There are three starting points for this thesis. First, there is the system of ESD, which is criticised for lacking capacity to improve the working conditions within the EU. Secondly, there is the system developed through the global ITF FOC campaign, which is considered to have capacity to improve working conditions for seafarers at a global level. Thirdly, there is the theory on self-referential autopoietic systems, which is a useful tool for analysing systems of industrial relations and their functions. The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the function of the ESD in relation to the development of EU legislation and policy with the aim of trying to find a model for providing a holistic analysis of regulatory systems for the labour market. The research questions are: ‘How can the significant differences and similarities between the ESD and the global ITF FOC campaign be understood?’ and ‘Why is the ESD generally regarded as lacking the capacity needed for producing results that improve working conditions, while the ITF FOC is considered to have such capacity?’ The theoretical framework used for the analysis is Luhmann’s theory on autopoietic systems. Since the thesis has a normative core I have applied a methodological model that consists of a two-layer analysis at both the empirical and theoretical level. Firstly an analysis of positivistic values has been carried out and secondly an analysis of hermeneutic values. The empirical material consists of documents and texts that can be considered part of or reflecting the communication of the studied systems. The main conclusion is that whereas the ITF FOC system is a traditional system of industrial relations based on the binary code of negotiable or non-negotiable between collective actors the ESD is a system of industrial relations based on a less clear binary code of discussable or non-discussable. The ESD is also subject to less developed communicative structures that negatively affect the system’s capacity both to produce results and to secure the efficient implementation and application of these results. This makes the ESD as a system more sensitive to hermeneutic values framing the programming of structurally coupled systems causing difficulties for the ESD to challenge such hermeneutic values.

Le « problème difficile » de la conscience est un des problèmes centraux de la philosophie de l’esprit. Faisant écho au problème corps-esprit de Descartes, le problème difficile met en évidence les difficultés épistémologiques et ontologiques de la thèse physicaliste qui cherche à réduire l’expérience subjective à un caractère physique et fonctionnel. Ce mémoire propose une réponse potentielle au problème difficile de la conscience selon l’approche énactive, plus précisément selon une variante de l’approche énactive que nous appelons parfois l’énactivisme autopoïétique. L’énactivisme autopoïétique se présente comme une approche alternative aux tendances dominantes en sciences cognitives dites « limitées au cerveau. » Contrairement au courant cognitiviste, l’énactivisme autopoïétique propose une conception de l'esprit centrée sur l'activité incarnée de l'organisme. Au coeur de cette conception de l’esprit incarné se trouve le concept d’autopoïèse, une théorie de la vie organique et de l’autonomie biologique définie selon l'activité de donation de sens des organismes vivants. Ce concept est au centre de la solution au problème difficile de l'énactivisme autopoïétique, car il révèle les profondes similitudes entre la vie et l'esprit. / The “hard problem” of consciousness is one of the central problems of philosophy of the mind. Echoing Descartes’s mind-body problem, the hard problem highlights the epistemological and ontological difficulties of physicalism in its attempt to reduce subjective experience to a physical and functional character. This thesis proposes a potential answer to the hard problem of consciousness by the enactive approach, more specifically a variant of the enactive approach that we sometimes call autopoietic enactivism. Autopoietic enactivism presents itself as an alternative approach to “brain-bound” approaches in cognitive science. In contrast to the cognitivist trend, autopoietic enactivism presents a conception of the mind centred around the embodied activity of an organism. At the heart of this embodied conception of the mind lies the concept of autopoiesis, a theory of organic life and biological autonomy defined by the sense-making activity of living organisms. This concept is central to autopoietic enactivism’s solution to the hard problem, as it reveals the deep similarities between both life and mind.