A avicultura de postura no decorrer dos anos 2000 apresenta crescentes modificações no seu ambiente competitivo. Por um lado, a abertura dos mercados na década de 1990 proporcionou a modernização e a inovação do setor produtivo, mas também inseriu o granjeiro em uma competição internacional na aquisição de insumos. A estabilidade da demanda, aliada com a maximização da capacidade instalada das firmas, estabeleceu um ambiente com maior competitividade e rivalidade para a conquista de parcelas de mercados, principalmente na região onde se encontra a maior praça de produção e consumo: a Região Sudeste. É com o objetivo de identificar a evolução dessas modificações do ambiente estrutural que este trabalho se delineia. Analisou-se a evolução da estrutura do setor produtivo, identificando as percepções dos granjeiros quanto às principais barreiras estruturais e as principais condutas e deslocamentos da produção, ressaltando quais os principais fatores que resultam no lento crescimento e desenvolvimento do setor. Por meio dos índices de Herfindahl-Hirschman e Razão de Concentração, análise qualitativa da percepção dos empresários da microrregião de São Lourenço quanto à intensidade das barreiras à entrada de novos concorrentes, e análise do deslocamento regional da produção de ovos, foi possível identificar que a estrutura do setor produtivo, representado pelas firmas líderes nacionais, se situa tangenciando a concentração moderada com estabilidade em todos os anos do período analisado (2002 a 2011), apresentando diferentes comportamentos antes e após o ano de 2006. Há divergências de concentração entre as regiões brasileiras, ressaltando a importância desta para a região Sudeste, onde se concentram 48,7% do alojamento de aves regional, entre as 11 maiores firmas líderes analisadas. As percepções dos entrevistados desta região manifestam-se nas barreiras relativas à especificidade dos ativos envolvidos na produção e na economia de escala mínima exigida para a sobrevivência da firma no setor. Consolidando, uma consequente rede de barreiras, que culmina com o impacto na acessibilidade dos canais de distribuição, sinalizando uma estrutura regional oligopsônia. No entanto, condutas de introdução de inovação tecnológica no setor produtivo, aquisição das firmas “não líderes” por firmas líderes, deslocamentos da produção e alojamento para regiões produtoras de grãos e próximas ao consumidor são delineadas pelas firmas com o intuito de sobreviver neste setor produtivo. As condutas encontradas podem justificar a estabilidade da evolução estrutural do setor, o seu lento crescimento e modernização, principalmente antes do ano de 2006, comumente julgados pelos profissionais do setor resultantes de uma resistência cultural à entrada da modernização. / The Brazilian Laying Poultry, since the year 2000 has faced some changes in its competitive environment. The opening of markets in the 1990s brought modernization and innovation to the egg production sector, but also placed the egg producer in an international competitive market to buy grains, mainly corn, tackling high prices and volatility. The stability in the demand, combined with high costs and the rise of productive company capacity created this economic atmosphere in which there is a high level of rivalry for market share among companies, meanly on regions where the highest concentrations of companies and the largest production and consumption indexes are: The Southeast. This research focuses in the development of these structural atmosphere, trying to identify the evolution of the egg production sector structure. Therefore, concentration indexes were analyzed comprehending the period between 2002 and 2011, taking into account the level of barriers to enter the market according to the egg producers’ perceptions and supported by the behavior observed in the egg production sector. Herfindahl-Hirschman and market share indexes proved low concentration in some values in 2009, 2010 and 2011, with different growth among the companies after 2006. 48.7% of southeast laying hens are lodged in eleven leading companies, featuring the second largest concentration region. The perception of the barriers to enter this market is based on the specificity of physical assets and the minimum scale economy, culminating in a net of secondary barriers, those with oligopsony structure hampers the distribution channel accessibility. However, the introduction of innovation in technology, the acquisition of non-leader companies by the leader ones, and the displacement to crop producing areas and to the consumers are important measures for companies to survive in an economic atmosphere with strong limitation barriers. All those conducts help to explain the stability of the structural evolution and its slow growth and modernization, usually regarded as cultural resistance.

