In dieser Dissertation wurden Verfahren für die konvergente Synthese von Peptide entwickelt. Für die erweiterte native chemische Ligation kamen bisher raumbeanspruchende Auxiliare zum Einsatz, die anspruchsvolle Ligationen behinderten. Zudem waren die drastischen säure-basierten Abspaltbedinungen mit vielen post-translationalen Modifikationen nicht vereinbar. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein neuartiges Auxiliargerüst mit geringerem Raumanspruch untersucht, dass eine erheblich mildere Abspaltung unter basischen Bedingungen ermöglichte. Dazu wurde ein kleiner Elektronenakzeptorsubsituent eingeführt, durch den nach der Ligation eine das Zielpeptid freisetzende Eliminierungsreaktion induziert werden konnte. Weiterhin konnte die Verwendung des kommerziell verfügbaren Penicillamins als Vorläufer in der Ligations-Entschwefelungs-Strategie demonstriert werden. Abschließend wurde die Ligation mit sequenz-internem Cystein untersucht. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass Peptide mit Cystein in einer bestimmten Position bevorzugt in thioester-basierten Kondensationen reagierten. / In this thesis approaches for convergent synthesis of peptides have been developed. In the extended native chemical ligation so far space demanding auxiliaries encumbered challenging condensations. Furthermore the required drastic acidolytic cleavage conditions were furthermore incompatible with many post-translational modifications. In the thesis a nouvelle less space demanding scaffold was scrutinized which allowed a milder basic cleavage. Therefore a small electron-accepting substituent was introduced that enabled the induction of an elimination reaction liberating the target peptide after the peptide ligation had taken place. Furthermore the applicability of the commercially available penicillamine as precursor of valine in the ligation-desulfurization strategy could be demonstrated. Finally the ligation with sequence internal cysteines was scrutinized. Herein it could be shown that certain peptides with cysteine in a distinctive position of the sequence preferable reacted in thioester-based condensation reactions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rejane1].pdf: 865016 bytes, checksum: 4b625b8e4fd332e5ed87a5323eb4128d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Social welfare s detention auxiliary benefit, as an instrument of social protection, is on the Brazilian Federal Constitution, aimed at the ones who depend on the beneficiary who is in prison and, therefore, cannot provide his family s subsistence. Historical changes in western societies highlighted the drastic increase of the imprisoned population, with the correlated amplification of families and individuals vulnerabilities. As a mechanism to face institutional, social and penal vulnerabilities, a study on the detention auxiliary benefit was accomplished, in order to search for the meaning attributed by individuals and their families under a state protection policy. Another highlighted aspect is the perception of technicians referring to the benefit and their performance in their operations. In this perspective, the study promotes visibility to the expropriation imposed to actors in imprisonment context, to the alienation of law and the importance of the detention auxiliary benefit to families and individuals for the rescue of dignity and citizenship / O benefício previdenciário auxílio-reclusão, como um instrumento de proteção social, está previsto na Constituição Federal Brasileira, destinado aos dependentes do segurado recolhido à prisão e impossibilitado de prover a subsistência de sua família. As mudanças ocorridas historicamente nas sociedades ocidentais marcaram o drástico aumento da população carcerária, com a correlata ampliação das vulnerabilidades das famílias e dos indivíduos. Como mecanismo de enfrentamento das vulnerabilidades institucional, social e penal foi realizado um estudo acerca do benefício auxílio-reclusão, com o objetivo de buscar o significado que os indivíduos e as famílias lhe atribuem sob o referencial de uma política de proteção do Estado. Outro aspecto destacado é a percepção dos técnicos acerca do benefício e atuação na sua operacionalidade. Nesse sentido o estudo dá visibilidade às desapropriações que são impostas aos atores no contexto de encarceramento, às diversas alienações do direito e a importância do auxílio-reclusão para as famílias e indivíduos no resgate da dignidade e cidadania

