundings. In the conclusion of this work, all three methods were compared on two selected problems and their abilities were summarized in a detailed overview.

V této práci byly zavedeny a studovány nové systémy formálních modelů, zvané stavově synchronizované automatové systémy stupně n . Výpočet je v těchto prezentovaných systémech řízen pomocí slov patřících do konečného řídícího jazyka, kde každé slovo z tohoto jazyka je složeno ze stavů komponent systému. Dále byla v této práci studována výpočetní síla zavedených systémů. Praktické použití zavedených systémů bylo demonstrováno na příkladu z oblasti překladu přirozených jazyků a dále na příkladu z oblasti paralelního překladu.