L’usufruit est essentiellement envisagé comme un droit réel portant sur un bien immobilier.Jadis, les immeubles constituaient l’élément le plus important du patrimoine des particuliers. Depuis un siècle, il y a une transformation de la nature des patrimoines caractérisé par le développement des fortunes mobilières à côté de celle immobilières.L'objet de l'usufruit des droits sociaux se trouve au confluent de deux disciplines totalement étrangères l’une à l’autre : le droit des biens et le droit des sociétés.Le droit des biens tend à privilégier l’approche réelle de la matière, ce qui peut conduire à négliger la spécificité de l’objet de l’usufruit. Alors que le droit des sociétés met l’accent sur les mécanismes internes de la société et du droit d’associé, ce qui peut perdre de vue que ce droit est envisagé comme un bien.L’ouvrage explore les différents mécanismes d’utilisation de ce procédé d’ingénierie patrimoniale aussi bien en matière d’optimisation qu’en matière de transmission fiscales. Il envisage aussi d’expliciter les différents aspects de conciliation que requiert l’application de cet outil juridique et financier au sein de la société.Cette thèse encouragera le législateur libanais à introduire et adopter la notion de l’usufruit des droits sociaux au Liban et permettra de mettre en place une étude mise à jour et plus riche en la matière. / Usufruct is a right in rem allowing to use and to enjoy the property of another. Whilst previously, real estates and immovable properties were one’s most valuable assets, with time we have witnessed a shift in the market environment and the development of wealth in movables.In light of the foregoing, usufruct which was initially applicable in real estate, has been applied in other types of property such as corporate shares and stocks. Being relatively a recent development, there is an absence in the French system of adequately applicable legal texts to the usufruct of shares and stocks and accordingly it is subject to both the property law and company law. This gives rise to a number of difficulties because whereas the property law focuses on the various forms of ownership and the legal relationship with the rem, and emphasizes on proprietorship rights; the company law studies the interaction of the shareholders and other stakeholders with the company specifying their rights and duties and thus may lose sight that the usufruct is a property right. With this research I intend to explore the different mechanisms and contexts in which usufruct is used as a legal & financial tool for tax optimization and cost cutting mostly elucidated during inheritance. On the other hand, I will elaborate the way of utilizing it by a shareholder within the company.Finally, I hope that my thesis will contribute to encourage the Lebanese legislator in introducing this notion into Lebanon by developing the relevant laws and will provide an updated and thorough study of shares and stocks usufruct.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether The Large Glass was a negation of women for Marcel Duchamp. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter I is the introduction to the thesis. CHapter II includes a synopsis of the major interpretations of The Large Glass. Duchamp's statements in regard to The Large Glass are also included in Chapter II. Chapter III explains how The Large Glass works through the use of Duchamp's notes. Chapter IV investigates Duchamp's negation of women statement in several ways. His personal relationships with relatives including his wives and other women, and his early paintings of women were examined. His idea of indifference was seen within the context of the Dandy and his alter ego, Rrose Selavy as a Femme Fatale. His machine paintings are also seen as a part of his idea of detachment and negation of women. Detachment as an intellectual pursuit was probed with his life-long interest in chess. The Large Glass was then seen as not only showing inconographically a negation of women but also as being an intrinsic component of his life and his work.

This study aims to identify potential ways in which the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) improves the quality of life for IDPs. Relying on the concept of bare life, it answers if and how the convention prevents bare life. Drawing on theory and previous research on bare life in relation to IDPs, the analytical framework forms four theoretical dimensions to which the Kampala Convention, Translating The Kampala Convention Into Practice: A Stocktaking Exercise (ICRC, 2017) and The Kampala Convention: Key Recommendations Ten Years On (ICRC, 2019) are applied. Based on a grading, the results tell of the convention’s effects. The IDPs’ rights and political agency are adequately respected; quotidian culture and prevention of exclusionary practices are promoted yet insufficiently. Adding humanitarianism, biopolitics and host communities as additional findings, there are areas that should be carefully respected, but bare life is mostly prevented. Hopefully, this study can add knowledge to the progress of the Kampala Convention and provide a framework for similar analyses of policy and practice on aiding people in distress.

No description available.