Esta tese oferece uma análise para os verbos auxiliares em geral e para os auxiliares do português em particular. A nossa proposta é a de caracterizar universalmente os verbos auxiliares como uma classe de elementos verbais que apresentam as seguintes propriedades: pertencem à categoria verbal, apresentam um traço verbal não-valorado [uV], não atribuem papel temático e compõem, juntamente com o verbo principal, um mesmo domínio oracional. A presença do traço [uV] na estrutura dos verbos auxiliares tem como consequência o fato de esses verbos selecionarem uma projeção verbal como complemento. Dentro dessa projeção estará o alvo que vai valorar esse traço não-interpretável por meio da operação Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001). A postulação dessas quatro propriedades nos permitiu a derivação de critérios de auxiliaridade, uma reinterpretação dos critérios comumente propostos na literatura. Com esse trabalho, chegamos a uma lista de oito critérios necessários e suficientes para a definição de um verbo como auxiliar no português. Da aplicação desses critérios resultou a composição dos membros da classe dos verbos auxiliares do português: ser, ter, estar e ir. Para a análise das passivas, foi adotado o sistema de derivação por smuggling, sugerido por Collins (2005) e o auxiliar ser foi analisado como um verbo funcional que valora o traço [perfectivo] do particípio passivo. Apontamos para a existência de um outro tipo de passiva, as passivas não-canônicas, que apresentam como traço característico a presença do verbo auxiliar ter. Argumentamos que esse verbo é um produto computacional que resulta da combinação dos traços do auxiliar ser com os traços do núcleo funcional v*. Na análise dos auxiliares ter perfectivo e estar progressivo, adotamos uma postura decomposicional, tal como proposta por Kayne (1993), que deriva esses verbos a partir da incorporação de elementos preposicionais aos traços de um verbo auxiliar abstrato. Com isso, temos três verbos auxiliares que resultam da computação sintática: o auxiliar passivo ter, que é a realização dos traços [vSER v*], o auxiliar perfectivo ter, que realiza os traços [vAUX PDEPOIS] e o verbo auxiliar progressivo estar, cujo conjunto de traços inclui [vAUX PDENTRO]. Por fim o auxiliar ir é tratado como um núcleo modal que, em combinação com os traços do núcleo T, gera a interpretação de futuro. / This dissertation puts forward an analysis of auxiliary verbs in general, and of Portuguese auxiliary verbs in particular. The proposal is to universally characterize auxiliary verbs as a class of verbal elements which (i) belong to the verbal category ; (ii) have a unvalued verbal feature [uV] ; (iii) do not assign theta roles ; and (iv), together with the main verb, compose one single phrasal domain. The presence of [uV] guarantees that the auxiliary verb will select a verbal projection as its complement, within which is the target that will value the uninterpretable [uV] feature by means of the operation Agree (Chomsky 2000, 2001). The four characteristics proposed to describe auxiliary verbs allowed for the derivation of criteria of auxiliarity, a reinterpretation of the criteria usually discussed in the literature. Eight necessary and sufficient criteria define an auxiliary verb in Portuguese. The composition of THE Portuguese auxiliary class with its four members ser, ter, estar and ir resulted from the application of these eight criteria. Passives were analysed by means of the smuggling system, proposed by Collins (2005) and the auxiliary ser was considered to be a functional verb which values the [perfective] feature of the passive participle. A non-canonical passive was found to co-exist with canonical passives, one which shows the auxiliary ter. We argue that ter is the computational product of features of the auxiliary ser with features of the functional node v*. For the analysis of perfective ter and progressive estar, we have adopted a decompositional view along the lines of Kayne (1993), which derives these verbs from the incoporation of prepositional elements to the features of an abstract auxiliary verb. So, three of the Portuguese auxiliary verbs result from syntactic computation: passive ter is the manifestation of the features [vSER - v*]; perfective ter is the manifestation of the features [vAUX - PDEPOIS]; and progressive estar includes the features [vAUX - PDENTRO]. And the auxiliary verb ir is treated as a modal head, which, when combined with features of the head T, generate a future reading.

Interpretations of osteological remains from mainland Greece during the 1960-1980s led to the suggestion that the most virulent form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, was prevalent between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age (c. 8700 cal. BC-1100 cal. BC). Although disregarded over the past decade, the theory has regained support in recent years from osteological, epidemiological, environmental and DNA studies. However, the presence of this strain of malaria in prehistoric Greece remains controversial. This thesis evaluates 1) the palaeoclimatic conditions of the Aegean between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age and 2) the palaeoenvironmental conditions of three archaeological settlements, with the aim of ascertaining whether the climatic and environmental conditions were as conducive for P. falciparum and the mosquito vectors as the osteological evidence suggested. Equal consideration is given to the so-called ‘lesser strains’ of malaria, P. vivax and P. malariae, the significance of which is considered to have been underestimated in previous studies.