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 25 / Nenhuma / A presente Tese realiza uma análise acerca do tipo penal em suas diversas vertentes, com as contribuições teóricas fornecidas pela perspectiva sistemista de Niklas Luhmann. O objetivo é demonstrar que é possível observar as comunicações referentes à formação jurídico-dogmática da tipicidade penal desde a idéia de tipo penal fechado até a construção do tipo penal autopoiético. Com isso, permite-se abstrair a efetividade da norma penal incriminadora, além das limitações impostas pela dogmática jurídica. Para tanto, desenvolve-se uma descrição do estado da arte das principais teorias penalistas ligadas à configuração do tipo penal, iniciando pela doutrina causal/finalista, passando pelas novas questões jusfilosóficas ligadas ao funcionalismo (imputação objetiva), ponderando suas linhas constituintes e delimitando a pertinência de seus opositores. A dinâmica materializada pelo enfrentamento dessas distintas posturas provoca o desenvolvimento de uma nova semântica da concretização do tipo penal, apresentando-se / This argument holds an analysis about the criminal type in its various aspects, with the theoretical contribution provided by the systemic perspective of Niklas Luhmann. The goal is to demonstrate that it is possible to observe the communications concerning the legal-dogmatic formation of a penal typicality since the idea of a closed criminal type until the construction of the autopoietic criminal type. This allows a disregard of the effectiveness of the incriminating penal norm, beyond the limitations imposed by legal dogmatic. Therefore, a description of the artistic state of the primary penal theories connected to the configuration of the penal type must be created, starting from the causal/finalist doctrine, moving thru the new juridical/philosophical questioning linked to the functionalism (objective imputation), analyzing its constituting aspects and marking down the pertinence of it’s opposition. The dynamic materialized by the confronting of these two different postures, instigates the creation of a

The main idea of this thesis is to discuss the position of religion in contem-portary society. In system language, that is the relationship between contem-portary religious system and its envirnoment.

The Federal Constitution of 1988 has brought deep changes in the Brazilian juridical system, among them, we can emphasize the appearance of the value dignity of the human person as a fundament of the Democratic State of Law. Taking in account that almost the entire juridical rules of penal execution dates back of a moment before the promulgation of the new Constitution, it became important to analyze all the penitentiary system on the perspective of the human dignity. With the proposal of minimize ideological influences and use an analyses different from the Cartesian analyses, we used the approach of the autopoietic systems theory of Niklas Luhmann, having as a goal to demonstrate clearly the salient aspects that differs what the juridical system disposes from what is empirically noticed in the Brazilian penitentiary system. / A Constituição Federal de 1988 trouxe profundas alterações no sistema jurídico brasileiro, dentre elas o advento do axioma dignidade da pessoa humana como fundamento do Estado Democrático de Direito. Levando-se em consideração que quase todo regramento jurídico acerca da execução penal data de época anterior à promulgação da nova Carta Constitucional, revelou-se importante uma análise de todo o sistema penitenciário sob a ótica da dignidade humana. Com o propósito de minimizar influências ideológicas e nos utilizar de uma análise diversa da cartesiana, abordamos por meio da teoria dos sistemas autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann, objetivando demonstrar claramente os aspectos destoantes entre o que o sistema jurídico dispõe e o que se constata empiricamente no sistema prisional brasileiro.