Title: An influence of barefoot walking on postural stabilization Objectives of the thesis: The subject of my diploma thesis is to assess an immediate effect of outside walking on a postural stabilization in two groups throught an experiment. First group of tested subjects (probands) walked barefoot and the other group walked in the conventional shoes. An ambulation took place in outside conditions. The objective of this work is to judge if barefoot walking can have a positive influence on stabilization capabilities of individuals. Farther objective is to judge, if there is a correlation between motor reactions on the tactile stimulation of the soles of the feet and and two walking's manners (shod/unshod). Methods: In this thesis were used a method of anlalysis and a method of comparison in this thesis. The experiment was made in form of pretest (3 measurements) and posttest (3 measurements) on 30 probands. Required data for analysis were obtained by measurements of postural somatooscilography (pSOG). There was evaluated the postural provocation test on the platform of Posturomed. During test was measured a stopping and persistance of one leg stand for the period of 8 seconds. Oscillation curves of platform recorded by an accelerometer and programme Microswing 5.0 were evaluated in programme...

Fundamentos: O implante de stents coronários constitui-se na técnica mais prevalente de revascularização percutânea, em especial pela prevenção da reestenose, quando comparado às intervenções com o balão. No entanto, a reestenose intra-stent, que ocorre em cerca de 25% dos casos, restringe os seus benefícios clínicos e econômicos tardios. Demonstrou-se que a hiperplasia neo-intimal decorrente da reação da parede vascular causada pelo implante do stent, é responsável pelas recidivas. Interroga-se se um protocolo de medicamentos contemplando doses máximas de manutenção de clopidogrel e atorvastatina poderia reduzir a hiperplasia neo-intimal e a reestenose. Objetivos: O objetivo primário foi aferir se esta associação de medicamentos reduziria o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal (35% ou mais), expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz, mensurada pelo ultrassom intracoronário, 12 meses após a intervenção. Os objetivos secundários foram: os resultados da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores (óbito, infarto e revascularização do vaso-alvo). Casuística e métodos: Foram incluídos casos eletivos e com lesões primárias nas artérias naturais. Os pacientes foram tratados com stents não farmacológicos e randomizados em dois grupos: A, com 50 pacientes medicados com doses máximas de clopidogrel e atorvastatina; e grupo B com 50 casos, medicados com 75mg de clopidogrel e doses de sinvastatina rotineiramente prescritas para obtenção das metas recomendadas para controle lipídico. Resultados: Ambos os grupos não apresentaram diferenças significantes em relação às características clínicas, angiográficas e técnicas, com exceção do diabetes, mais comum em A (36% vs 16%; p=0,02). Aos 12 meses de evolução, observaram-se eventos cardíacos maiores (12% versus 18%; p = 0,56) e revascularização do vaso-alvo (4% versus 2%; p>0,99) sem diferença significante. Nova angiografia coronária foi obtida em 98% dos casos dos dois grupos, observando-se taxa de reestenose de 8,1% e 8,2% nos grupos A e B (p>0,99). A perda tardia da luz arterial foi semelhante [0,9 mm (DP 0,5 mm) versus 1,1 mm (DP 0,7 mm); p = 0,22], o mesmo acontecendo com o diâmetro mínimo da luz [2,2 mm (DP 0,6 mm) versus 1,9 mm (DP 0,6 mm); p = 0,12]. Realizou-se ultrassom intracoronário em 98% dos pacientes de ambos os grupos, observando-se obstrução do volume da luz de 36,3% (DP 10,3%) no grupo A e de 40,1% (DP 10,9%) no grupo B (p = 0,14). Conclusões: Os resultados deste estudo demonstram que: 1) a terapêutica adjunta utilizando doses máximas de clopidogrel 150 mg/dia e atorvastatina 80 mg/dia não reduz o volume de hiperplasia neo-intimal, expressa pela obstrução volumétrica da luz; 2) as variáveis da angiografia quantitativa e os eventos cardíacos adversos maiores não mostraram diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos. / Coronary stent implantation is the current technique of choice in patients undergoing percutaneous intervention. They effectively reduce acute occlusion and restenosis even in complex lesions. However, instent restenosis occurs in up to 25% of the treated cases and there are several theories elaborating the possible relation between coronary artery thrombosis and inflammation to neointimal proliferation and the mechanism of obstruction recurrence. There are questions whether an optimized medical treatment based on maximum doses of Clopidogrel