Medieval cartularies have been the focus of many studies in the past few decades. Rather than simply repositories for charter texts, cartularies are now regarded by those who study them as carefully curated collections of texts whose contents and arrangement reflect the immediate concerns and archival environment of the communities that created them. One feature of cartularies which has not received attention is the ‘growth’ of their manuscripts beyond the initial phase of creation. This growth refers not only to the addition of fresh gatherings but also to the piecemeal addition of texts into the available spaces, often in a haphazard order and by many scribes working across a number of decades. ‘Manuscript growth’ is not an uncommon feature of cartularies from the central middle ages, particularly from the thirteenth century onwards. As a phenomenon, however, it has not been recognised or studied, for the good reason that it is difficult to discuss haphazard manuscript growth in a systematic way. This thesis offers a new methodology which engages with multi-scribe contributions to ‘active’ cartularies. It takes a holistic approach which integrates the textual and ‘physical’ evidence of cartularies, and embraces all forms of scribal activity. By studying the growth of cartulary manuscripts, we can gain significant insights into the contemporary use and perception of these valuable objects. This thesis therefore takes a fresh look at the ‘genre’ of medieval cartularies through the eyes of the manuscript evidence itself, and what this can reveal about its medieval scribes and readers. Two manuscripts are taken as the basis of this study: the older cartulary of Glasgow Cathedral (AUL SCA MS JB 1/3) and the older cartulary of Lindores Abbey (in private ownership in Caprington Castle). Chapter 1 introduces the field of cartulary studies, with reference to new work in this area (particularly in relation to cartularies in France and England). Central questions in this field are introduced, such as the definition of a cartulary, their creation and function. It also discusses approaches to analysing complex codices and multi-scribe activity within other manuscript genres. In Chapter 2, a new methodology will be introduced for analysing manuscript growth. This involves rethinking our approach to some familiar elements of manuscripts: their codicology, binding history, the scribes, as well as the challenge of dating the various contributions to the cartularies. New concepts and terminology will be introduced (such as ‘relative dating’ and ‘series’) that have been developed in response to these two complex cartularies. By applying this new methodology, the creation and subsequent growth of each manuscript can be examined in detail in Chapter 3 (for Glasgow Cathedral’s cartulary) and Chapter 4 (for Lindores Abbey’s). It is shown that the contemporary experience of these two cartularies was as a collection of simultaneously ‘active’ units (either unbound or in temporary bindings), offering new scribes a choice of where to place their material. Chapter 5 draws together the analysis, and focuses on the initial creation of the cartularies, the nature of their growth by piecemeal additions, and the reasons for this growth. This reveals two communities that took an active approach to reading and extending their cartularies, treating these manuscripts as a shared space. The vexed question of ‘repeated’ texts within cartularies is reconsidered in this light. The analysis allows us to develop a deeper understanding of the cartularies’ function and the role of their scribes as primarily readers, whose interactions with the manuscript were responsive and dynamic. The institutional setting is also discussed. The thesis concludes by considering the implications of this study for our understanding of the function and typology of cartularies, their relationship to archives of single-sheet documents, and as sources for institutional identity, as well as the potential of the methodology to act as a starting point for studying scribal interactions and scribes as readers in other manuscript genres with multi-scribe growth.

The symbolic role of Helena throughout the Byzantine period has never been considered in any detail. Many of the literary sources, particularly historiographical and hagiological texts, are not easily accessible and have not been translated. The visual sources referring to Helena, such as works of late Roman and Byzantine art, coinage, illustrated manuscripts, reliquaries, and wall paintings, have never been collected. My thesis collects and re-evaluates the textual and visual evidence from the fourth to the fifteenth century in order to explore the origins and development of Helena's cult; the emergence of a Helena-legend with symbolic and metaphorical functions; and the ways that the Byzantines reconstructed, judged, and appreciated her role. Special attention is given to the relationship between word and image, as well as the influence exerted on them by contemporary political and social developments. This thesis demonstrates that memories of Helena as an empress and as a saint were manufactured in several distinct stages over several centuries; and that her role differed in the eastern and western halves of the former Roman empire. The evidence is analysed thematically and in chronological order.

