Orientador: Antonio Ludovico Beraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T15:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Matsuoka_JessicaHarue_M.pdf: 8291603 bytes, checksum: 8efcc65849d53bfd555a92bc8450b072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O bambu apresenta inúmeras características que o qualificam como um material versátil e que há milhares de anos vem servindo como matéria-prima para diversos fins, fazendo parte da história e da cultura de muitos povos. Muitas pesquisas vêm sendo realizadas acerca da utilização do bambu em setores diversos como da construção civil, movelaria e produção de celulose, visando à promoção de um desenvolvimento mais sustentável. Por se tratar de um recurso renovável, o uso do bambu tem o potencial de minimizar os impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e reduzir os custos da produção, além de apresentar excelentes propriedades físico-mecânicas. Dentre as espécies cultivadas no Brasil, o bambu gigante (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro), de origem asiática, destaca-se na utilização para construção civil, em aplicações estruturais, arquitetônicas e em movelaria. No entanto, a baixa resistência natural da maioria das espécies ao ataque de organismos xilófagos é ainda uma das principais limitações ao seu uso, implicando em graves prejuízos econômicos. Por este motivo, muitos tratamentos preservativos vêm sendo desenvolvidos, com o intuito de prolongar a vida útil do bambu e aumentar sua resistência contra os agentes deterioradores. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar os principais gêneros de fungos deterioradores de bambu e desenvolver um método de tratamento preservativo que fosse eficiente no controle da deterioração do bambu por fungos e que minimizasse as características negativas inerentes aos tratamentos químicos ora existentes e ao impacto ambiental por eles causado. Desta forma, investigou-se a possibilidade de utilização do ácido pirolenhoso, produto obtido a partir do processo de carbonização de matéria vegetal. Foram testadas diversas concentrações e tempos de tratamento e realizados ensaios de apodrecimento acelerado em laboratório e ensaios não destrutivos e destrutivos para verificação da eficiência no controle à degradação por fungos. Os gêneros de fungos foram previamente isolados e identificados em ensaios de simulação de exposição em campo. Pela análise estatística dos resultados não houve diferença significativa entre os corpos-de-prova tratados e não tratados. Devido ao limitado período de 16 semanas de duração do ensaio, não foi possível avaliar a ação protetora do ácido pirolenhoso, nas concentrações e tempos de imersão utilizados, quanto à sua eficiência no tratamento preservativo das taliscas de bambu gigante contra deterioração por fungos / Abstract: Bamboo can be considered as a versatile material because of its many features and so it has been used for thousands of years serving as raw material to numerous uses, being part of many people's history and culture. Many researches have been conducted about bamboo uses in several areas, such as construction, furniture making and cellulose production, with the objective to promote a sustainable development, in which bamboo can substitute the conventional materials, especially wood. As bamboo is a renewable resource, it can reduce the negative impact to environment, minimize costs and also presents excellent physical and mechanical properties. There are many cultivated species in Brazil, such as the giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro), an Asian specie that is largely used on construction, in structural and architectural applications and to furniture production. However, most species of bamboo has low natural resistance to the wood decay organisms, which still constitutes one of the major limitations to its use and can cause several economic damages. For this reason, many preservative treatments have been developing, aiming to increase bamboo life cycle and its resistance against decay agents. This work had as objective to identify the main genera of wood decaying fungi and develop an efficient preservative treatment method that controls fungal bamboo decay and minimize the negative features intrinsic to existing chemical treatment and the environmental impact caused by them as well. It was investigated the possibility of using a pyroligneous acid, which is obtained from the vegetal coal production process. Several concentrations and time of treatment were tested and