and Atorvastatin could limit neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis. Objectives: Primary endpoint was to assess the efficacy of this scheme in reducing neointimal hyperplasia volume (XX% or more), according to intravascular ultrasound measurements, 12 months after the index intervention. Secondary endpoints were quantitative angiography measurements and major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization). Methods: We included patients with de novo lesions undergoing elective implantation of uncoated stents. Patients were divided according to the drug regimen into Group A - 50 patients receiving maximal atorvastatin and clopidogrel doses; and Group B - 50 cases treated with standard clopidogrel and simvastatin doses. Results: Groups were similar concerning clinical and angiographic characteristics, except for diabetes, more frequent in Group A (36% vs 16%, p = 0.02). At the end of 12 months major cardiac events (12% versus 18%, p = 0.56) and target vessel revascularization (4% versus 2%, p> 0.99) did not show differences between groups. Coronary angiography was obtained in 98% of the cases and the restenosis rate was 8.1% (A group) and 8,2% (B group) (p> 0.99). Late luminal loss was similar [0.9 mm (SD 0.5 mm) versus 1.1 mm (SD 0.7 mm), p = 0.22], as well as the minimum lumen diameter [2.2 mm (SD 0.6 mm) versus 1.9 mm (SD 0.6 mm), p = 0.12]. IVUS was done in 98% of patients in both groups, and the volume of neointimal hyperplasia was not significantly different in both groups [61.8 mm 3 (SD 35.4 mm3) mm3 versus 66.3 (SD 31.6 mm3), p = 0.58]. Luminal volume obstruction was 36.3% (SD 10.3%) in group A and 40.1% (SD 10.9%) in group B (p = 0.14). Conclusions: According to our results we may conclude that: 1) the therapeutic regimen using maximum doses of atorvastatin and clopidogrel did not reduce the volume of neointimal hyperplasia, 2) restenosis rate, quantitative angiography results and the rate of major adverse cardiac events were not affected by the treatment regimen.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alex Pereira Leuterio.pdf: 838505 bytes, checksum: a7414fa464ac399804446b7e123f8acc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-10 / This research objectives at the investigation of the state of emergency in the light of the work of Giorgio Agamben, in the sense of an instrument capable of, by law, stop the life and rights inherent to it by its own suspension in empty space of law, a zone of anomie. Thus, Agamben historically reports the zone of indifference from institutes of Roman law that produced the stoppage of the law and therefore a legal loophole. Given this finding, Agamben correlates such institutes to the state of contemporary Exception, which is, in fact, permanent, put that in this vacuum, standard and life are connected by force-in-law, which applies, diapplying. Will point out that Agamben begins his argument by examining the political power and its relation to biological life (zoé), analysis of biopower and the movement of inclusive exclusion of biological life in the field of politics and law. Then, we stress that the political work of Giorgio Agamben records the infamous debate between Carl Schmitt and Walter Benjamin, about the sovereign power, from which it extracts the state of permanent exception and the field are paradigms of contemporary politics - like Auschwitz , "homo sacer" and "Muselmann - legitimized by the founding violence of law, the considerations discussed here is done on biopolitics, bare life, the state of exception and force of law, whose solution, for Agamben, is a new form of life, achieved by the desecration, which reflects a community coming, endowed with the ability to disable biopower mentioned, creator of a-bando-ned, and not necessarily linked to the law. In conclusion, upon the concepts and profanation inoperosidade the proposed Agamben turns out something totally new, since this community requires that comes a new ethos, a new use, a shutdown of the old use, rendering them inoperable, since being any will be neither a people united by their similarities (aryans, africans, indians) or divided groups or subgroups, shredded by differences singularity without identity, common and absolutely exposed, the actual path of contemplation of the evangelicmessage of zoé aiónios, of eternal life / Este trabalho tem por objetivo a investigação acerca do Estado de Exceção à luz das obras de Giorgio Agamben, no sentido de um instrumento capaz de, pelo direito, deter a vida e os direitos a ela inerentes pela sua própria suspensão, em espaço vazio de direito, uma zona de anomia. Assim, Agamben reporta historicamente a referida zona de indiferença a institutos de