Submitted by Henrique Duz Hass null (henriquehass@gmail.com) on 2017-07-21T14:45:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Duz Hass - Dissertação Mestrado.pdf: 1145429 bytes, checksum: 6b71fed43c52fd64a8a3cc260340014e (MD5) / Rejected by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém o certificado de aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-07-21T20:21:51Z (GMT) / Submitted by Henrique Duz Hass null (henriquehass@gmail.com) on 2017-07-24T14:02:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Duz Hass - Dissertação Mestrado.pdf: 1145429 bytes, checksum: 6b71fed43c52fd64a8a3cc260340014e (MD5) / Rejected by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: Inserir o nome da banca examinadora na folha de aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-07-25T17:38:29Z (GMT) / Submitted by Henrique Duz Hass null (henriquehass@gmail.com) on 2017-07-25T17:51:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Duz Hass - Dissertação de Mestrado.pdf: 1139407 bytes, checksum: c26e6bdd8b44d3d2328fb41fa379742f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-07-25T18:05:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hass_hd_me_fran.pdf: 1139407 bytes, checksum: c26e6bdd8b44d3d2328fb41fa379742f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T18:05:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hass_hd_me_fran.pdf: 1139407 bytes, checksum: c26e6bdd8b44d3d2328fb41fa379742f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a capacidade do Poder Judiciário em lidar com questões relativas a políticas públicas de assistência farmacêutica, bem como examinar a eficiência distributiva pela qual vem promovendo este direito social. O government by policies, a constitucionalização dos direitos sociais e a crise de representatividade política têm levado os Tribunais a assumirem um papel central na efetivação destes direitos. Contudo, trata-se de um tema que necessita aprofundamento, tendo em vista as formas com que o Judiciário intervém e as implicações que provoca. Esta proposta investigativa não pretende discutir a possibilidade de existência do fenômeno, tampouco a legitimidade democrática da atuação jurisdicional. O diferencial está no enfrentamento da questão a partir da compreensão dos limites da capacidade operacional do sistema jurídico, na análise interdisciplinar de políticas públicas e na demonstração empírica de seus impactos. Pretende-se, assim, examinar se o padrão de funcionamento judicial é adequado e válido para substituir o crivo político-administrativo e lidar com todos os elementos necessários da implementação da política pública e, além disso, se mostra-se consciente do conjunto de processos que constituem uma política pública. Por fim, verificaremos quais os efeitos distributivos da decisão judicial, com base em uma pesquisa documental qualitativa, no intuito de avaliar se a judicialização assiste os mais vulneráveis e reduz as desigualdades sociais ou se, na verdade, acaba por inverter a lógica distributiva, beneficiando os já favorecidos. Tudo isso no intuito de averiguar se o Judiciário é capaz ou não de desempenhar a função política que atualmente desagua nele ou se seu protagonismo evidencia uma disfuncionalidade. / The objective of this study is to analyze the capacity of the Judiciary to deal with issues related to public policies of pharmaceutical assistance, as well as to examine the distributive efficiency that this social right has been promoted. The governments by policies, constitutionalization of social rights and crisis of the political representation have led the Courts to play a central role in the realization of these rights. However, this is a subject that needs to be deepened, considering the ways in which the Judiciary intervenes and the implications that it causes. This investigative proposal does not intend to discuss the possibility of existence of the phenomenon, nor the democratic legitimacy of the judicial action. The differential lies in confronting the issue by understanding the limits of the operational capacity of the legal system, the interdisciplinary analysis of public policies and the empirical demonstration of its impacts. The aim is to examine whether the standard of judicial functioning is adequate and valid to replace the political-administrative sieve and to deal with all the necessary elements of the implementation of public policy. In addition, we intend to analyze if the Judiciary is aware of the set of processes that constitute a public policy. Finally, we verify the distributive effects of the judicial decision, based on a qualitative documentary research, in order to evaluate if the judicialization assists the most vulnerable and reduces social inequalities or reverses the distributive logic. All this in order to find out if the Judiciary is capable of performing the political function that currently drains in him or if its protagonism shows a dysfunctionality.