specimens were submitted to an accelerated decay test in laboratory and non-destructive and destructive tests to verify the product efficiency against fungi decay. Fungi genera were previously isolated and identified through a test that simulated field exposure. The statistical analysis from the results indicated no significant difference between treated and non-treated specimens, however, due to the short period of 16 week of the essay, it wasn't possible to evaluate the protective activity of pyroligneous acid, for the concentrations and times of treatment applied to the strips, about its efficiency on preservative treatment against bamboo fungi decay / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Joel de Lima Pereira Castro Junior (joelpcastro@uol.com.br) on 2016-08-19T22:30:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo de Souza.pdf: 6375686 bytes, checksum: c2491ef124dc6a757b0b7a61cb2fe04b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração e Ciências Contábeis (bac@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-08-26T16:04:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo de Souza.pdf: 6375686 bytes, checksum: c2491ef124dc6a757b0b7a61cb2fe04b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-26T16:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo de Souza.pdf: 6375686 bytes, checksum: c2491ef124dc6a757b0b7a61cb2fe04b (MD5) / Universidade Federal Fluminense / O Bambu é um material extremamente versátil, podendo ser utilizado para diversos fins. Procuraremos demonstrar as potencialidades dessa planta como vetor de desenvolvimento social, apontando as possibilidades de sua apropriação pela parcela da população de maior fragilidade econômica e/ou excluída do processo produtivo. O ciclo produtivo do Bambu emprega mão de obra de baixa qualificação e se desdobra em diversas atividades, desde as mais elementares no ambiente rural até trabalhos artesanais e industriais com design sofisticado, capaz de atender clientela exigente do ambiente urbano. A partir desta exposição básica, investigamos a política pública formalizada em Lei e procuramos respostas para a sua não implementação. Para isto, recorremos à pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Nossa conclusão é de que aspectos culturais, políticos e econômicos se combinaram para até o momento fazer da política pública do bambu uma proposta que dorme entre papéis. / Bamboo is an extremely versatile material that can be used for various purposes. We will try to demonstrate the potential of this plant as a vector of social development, pointing out the possibilities of its appropriation by the share of the population with the greatest economic and / or deleted fragility of the production process. The production cycle of Bamboo employs labor unskilled and unfolds in various activities. From the most elementary to the rural and artisanal environment as well as industrial jobs with sophisticated design, able to meet demanding clientele of the urban environment. From this basic exposition, we will investigate the policy formalized in law and seek answers for their non-implementation. For this, we turn to literature, documentary and field research. Our conclusion is that cultural, political and economic factors have combined to make the bamboo policy a proposal that sleeps between roles.

[pt] Até hoje a maioria das construções empregam técnicas materiais e processos inadequados, resultando em enorme perda de energia e pouco ganho na relação custo/benefício. A grande maioria das pessoas envolvidas com problemas de construção não se conscientizou ainda do fato que construímos de maneira errada, consumindo materiais e energia em excesso em relação aos resultados obtidos. Ao longo de toda a história da construção conhecida, o homem se serviu da força da Gravidade para conseguir a estabilidade das suas estruturas. Nas grandes obras antigas e atuais os materiais empregados: pedra, tijolo, ferro, cimento são de pouca eficácia construtiva quando consideramos a relação resistência/peso. Tomando por base as teorias e experiências com a técnica tensegrity de se montar estruturas, desenvolvidas por Keneth Snelson e Richard Buckminster Fuller, e partindo dos estudos com estruturas empregando bambu como elemento comprimido que vêm sendo desenvolvidos à 20 anos pelo LILD/PUC- Laboratório de Investigação de Living Design (antigo LOTDP), além de aplicar os princípios físicos da Tensegrity como técnica de construção, propõe-se aqui o desenvovimento de objetos físicos inéditos para utilização em áreas remotas