direito romano que produziam a paralisação da lei e, consequentemente, uma lacuna jurídica. Diante desta constatação, Agamben correlaciona tais institutos ao Estado de Exceção contemporâneo, o qual é, em verdade, permanente, posto que, neste vácuo, norma e a vida estão ligadas pela força-de-lei, que se aplica se desaplicando. Apontaremos que Agamben inicia seu raciocínio pelo exame do poder político e sua relação com vida biológica (zoé), pela análise de biopoder e pelo movimento de exclusão inclusiva de vida biológica no campo de vida política e direito. Em seguida, ressaltase que a obra política de Giorgio Agamben registra o famigerado debate entre Carl Schmitt e Walter Benjamin, acerca do poder soberano, donde se extrairá que o Estado de Exceção permanente e o campo são paradigmas da política contemporânea - assim como Auschwitz, homo sacer e Muselmann -, legitimados pela violência fundadora do direito, aqui discutidos nas considerações que se faz sobre biopolítica, vida nua, estado de exceção e força de lei, cuja solução, para Agamben, está em uma nova forma de vida, alcançada pela profanação, que espelha uma comunidade que vem, dotada da capacidade de desativar o mencionado biopoder, criador de a-bando-nados, e não vinculada necessariamente ao direito. Em conclusão, mediante os conceitos de profanação e inoperosidade, a proposta de Agamben revela-se algo totalmente novo, posto que essa comunidade que vem exige um novo ethos, um novo uso, uma desativação do velho uso, tornando-os inoperantes, porquanto o ser qualquer não vai ser nem um povo unido pelas suas semelhanças (os arianos, os negros, os índios) nem grupos ou subgrupos divididos, retalhados pelas diferenças, singularidade sem identidade, comum e absolutamente exposta, a caminho da contemplação efetiva da mensagem evangélica da zoé aiónios, da vida eterna

Este estudo apresenta os resultados obtidos na aplicação do método de padronização k0-INAA no LANIPEN, para a análise de amostras biológicas, utilizando o programa k0-IAEA, fornecido pela Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (IAEA). Os parâmetros de fluxo f e α do reator IEA-R1 do IPEN foram determinados na estação pneumática de irradiação e na posição de irradiação 24B/prateleira2, para irradiações curtas e longas, respectivamente. Para obter esses fatores, foi utilizado o chamado método bare triple-monitor com 197Au-96Zr- 94Zr. Para a verificação da precisão e exatidão do método, foram analisados os materiais biológicos de referência Peach Leaves (NIST SRM 1547), Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2) e Tomato Leaves (NIST SRM 1573a). Os critérios estatísticos Erro Relativo (bias, %), Coeficiente de Variação (CV) e U-score foram aplicados para avaliação dos resultados obtidos (média de seis replicatas). Os erros relativos (bias, %) ficaram, para maioria dos elementos, entre 0 e 30%, em relação aos valores certificados. Os Coeficientes de Variação foram inferiores a 20%, mostrando boa reprodutibilidade nos resultados obtidos experimentalmente. Os valores de U-score mostraram que todos os resultados, com exceção do valor para Na no Peach Leaves e no Tomato Leaves, estão dentro de um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Estes resultados apontam para uma promissora utilização do método k0-INAA no LAN-IPEN para a análise de amostras biológicas. / The results obtained in the application of the k0-standardization method at LAN-IPEN for biological matrices analysis, by using the k0-IAEA software, provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), are presented. The flux parameters f and α of the IEA-R1 reactor were determined for the pneumatic irradiation facility and for one selected irradiation position, 24B/shelf2, for short and long irradiations, respectively. In order to obtain these parameters, the bare triple-monitor method with 197Au-96Zr-94Zr was used. In order to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the methodology, the biological reference materials Peach Leaves (NIST SRM 1547), Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2) e Tomato Leaves (NIST SRM 1573a) were analyzed. The statistical criteria Relative Errors (bias, %), Coefficient of Variation (CV) and U-score were applied to the obtained results (mean of six replicates). The relative errors (bias, %) in relation to certified values, were, for most elements, in the range of 0 e 30. The Coefficients of Variation were below 20%, showing a good reproducibility of the results. The Uscore test showed that all results, except Na in Peach Leaves and in Tomato Leaves, were within 95% confidence interval. These results point out to a promising use of the k0-INAA method at LAN-IPEN for biological sample analysis.