The research presented aimed to investigate potential of subcritical fluid technology to effect Cl- release and transform compounds of copper alloy artefacts of cultural significance. The work intended to determine the most effective pH, temperature, and time combination subcritical treatment variables to: 1. transform or solvate insoluble or sparingly soluble copper compounds containing Cl - CuCl and Cu2(OH)3Cl (atacamite and clinoatacamite); 2. examine impact on typical patina compounds Cu2O and ‎Cu2CO3(OH)2 and to establish optimal conditions for their retention throughout treatment. Additionally, the research expected to offer guidance on the values of the operational parameters to use when applying subcritical treatment to archaeological copper alloy objects. The series of experiments yielded preliminary results on solvation, extraction, chemical transformation, and physical modification of the predominant corrosion products found on copper alloy artefacts. Experiments were completed using analogue pressed pellets of corrosion products, naturally corroded copper coupons and archaeological artefacts, with specific focus on corrosion profiles, metallography and microstructure. The results of extraction show significant amounts of Cl- are removed and thus the reactivity of objects is reduced. While this study conclusively demonstrated subcritical treatment is capable of both removal and transformation of Cl-bearing compounds commonly present in copper alloy objects, it cannot be recommended for treating archaeological objects based on these results alone. Aesthetic and physical changes are unpredictable and may be unacceptable. Accepting these changes cannot directly be balanced against the proven effectiveness of subcritical treatment for removing Cl, nor its rapid treatment time.

No final da década dos 70 e início da década dos 80, em diferentes regiões do Brasil, os serviços públicos - tanto aqueles existentes quanto aqueles começando a se estruturar - passam a utilizar pessoal de nível elementar e médio para auxiliar nas ações de atenção à saúde bucal. No Estado de São Paulo, embora inúmeros sistemas locais de saúde (SILOS) venham empregando pessoal auxiliar odontológico (PAO), existe pouca informação disponível sobre a contribuição dada por estes trabalhadores à essas ações. O objetivo desta investigação foi de analisar a participação do PAO em dez SILOS de cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo, em 1994. Um questionário foi respondido por 248 (76,3 por cento) dos 325 auxiliares e técnicos em higiene dental empregados nos municípios de ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos e Campinas. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria do PAO é jovem, do sexo feminino, possui 2° grau completo, curso de qualificação profissional, tem vínculo municipal e trabalha 40 horas/semana, sendo que, recebem entre US$ 119,00 e US$ 330,00 no exercício da função de ACD e entre US$ 162,00 e US$ 232,00 como THD. Sua participação em atividades de promoção da saúde bucal é relativa e varia conforme o SILOS em estudo: nos SILOS do Embú e das regiões norte e leste de S. José do Campos, o PAO vem dedicando sua jornada de trabalho mais para ações coletivas que para ações de assistência individual, contribuindo para a transformação das práticas da odontologia em saúde coletiva e para a mudança do modelo assistencial conforme as diretrizes de saúde bucal e os princípios do SUS. A participação do PAO é mais frequente em atividades de evidenciação de placa bacteriana seguida de escovação supervisionada (ES), bochechos fluorados e atividades educativas. A participação em ações coletivas é maior quando se trata da realização dessas atividades em escolas ou outros espaços sociais. Entretanto, em ltú, Embú e Penápolis, o pessoal auxiliar desenvolve de forma significativa atividades de ES em unidades básicas de saúde, atingindo com atividades de promoção da saúde bucal grupos populacionais que as frequentam. Excetuando-se os três SILOS de Campinas e o de ltú, é baixa a proporção do PAO que trabalha à quatro-mãos rotineiramente. Os SILOS de ltú, Embú e Penápolis apresentam maior grau de delegação de funções ao PAO na assistência individual que os SILOS dos municípios de São José dos Campos e Campinas. Segundo o pessoal auxiliar, a população-usuária reage positivamente e aceita bem os seus serviços. Além disso, os cirurgiões-dentistas têm um relacionamento profissional bom ou muito bom com eles, prestam-lhes orientações sempre que necessário e, na opinião deles, devem manter o grau de orientação corrente. / At the end of the seventies and begining of the eighties, dental public services from different areas of Brazil started to introduce basically and intermediately trainned personnel to assist dental care activities. This happened both in services in operation at the time and in those which were begining to be structured. In São Paulo State, although several health local systems are employing dental auxiliary personnel, we know there is a small number of studies in this field and also little information about this personnel. The purpose of this survey was to document the role and extent of dental auxiliary personnel in some state public health programmes in São Paulo State, 1994. A questionnaire requested information from 248 (76,3 per cent) auxiliarias of 325 dental assistants and dental hygienists employed in the health municipal systems of ltú, Embú, Penápolis, São José dos Campos and Campinas (towns in São Paulo State). The results indicated that most of them are young, female sex, went through high school and professional