La thèse propose de confronter, pour la première fois, les plus importantes théories du droit ayant pour objet l’économie afin de découvrir si l’une d’elles peut être érigée en paradigme des rapports du droit et de l’économie. L’analyse critique qui en est livrée fait ressortir tout d’abord que la Law and Economics, et plus spécialement l’Ecole de Chicago, en enfermant le droit dans une logique utilitariste, aboutit à nier les fondements mêmes de notre discipline : les règles juridiques, simples instruments au service de l’économie, sont envisagées par le juge en termes de prix avec lequel il faut jouer pour abaisser les coûts. A l’inverse, le droit économique, en imposant le juste en matière de concurrence par le biais de la régulation, conduit à mener une politique consumériste qui, parfois, contrevient aux objectifs économiques. Ces deux théories, bâties sur des idéologies (i.e. des systèmes de valeurs) différentes, ont cependant en commun de concevoir hiérarchiquement les rapports du droit et de l’économie. Les limites de cette conception expliquent que le droit et l’économie peuvent être ensuite placés dans un rapport d’égalité, ce qu’a tenté la théorie autopoïétique du droit à travers la notion de couplage. Toutefois, en écartant la dimension axiologique des deux matières, l’autopoïèse est un système contestable car elle met l’accent sur la communication au détriment de l’homme. La thèse montre que systématiser d’emblée les rapports du droit et de l’économie aujourd’hui n’est pas la voie à suivre : dans un contexte de mondialisation, il faut construire un droit commun qui doit s’appuyer sur le principe régulateur du raisonnable. Les rapports du droit et de l’économie ne doivent plus se penser de manière verticale mais horizontale, en réseaux, ce qui explique que la norme ne soit pas dégagée a priori mais se constitue progressivement dans le débat démocratique par une prise en compte des aspirations de la société civile et par un recours simultané du juge aux raisonnements économique et juridique. / This thesis’ purpose is to compare, for the first time, the most important theories of law regarding economy in order to find out if one of them can be built into a paradigm of the relationship between law and economics. Critical analysis reveals that the Law and Economics, especially the Chicago School, by enclosing the law in an utilitarian logic, leads to deny the very foundations of our discipline: the legal rules, simple instruments for the economy, are considered by the judge in terms of price which must be played on to obtain lower costs. In contrast, economic law, imposing fair competition through regulation, leads to conduct a consumer policy which sometimes contravenes economic objectives. Both theories built on different ideologies (ie value systems) and have a common will to hierarchically conceive values of law and the economy. Therefore, this concept’s limitations explain how the law and economics can be placed in an equal relationship, which was attempted by the autopoietic theory of law through the concept of coupling. However, discarding the axiological dimension of the two subjects, autopoiesis is a questionable system because it focuses on communication at the expense of man. This thesis shows that native systematization of the law and economy relationships is not the way to go: in a context of globalization, we must build a ius commune which must be based on the regulator principle of reasonable. Relationships between law and economy should no longer be thought vertically but horizontally, through networks, which is why the standard is not clear, but gradually composes in the democratic debate by taking into account the aspirations of civil society and a simultaneous use of the judge to economic and legal reasoning.

This thesis is concerned with the phenomenon of passivity in literature, particularly with how it manifests itself through actions, stagnation and means of existence of chosen literary characters and subjects. It concentrates on such figures that are inactive or apathetic, whose actions lack the clearly articulated meaning and purpose and it often seems that they vegetate rather than live an active life. The main theme is the relationship between passivity and activity and turning the passivity into a creative principle. The thesis applies the performative theory on the literary text and sees passivity of the literary characters or subjects as a means of their art performance which offers new interpretations of examining texts and the passivity in general. Methodologically the thesis is based especially on the performative theory of Erika Fischer-Lichte, but also on the anthropological research of transition rituals, theoretical concepts of mediality, John Austin's speech-act theory or on selected philosophical thesis of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and post-structuralist philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida. As primary texts for the analysis serve the short story The Overcoat (Шинель, 1842) by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol, the novella Bartleby, the Scrivener (1853) by Herman Melville, The Book...