Este estudo apresenta os resultados obtidos na aplicação do método de padronização k0-INAA no LANIPEN, para a análise de amostras biológicas, utilizando o programa k0-IAEA, fornecido pela Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (IAEA). Os parâmetros de fluxo f e α do reator IEA-R1 do IPEN foram determinados na estação pneumática de irradiação e na posição de irradiação 24B/prateleira2, para irradiações curtas e longas, respectivamente. Para obter esses fatores, foi utilizado o chamado método bare triple-monitor com 197Au-96Zr- 94Zr. Para a verificação da precisão e exatidão do método, foram analisados os materiais biológicos de referência Peach Leaves (NIST SRM 1547), Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2) e Tomato Leaves (NIST SRM 1573a). Os critérios estatísticos Erro Relativo (bias, %), Coeficiente de Variação (CV) e U-score foram aplicados para avaliação dos resultados obtidos (média de seis replicatas). Os erros relativos (bias, %) ficaram, para maioria dos elementos, entre 0 e 30%, em relação aos valores certificados. Os Coeficientes de Variação foram inferiores a 20%, mostrando boa reprodutibilidade nos resultados obtidos experimentalmente. Os valores de U-score mostraram que todos os resultados, com exceção do valor para Na no Peach Leaves e no Tomato Leaves, estão dentro de um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Estes resultados apontam para uma promissora utilização do método k0-INAA no LAN-IPEN para a análise de amostras biológicas. / The results obtained in the application of the k0-standardization method at LAN-IPEN for biological matrices analysis, by using the k0-IAEA software, provided by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), are presented. The flux parameters f and α of the IEA-R1 reactor were determined for the pneumatic irradiation facility and for one selected irradiation position, 24B/shelf2, for short and long irradiations, respectively. In order to obtain these parameters, the bare triple-monitor method with 197Au-96Zr-94Zr was used. In order to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the methodology, the biological reference materials Peach Leaves (NIST SRM 1547), Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2) e Tomato Leaves (NIST SRM 1573a) were analyzed. The statistical criteria Relative Errors (bias, %), Coefficient of Variation (CV) and U-score were applied to the obtained results (mean of six replicates). The relative errors (bias, %) in relation to certified values, were, for most elements, in the range of 0 e 30. The Coefficients of Variation were below 20%, showing a good reproducibility of the results. The Uscore test showed that all results, except Na in Peach Leaves and in Tomato Leaves, were within 95% confidence interval. These results point out to a promising use of the k0-INAA method at LAN-IPEN for biological sample analysis.

本論文的研究主題是探討當代義大利哲學家阿岡本（Giorgio Agamben）關於法律與生命之關係的思想，而其中的關鍵概念則為「例外狀態」（state of exception）。延續著由傅柯（Michel Foucault）所鋪展的生命政治（biopolitics）分析，當代政治確實面對著如下困徑（aporia）：其所欲展演人類幸福與自由之處─神聖的生命本身─同時正是政治權力所試圖全面掌控的對象。政治如此，作為其運作綱要的法律亦然。這可由大法官釋字603號關於換身份證需按指紋的爭議透露出來：為了保障「身家性命」的基本人權，國家要求介入該權利的核心領域，將每個人的生物性特徵─指紋─強制建檔以進行更全面的人口治理。 這個法與生命的弔詭關係，在阿岡本的思想中，乃是透過一個特殊的法權裝置─例外狀態─而產生。相對於一般所認為的，法與生命的關係在於以法律規範生命，或由生命創造法律，阿岡本認為法與生命的關係首先在於法與生命的區分（distinction）本身，而例外狀態便是建立這個區分的裝置。所謂的例外狀態，就是透過懸置法律（憲法），用不受法律限制的措施進行治理的狀態。例外狀態彷彿是一個無法狀態（anomie），而生命彷彿被棄置於法律之外成為赤裸的生命（bare life）。然而，根據史密特（Carl Schmitt）的名言：「主權者就是決斷例外狀態之人」，例外狀態並非與法律無關，相反地，其作用在於創造或回復一個讓法律能夠適用於生命的正常情境。因此，正是透過將生命排除於法律之外，例外狀態試圖建構一個能將生命包含進來的法秩序。這個透過排除而包含的關係，就是阿岡本所定義的例外關係，也就是法律與生命的根本關係。而阿岡本認為現代生命政治的特性，便在於例外狀態已非例外，而逐漸成為常態，也因此法與生命的關係本身也日益成為對抗爭議的焦點所在。 因此，本文的工作便在於探討阿岡本的思想中，法與生命間如何透過例外狀態而建立關係，其形式、力道、所構作之生命形象與可能的出路。本文的作法主要在於理論的耙梳與思辨；然而，例外狀態並非僅是一個抽象概念。放在台灣的歷史脈絡中，伴隨著現代化的殖民統治、戒嚴統治，甚至直到今天的「事實上國家」，無一不是例外狀態的常態體現。911之後由美國所主導的全球化反恐活動亦是此結構的更新部署。甚而，在日常實踐上，例外的潛在揭示著每一個「依法行政」、「依法裁判」背後所無可避免的決斷，以及賦予此決斷以法的效力（force of law）的國家暴力。阿岡本《例外狀態》一書的第一句話因此問道：「你們法律人為何對那與你切身相關之事保持沈默？」