qualification course, work forty hours a week and receive between US$ 119,00 and US$ 330,00 in dental assistant function and between US$ 162,00 and US$ 232,00 in dental hygienist function. Their participation in oral healh promotion activities is relative and varies according to each town reality: in Embú and in the north and east health local systems of São José dos Campos, the working time of auxiliary personnel is spent more in oral health promotion activities than in dental clinic activities, contributing to the transformation of public health dentistry practice according to the principies of health systems in Brazil. This \' participation occurs more often in fluoride mouthrinse, dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing and oral health education activities. The participation in oral health promotion activities happens more often in schools than in health centers. However, in ltú, Embú and Penápolis, the auxiliarias provide expressively dental plaque staining followed by supervised brushing in health centers, reaching population groups who use them. Excluding the health local systems of Campinas and ltú, the proportion of them who practice four-handed dentistry daily is low. ltú, Embú and Penápolis present high grade of expanded functions to auxiliary personnel in dental clinic activities. According to the auxiliary personnel, the aided population answer positively and accept their services well. Besides, dentists have a good or very good professional relationship with them, give them orientation everytime it is necessary; also, in their opinion, dentists ought to keep up the corrent levei of supervision.

The regional healthcare in Sweden is suffering from a acute shortage of nurses. In order to cope with the situation, the regional healthcare institutions has included other professions to perform the job assigments of the absent nurses. A public debate emerged whether or not nurses were replacable with other professions in regional healtcare instituitons. This theisis believes that more research of nurses field of work could contribute to the discussion. The theisis aims to contribute to the existing research of nurses field of work by studying the division of labour between nurses and physicians and between nurses and auxillary nurses in order to understand how the division of labour between these professions look like and why they are constituted as they are. By conducting seven semi-structured interviews with nurses and taking theoretical inspiration from Andrew Abbotts theory of ”jurisdictional claims” and the three realms where claims can be made, this theisis finds that the reality of the job assigments in the division of labour between the professions are, by using Abbotts own word of choice, ”fuzzy”. The nurses’ descriptions of the divions of labour tells that nurses are losing control of job assignments in a field that they are trained to exicute, care-related work, while gaining control over medicinal assignments that they are relationally under-trained to exicute. Nurses are also giving away control over fully controlled medicinal tasks that they are trained to do to auxillary nurses, while physicians are giving away control over assignments in the same fashion to nurses. This theisis concludes that the divisions of labour displays three variations of how control can be displaced: By organizational structures, by the controlling professions themselves and by the state-required assignments; forced upon nurses as the profession is regulated by The National Board of Health and Welfare.

This thesis discusses two aspects of spatial statistics: sampling and prediction. In spatial statistics, we observe some phenomena in space. Space is typically of two or three dimensions, but can be of higher dimension. Questions in mind could be; What is the total amount of gold in a gold-mine? How much precipitation could we expect in a specific unobserved location? What is the total tree volume in a forest area? In spatial sampling the aim is to estimate global quantities, such as population totals, based on samples of locations (papers III and IV). In spatial prediction the aim is to estimate local quantities, such as the value at a single unobserved location, with a measure of uncertainty (papers I, II and V). In papers III and IV, we propose sampling designs for selecting representative probability samples in presence of auxiliary variables. If the phenomena under study have clear trends in the auxiliary space, estimation of population quantities can be improved by using representative samples. Such samples also enable estimation of population quantities in subspaces and are especially needed for multi-purpose surveys, when several target variables are of interest. In papers I and II, the objective is to construct valid prediction intervals for the value at a new location, given observed data. Prediction intervals typically rely on the kriging predictor having a Gaussian distribution. In paper I, we show that the distribution of the kriging predictor can be far from Gaussian, even asymptotically. This motivated us to propose a semiparametric method that does not require distributional assumptions. Prediction intervals are constructed from the plug-in ordinary kriging predictor. In paper V, we consider prediction in the presence of left-censoring, where observations falling below a minimum detection limit are not fully recorded. We review existing methods and propose a semi-naive method. The semi-naive method is compared to one model-based method and two naive methods, all based on variants of the kriging predictor.