ou de Proteção Ambiental. Estas estruturas são feitas em material natural reciclável e biodegradável, de fácil manejo, e utilizam tecnologia de baixa complexidade para a sua montagem. Elas são pouco invasivas porque, sendo auto-portantes, dispensam fundações pesadas para existir e resistir. / [en] Till our days most of the constructions of buildings make use of very inadequate and obsolete materials resulting in a huge waste of energy and little gain in the relation cost/benfit. However, many people involved with construction problems, did not realize the fact that we build the wrong way consuming materials and energy in excess in relation to the desired goals. Along the known history of construction men served themselves only of the force of Gravity to obtain the stability of their structures. In all great, ancient and actual constructions, the materials employied, such as: stone, brick, iron, concrete, are of low building efficiency if we consider the relation strength/weight. Taking into account the theories and experiences with tensegrity techniques developed by Keneth Snelson and Richard Buckminster Fuller, and, starting from the studies with bambu structures, where bambu is the only compressed element, which is in course for 20 years now in the LILD- PUC-Rio (Laboratory of Living Design (former LOTDP), and applying the physical principles of Tensegrity as a building technique, our goal here is to develop real objects to be used in remote areas or National Parks. These structures, because of the reciclable materials of which they are made, are very easy to manipulate and need very low technology for the constructions made with them. Finally these structures are harmless to the environment because they are self suporting exempting the need of heavy foundations to exist and resist.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore factors, actors and processes which condition innovative commercialization of bamboo in Ethiopia. The thesis particularly focuses on how traditional technologies and entrepreneurial innovations can be a source of knowledge and foundation for bamboo commercialization in Ethiopia. In tandem with technology development, it also attempts to shed light on how variations in value chains and market availability result in differential levels of commercialization. The research is designed based on the system of innovation and value chain approaches as main theoretical lenses. Data is collected from three districts and cities. The main data collection method was surveys of key value chain actors, complemented by expert interviews, case studies, group discussions and analysis of secondary data sources. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques including inferential statistics are used for analysis. The results demonstrate that traditional knowledge and technical skills are key sources of innovation for bamboo commercialization. These technical skills are gradually transferred from rural to urban and from traditional to semi-modern via recreational houses and furniture production. The research found that the major factors which significantly explain the differences in technical skills are bamboo income, use knowledge, market distance and management regimes. The study further reveals that there are diversity of enterprises which have a major role both in generation of innovation and production of value added products. Innovation performance is influenced by level of technology, financial access and business experience while economic performance is influenced by the age of the enterprise owner, their innovativeness, level of technology and location (urban functions). Institutional actors play an intermediary role at the production and processing levels in promoting bamboo sector development through training provision, policy development and linking actors along the value chain. Similarly, consumers are also key actors in the value chain and are the major drivers of bamboo commercialization. Rates of commercialization are found different among regions where areas with a better access to consumer markets reportedly engage more in commercial extraction and earn a correspondingly higher income from bamboo than regions far from centers of consumption. In summary, the empirical analysis depicts that innovative commercialization is the result of a combination of technological capability, entrepreneurial competency and market accessibility. Thus, future policy for bamboo resource commercialization and development should be geared towards establishing and