La théorie des systèmes autopoïétiques, lancée par les biologistes Humberto Maturana et Francisco J. Varela, permet de décrire scientifiquement les principes organisationnels communs à tous les êtres vivants. Les principes autopoïétiques s’appliquent aussi, à l’état formel, à la vie psychique et à la vie sociale, comme le sociologue Niklas Luhmann a pu le montrer. Puisque la psychanalyse et la psychothérapie analytique se situent au carrefour du psychique et du relationnel, nous cherchons à expliciter les principes autopoïétiques qui sous-tendent leur théorie et leur pratique. En ce sens, la thèse est une comparaison critique des aspects essentiels de la psychothérapie analytique avec les principes généraux du vivant. Le travail se divise en trois chapitres, présentés sous forme d’articles scientifiques théoriques. Dans le premier chapitre, nous montrons comment le cadre et le processus analytique entretiennent une relation symbiotique, à la manière de la relation qu’entretient la membrane cellulaire avec les organites qu’elle contient. Ce faisant, nous mettons en évidence la clôture opérationnelle du cadre-processus analytique et nous argumentons que cela en fait un système social autopoïétique à part entière. Nous soulignons ensuite comment cette conceptualisation redéfinit la tâche éthique et pratique du clinicien, qui doit veiller à limiter les risques que l’environnement psychothérapeutique fait courir à l’autonomie du cadre-processus analytique. Nous poursuivons dans le second chapitre l’exploration des conséquences de notre proposition, à savoir que le clinicien et le patient puissent être amenés à nuire ou à résister au cadre-processus ; et que le cadre-processus, comme système autonome, puisse être lui-aussi amené à résister à ses participants. Il s’ensuit un besoin de comprendre les rapports de résistance entre ces systèmes, nous amenant à nous appuyer fermement sur le concept de couplage structurel issu de la théorie des systèmes autopoïétiques. Ce point de vue relance la réflexion sur le rôle de la subjectivité et de l’intersubjectivité en thérapie analytique et nous amène à privilégier une attitude clinique valorisant l’interaction autonome de tous les systèmes impliqués. Le troisième chapitre s’attaque de front à la question du transfert et du contre-transfert qui se profilait déjà à travers les chapitres précédents. En insistant sur le caractère radicalement inconscient du (contre)transfert, nous en proposons une redéfinition comme une forme particulière de couplage structurel entre les participants de la psychothérapie. En nous appuyant sur cette conceptualisation nouvelle, nous approfondissons la notion de communication analytique afin d’en montrer le potentiel thérapeutique. La recherche se termine par une contextualisation de ses principales conclusions dans le domaine plus large des soins de santé mentale. Enfin, nous soulignons non seulement les avantages et les limites de la thèse, mais également ses potentialités futures, comme l’ouverture vers une théorie générale de la psychothérapie. / The theory of autopoietic systems, pioneered by biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco J. Varela, makes it possible to scientifically describe the organizing principles common to all living beings. Autopoietic principles also formally extend to psychic and social life, as argued the sociologist Niklas Luhmann. Since psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy are grounded in both the psychic and the relational domain, we aim to explicit the autopoietic principles underlying their theory and practice. In this respect, the thesis compares the essential aspects of analytic psychotherapy with the general principles of living systems. The work is divided into three chapters, presented as theoretical scientific articles. The first chapter shows how the analytic setting and analytic process maintain a symbiotic relationship, much like the relationship between the cell membrane and the organelles it contains. We thus describe the operational closure of the setting-process and argue that this makes it a full-fledged autopoietic social system. We then draw attention to how this conceptualization redefines the ethical and practical task of the clinician, who must limit the risk of environmental pressures disrupting the autonomy of the analytic setting-process. In the second chapter, we continue to explore the consequences of our proposal, arguing that the clinician and the patient may resist the setting-process of analytic psychotherapy; and that the setting-process, as an autonomous system, can also resist its participants. There follows a need to understand the resistances between these systems, leading us to rely on the concept of structural coupling derived from the theory of autopoietic systems. This original point of view fuels reflection on the role of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in analytical therapy and leads us to favor a clinical position that values the autonomous interaction of all the systems involved. The third chapter tackles head-on the problem of transference and countertransference that has already been looming over the previous chapters. By insisting on the radically unconscious character of (counter) transference, we suggest redefining it as a particular form of structural coupling between the participants of psychotherapy. From this new conceptualization, we deepen the notion of analytic communication and highlight its therapeutic potential. The research ends with a contextualization of its main findings in the broader field of mental health care. Finally, we underline not only the advantages and the limits of the thesis, but also future possibilities such as moving towards a general theory of psychotherapy.