nurturing a bamboo sector innovation system which in turn supports the development of technology-led resource commercialization and facilitates entry into the global value chain. / Diese Dissertation hat zum Ziel, Faktoren, Akteure und Prozesse zu erforschen, welche die innovative Kommerzialisierung von Bambus in Äthiopien bedingen. Insbesondere wird in dieser Arbeit darauf eingegangen, inwiefern traditionelle Technologien und unternehmerische Innovationen eine Wissensquelle und ein Fundament für die Bambuskommerzialisierung in Äthiopien sein können. Zusammen mit der Technologieentwicklung wird auch dargestellt, wie Variationen in der Wertekette und der Marktverfügbarkeit zu unterschiedlichen Graden der Kommerzialisierung führen. Die Forschung basiert auf dem System von Innovations- und Wertekettenverfahren als grundlegende theoretische Aspekte. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte in drei Distrikten und Städten. Die Haupterfassungsmethode war die Befragung von Schlüsselakteuren in den Werteketten, ergänzt durch Experteninterviews, Fallstudien, Gruppendiskussionen sowie Analysen von sekundären Datenquellen. Sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Verfahren einschließlich der Interferenzstatistik dienen der Analyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass traditionelles Wissen und technische Fertigkeiten Schlüsselquellen für Innovationen in der Bambuskommerzialisierung sind. Diese technischen Fertigkeiten werden nach und nach vom Ländlichen zum Städtischen sowie vom Traditionellen zur Semimoderne überführt, was sich hauptsächlich durch den Erholungssektor sowie durch die Möbelherstellung zeigt. Die Forschung fand heraus, dass die Hauptfaktoren der Unterschiede in den technischen Fertigkeiten das durch Bambus erzielte Einkommen, das Wissen über dessen Verwendung, die Distanz zum Markt sowie Managementregime sind. Ferner zeigten die Untersuchungen, dass es eine Vielfalt von Betrieben gibt, welche eine Hauptrolle sowohl bei Innovationen als auch bei der Herstellung höherwertiger Produkte spielen. Die Innovationsleistung wird beeinflusst durch den Stand der Technik, durch finanziellen Zugang sowie Businesserfahrungen, während die ökonomische Leistung beeinflusst wird durch das Alter der Betriebsbesitzer, deren Innovation, den Stand der Technik, sowie durch die Lage (urbane Funktionen). Institutionelle Akteure spielen eine Zwischenrolle auf Produktions- und Verarbeitungsebene bei der Förderung der Entwicklung des Bambussektors durch Bereitstellung von Ausbildung, der Entwicklung von Methoden und verbindenden Akteuren entlang der Wertekette. Ähnlich sind auch die Konsumenten Schlüsselfaktoren in der Wertekette sowie Hauptantrieb für die Bambuskommerzialisierung. Die Kommerzialisierungsraten in den einzelnen Regionen sind unterschiedlich, wobei Gebiete mit besserem Marktzugang eine größere Kommerzialisierung bewirken und ein besseres Bambus-basiertes Einkommen erzeugen als Regionen, die sich fernab von den Zentren der Konsumption befinden. Zusammenfassend kann ausgeführt werden, dass die empirische Analyse zu dem Schluss kommt, dass innovative Kommerzialisierung das Ergebnis einer Kombination technischer Fähigkeit, unternehmerischer Kompetenz sowie der Marktzugänglichkeit ist. Folglich ist die zukunftsorientierte bambusbasierte Kommerzialisierung und Entwicklung so zu lenken, dass das Innovationssystem auf dem Bambussektor etabliert und gestärkt wird, wodurch auch die Entwicklung technologiegeführter Ressourcenkommerzialisierung gefördert sowie der Zugang zur globalen Wertekette begünstigt wird.

Orientador: Araí Augusta Bernárdez Pécora / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T01:52:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ramirez-Quintero_DeyberAlexander_M.pdf: 57776826 bytes, checksum: 709c4f673f8b985e10d70c951d88de9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A aplicação de biomassas em processos de geração de energia como a combustão, pirólise e gaseificação, operando com a tecnologia de leito fluidizado, tem merecido atenção crescente nas últimas décadas. Esses sistemas necessitam da adição de partículas de material inerte que ajudam a promover uma fluidização estável, permitindo a melhoria da eficiência de tais processos. Dentre as biomassas com potencial para geração de energia sustentável está o bambu, material que apresenta propriedades semelhantes às de outras biomassas utilizadas em processos de geração de energia, com a vantagem de apresentar rápido crescimento, fácil propagação, regeneração vigorosa, maturidade rápida. O objetivo deste projeto foi estudar o comportamento fluidodinâmico de misturas de partículas de areia e bambu (in natura e na forma de carvão proveniente de processo de pirólise) visando à obtenção de parâmetros inerentes à fluidização dessas misturas, bem como analisar o efeito da degradação térmica da partícula de bambu sobre a fluidização do leito. A análise foi realizada a partir do levantamento experimental da curva fluidodinâmica em sistema de leito fluidizado operando a frio, com diferentes composições das misturas bambu-areia e carvão-areia. Adicionalmente foi verificada a influência do tamanho das partículas de areia e da altura estática do leito sobre a fluidodinâmica do leito. Os resultados mostraram que a melhor qualidade da fluidização do leito contendo partículas de bambu in natura foi obtida usando a areia identificada como areia 3 (diâmetro médio de 460 µm), relação entre a altura estática do leito e o diâmetro do leito igual à unidade (H/D = 1) e máximo teor de biomassa no leito igual a 5% (em massa). No entanto, esse tamanho areia não forneceu boas condições de fluidização para a mistura carvão-areia. A utilização da Umf do material inerte para o projeto de reatores de pirólise, utilizando partículas de bambu como combustível, não é recomendável, uma vez que a presença de apenas 5 % (em massa) de bambu in natura aumenta o valor da Umf em 20 %, enquanto que esse aumento é de 10 % no leito contendo carvão de bambu. Espera-se que os resultados obtidos neste estudo forneçam dados úteis para o projeto de reatores que utilizam a tecnologia de leito fluidizado. Pretende-se também contribuir para o entendimento da fluidodinâmica de sistemas que utilizam misturas de biomassas e areia para geração de energia / Abstract: The use of biomass in power generation processes such as combustion, pyrolysis and gasification, operating with the fluidized bed technology, has received increasing attention in recent decades. These systems require the addition of inert particles to promote a stable fluidization, allowing the improvement of process efficiency. Among the biomasses with potential for sustainable power generation is bamboo, which presents similar properties to other biomasses used in energy generation processes, with the advantage of rapid growth, easy propagation, vigorous regeneration and quick maturity. In addition, its properties allow the recovery of environmentally degraded areas. The objective of this research was to study the hydrodynamics behavior of fluidized beds composed by mixtures of sand and bamboo particles (in natura and in the form of coal from pyrolysis process). Parameters inherent to fluidization of these mixtures, as well as the effect of thermal degradation on the fluidization process of bamboo particles are analysed. The analysis was performed from hydrodynamics curves obtained in an experimental system operating at room temperature, with different compositions of bamboo in nature and bio-char in the bed. Additionally, the influences of sand particle size and static bed height on the fluidized bed hydrodynamics were verified. Results showed that the best quality of fluidization of the studied mixtures was achieved using sand particles 460 ?m diameter (sand 3), static bed height and column diameter ratio equal to unity (H/D = 1) and maximum weight fraction of bamboo in the bed equal to 5%. However, this size of sand particles did not provide a good quality of fluidization for coal-sand mixture. The Umf of the inert material is not recommended to be used in the design of pyrolysis reactors as the addition of 5 wt% of bamboo in natura in the bed causes an increment of 20 % on Umf while this increment is 10 % for the bed containing bamboo char. Results obtained from this study could provide useful data for the design of fluidized bed reactors that operate with bamboo particles. It is also intended to contribute on understanding the hydrodynamics behavior of fluidized beds using mixtures of biomass and sand for power generation / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

I have an interest in creating furniture with a mechanism that makes the furniture move functionally. Therefore, this paper explains the process and outcomes of designing a chair and a set of furniture with a coatrack, an accent table, and a stackable stool. All the furniture packs flat for storage and shipping purpose with a folding mechanism. The folds happen with fabric hinges that have been experimented with different materials, machinery, and fundamentals.

[pt] A união entre o conhecimento lógico acadêmico e a sabedoria popular espontânea vem resultando em uma série de objetos, nos quais a pesquisa destila informações para chegar cada vez mais próximo da popularização das arquiteturas leves baseadas nas superfícies mínimas. Procuram-se métodos de desenvolvimento de estruturas baseado na observação dos processos de crescimento contínuo das formações naturais. Para atingir esse objetivo alguns simples dispositivos são preparados para a geração de formas espontâneas, como as bolhas de sabão. Estas são controladas e manipuladas de modo a atingir parâmetros predeterminados de projeto, o que torna possível a visualização de potenciais geometrias que sirvam ao objeto almejado. Assim, essas formas são captura- das de modo a obter suas curvas da maneira mais clara possível. A combinação dessas capturas com os resultados dos cálculos no ambiente dos softwares torna possível a parametrização das formas o mais próximos possível das formas naturais. A obtenção e otimização dos cálculos numéricos que definem a geometria dos modelos em escala e de protótipos em escala de uso é fruto da interação de procedimentos artesanais e computacionais, que ampliam o escopo de entendimento do objeto. Esse método vem, atualmente, sendo experimentado e já resultou em alguns protótipos que foram colocados em uso de diversas maneiras. Tanto formas sinclásticas como anticlásticas foram obtidas. A preparação dos materiais e suas partes, assim como as montagens e desmontagens dos objetos, em escala real de uso, foram conduzidas pela equipe do laboratório, sem a necessidade de ferramentas especiais ou complexas. / [en] This union between logical academic knowledge and spontaneous popular knowledge has been resulting in a series of objects from which the research is gathering information to get as close as possible to an answer about the popularization of light- weight architecture. Methods for developing structures based on the observation of the natural formation s continuous growing process are being chased. Heading to this point, some simple devices are prepared to generate spontaneous shapes, such as soap bubbles and soap films. Those are controlled and manipulated to meet the predetermined project parameters and make possible the visualization of potential geometries for the intended object. Then, they are captured in order to obtain its curves. The combination between the captures and the results of software environment calculations make possible the parameterization of the shape as close as possible to the natural geometry. Interactions between artisanal procedures and computer work is found necessary to the obtainment and optimization of numerical calculation that define the geometry of scale models and prototypes, expanding the understanding of the object. This method is currently being experimented and the resulting objects were employed in a variety of ways. Both synclastic and anticlastic forms were obtained. The preparation of the material and their parts, as well as the assemble and disassemble of them, in use scale, were entirely con- ducted by the lab s staff, with no need of special or complex hardware.

The bamboo sector significantly contributes to environmental protection, employment opportunities, and poverty reduction in rural and mountainous areas. This assertion holds true for Vietnam. Bamboo processing enterprises play increasingly important roles in value chain upgrading, despite growing overexploitation and mismanagement. This significantly affects small bamboo enterprises (SBEs) upgrading. In effect, SBEs are constrained by several factors, including the application of outdated technology, the lack of product innovation, limited capital, unstable labour resources, and poor market access. In addition, these enterprises do not only face stiff competition from large scales enterprise, but they are also confronted with international competitors (e.g. bamboo and rattan manufacturers from China). As current policies are yet to address these issues, SBEs remain exposed to shocks that may cause them to disappear. The consequences may include rising unemployment and poverty levels within rural communities in Vietnam. In the face of multi-faceted structural deterrents to the survival of SBEs, a few SBEs in the study region have grown successfully, and have established themselves in international markets over the last years. The conditions under which such SBEs thrived remain relatively less understood. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the key determining factors for the upgrading of SBEs is lacking. To address this gap, this thesis presents evidence of both successful and unsuccessful cases of SBEs upgrading in Vietnam. / Der Bambussektor trägt wesentlich zum Umweltschutz, zu Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten und zur Armutsbekämpfung in ländlichen und bergigen Gebieten bei. Dies trifft auch auf Vietnam zu. Bambus verarbeitende Unternehmen spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle in der Wertschöpfungskette, trotz des wachsenden Raubbaus und Missmanagements. Dies hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung kleiner Bambusbetriebe (small bamboo enterprises - SBEs). Tatsächlich werden SBEs durch mehrere Faktoren eingeschränkt, darunter die Anwendung veralteter Technologie, der Mangel an Produktinnovationen, begrenztes Kapital, instabile Arbeitsressourcen und schlechter Marktzugang. Darüber hinaus stehen diese Unternehmen nicht nur im harten Wettbewerb mit nationalen Unternehmen, sondern auch mit internationalen Marktteilnehmern (z.B. Bambus- und Rattanverarbeiter aus China). Da die derzeitige Politik sich diesen Problemen noch nicht gewidmet hat, sind die SBEs weiterhin Schocks ausgesetzt, die zu ihrem Verschwinden führen können. Die Folgen können steigende Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut in den ländlichen Gemeinden Vietnams sein. Trotz der vielschichtigen strukturellen Hindernisse für das Überleben von SBEs sind einige wenige von ihnen in der Studienregion erfolgreich gewachsen und haben sich in den letzten Jahren auf internationalen Märkten etabliert. Die Bedingungen, unter denen solche SBEs gediehen sind, sind noch wenig bekannt. Zudem fehlt bislang eine umfassende Analyse der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren für die Weiterentwicklung von SBEs. Um diese Wissenslücke zu schließen, werden in dieser Arbeit sowohl erfolgreiche als auch erfolglose Fälle von SBEs in Vietnam vorgestellt.

This project explores the potential of bamboo as an alternative building material for low cost housing units suitable for urban Ethiopia. The rational for the application of bamboo comes from its abundance throughout the country, and its proven physical properties that equate it to other building material like timber, steel and concrete. The proposed bamboo based design solution concentrates on simplification of construction methods, prefabrication of structural components and vertical densification of housing units, addressing the lack of skilled labor, cost of construction time and urban land respectively. An understanding of the design solution was established by constructing a full-scale section prototype and performing laboratory tests on key structural components.

[pt] Pontes transportáveis para uso em caso de desastres naturais são geralmente estruturas pesadas, com altos custos de fabricação e exigem mão de obra qualificada para montagem, limitando o alcance de seu uso, especialmente em locais carentes de recursos. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma solução de ponte dobrável leve, fácil de construir, transportar e montar, sendo feita, principalmente, de bambu, um material com elevada relação resistência/peso e sustentável. O trabalho discute aspectos relevantes sobre o comportamento de estruturas pantográficas existentes, bem como sobre as principais características mecânicas e físicas do bambu, especificamente da espécie Guadua Angustifolia Kunth utilizada na pesquisa. Em uma primeira etapa, a fim de se avaliar a viabilidade do material escolhido, um programa experimental incluindo ensaios de flexão, fluência e dois diferentes tipos de ensaios de compressão foi conduzido. Ensaios feitos após ciclos de imersão e secagem com o intuito de avaliar o efeito de chuvas reincidentes sobre o material também foram realizados. Ensaios para determinação de coeficiente de atrito entre cordas de nylon e o bambu também foram realizados para estabelecer parâmetros adequados para avaliação da resistência das ligações amarradas. Num segundo estágio, o projeto da estrutura é apresentado e discutido, destacando o comportamento das ligações nas fases de desdobramento, protensão e final. Por fim, análises estruturais estáticas e dinâmicas foram realizadas com auxílio de modelos computacionais para as diferentes fases de montagem, apontando para a viabilidade da ponte proposta. / [en] Transportable bridges for natural disaster relief are usually heavy, have higher fabrication costs and demand qualified professionals for assembly. These disadvantages limit the reach of their benefits, especially in places with little available resources. The objective of this work is to develop a bridge designed to be lightweight, easy-to-build, -transport and –assembly and also mainly made of bamboo, a cheap sustainable material with high strength/weight ratio. This work discusses relevant aspects regarding the mechanics of existing pantographic structures, as well as the main mechanical and physical properties of bamboo, more specifically the species Guadua Angustifolia Kunth used in this research. At first, to evaluate the viability of the chosen material, an experimental program including bending, creep and two different types of compression tests was carried out. Tests after wet-and-dry cycles, considering the possible effects of repeated rain to exposed bamboo, were also performed. Tests to determine the friction coefficient between nylon ropes and bamboo were also carried to obtain parameters necessary to assess the strength of tied bamboo joints. After that, the structural design is presented and discussed, exploring the mechanics of the proposed connections and their behavior at the deployment stage, pre-stressing stage and final stage. At last, static and dynamic structural analysis were made with numeric models to all development stages, confirming the viability of the proposed bridge.