A avicultura de postura no decorrer dos anos 2000 apresenta crescentes modificações no seu ambiente competitivo. Por um lado, a abertura dos mercados na década de 1990 proporcionou a modernização e a inovação do setor produtivo, mas também inseriu o granjeiro em uma competição internacional na aquisição de insumos. A estabilidade da demanda, aliada com a maximização da capacidade instalada das firmas, estabeleceu um ambiente com maior competitividade e rivalidade para a conquista de parcelas de mercados, principalmente na região onde se encontra a maior praça de produção e consumo: a Região Sudeste. É com o objetivo de identificar a evolução dessas modificações do ambiente estrutural que este trabalho se delineia. Analisou-se a evolução da estrutura do setor produtivo, identificando as percepções dos granjeiros quanto às principais barreiras estruturais e as principais condutas e deslocamentos da produção, ressaltando quais os principais fatores que resultam no lento crescimento e desenvolvimento do setor. Por meio dos índices de Herfindahl-Hirschman e Razão de Concentração, análise qualitativa da percepção dos empresários da microrregião de São Lourenço quanto à intensidade das barreiras à entrada de novos concorrentes, e análise do deslocamento regional da produção de ovos, foi possível identificar que a estrutura do setor produtivo, representado pelas firmas líderes nacionais, se situa tangenciando a concentração moderada com estabilidade em todos os anos do período analisado (2002 a 2011), apresentando diferentes comportamentos antes e após o ano de 2006. Há divergências de concentração entre as regiões brasileiras, ressaltando a importância desta para a região Sudeste, onde se concentram 48,7% do alojamento de aves regional, entre as 11 maiores firmas líderes analisadas. As percepções dos entrevistados desta região manifestam-se nas barreiras relativas à especificidade dos ativos envolvidos na produção e na economia de escala mínima exigida para a sobrevivência da firma no setor. Consolidando, uma consequente rede de barreiras, que culmina com o impacto na acessibilidade dos canais de distribuição, sinalizando uma estrutura regional oligopsônia. No entanto, condutas de introdução de inovação tecnológica no setor produtivo, aquisição das firmas “não líderes” por firmas líderes, deslocamentos da produção e alojamento para regiões produtoras de grãos e próximas ao consumidor são delineadas pelas firmas com o intuito de sobreviver neste setor produtivo. As condutas encontradas podem justificar a estabilidade da evolução estrutural do setor, o seu lento crescimento e modernização, principalmente antes do ano de 2006, comumente julgados pelos profissionais do setor resultantes de uma resistência cultural à entrada da modernização. / The Brazilian Laying Poultry, since the year 2000 has faced some changes in its competitive environment. The opening of markets in the 1990s brought modernization and innovation to the egg production sector, but also placed the egg producer in an international competitive market to buy grains, mainly corn, tackling high prices and volatility. The stability in the demand, combined with high costs and the rise of productive company capacity created this economic atmosphere in which there is a high level of rivalry for market share among companies, meanly on regions where the highest concentrations of companies and the largest production and consumption indexes are: The Southeast. This research focuses in the development of these structural atmosphere, trying to identify the evolution of the egg production sector structure. Therefore, concentration indexes were analyzed comprehending the period between 2002 and 2011, taking into account the level of barriers to enter the market according to the egg producers’ perceptions and supported by the behavior observed in the egg production sector. Herfindahl-Hirschman and market share indexes proved low concentration in some values in 2009, 2010 and 2011, with different growth among the companies after 2006. 48.7% of southeast laying hens are lodged in eleven leading companies, featuring the second largest concentration region. The perception of the barriers to enter this market is based on the specificity of physical assets and the minimum scale economy, culminating in a net of secondary barriers, those with oligopsony structure hampers the distribution channel accessibility. However, the introduction of innovation in technology, the acquisition of non-leader companies by the leader ones, and the displacement to crop producing areas and to the consumers are important measures for companies to survive in an economic atmosphere with strong limitation barriers. All those conducts help to explain the stability of the structural evolution and its slow growth and modernization, usually regarded as cultural resistance.

As medidas antidumping são uma exceção ao livre comércio e como tal deveriam ser usadas com restrição. No entanto, desde o GATT 1947 há preocupação com o uso abusivo de tais medidas, podendo ser o mecanismo utilizado não apenas para possibilitar a recuperação da indústria doméstica prejudicada pelas importações objeto de dumping, objetivo do Acordo Antidumping (AAD), mas com o fim de proteger a indústria nacional da concorrência estrangeira. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar as principais características do AAD firmado ao final da Rodada Uruguai que culminou na constituição da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), incluindo seus antecedentes históricos e a possibilidade de aplicação discricionária, demonstrando como uma norma surgida no plano internacional em decorrência de um acordo multilateral vem sendo utilizada pelo Brasil, com a finalidade de se demonstrar a possibilidade de uso das medidas antidumping como barreira à entrada no mercado brasileiro. Confirmada a possibilidade de uso abusivo desse instrumento de defesa comercial, ainda que no plano teórico, uma vez que não é possível analisar os efeitos reais das medidas aplicadas, serão apresentadas as formas de contrabalanço ao protecionismo atualmente existentes no próprio AAD e sua incorporação e utilização pelo Brasil bem como a possibilidade de questionamento de tais medidas como práticas anticompetitivas com fundamento na legislação antitruste perante as autoridades de defesa da concorrência. Serão ainda analisadas outras possibilidades de contrabalanço ao uso exacerbado das medidas antidumping em debate e viabilidade das mesmas no cenário atual em que se verifica, de um lado, o aumento de uso de tais medidas pelos países Membros da OMC, destacando-se o Brasil e, de outro lado, impasse nas negociações multilaterais, cabendo aos Membros tomarem decisões unilaterais sobre a aplicação de tais medidas, seu grau de intensidade e forma de aplicação a depender da proteção que se pretende garantir à indústria nacional. / Antidumping measures are an exception to the free trade and as such they should be used with restrictions. However, since GATT 1947 there is a concern regarding the abuse in the use of such measures, being possible the use of the instrument not only to make possible the recovery of the domestic industry that was injured by the dumped imports, purpose of the Antidumping Agreement (ADA), but also with the purpose of protecting the domestic industry of the foreign competition. Thus, the purpose of this Masters Thesis is to present the main aspects of the ADA signed as a result of the Uruguay Round, that led to the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO), including its historical background and the possibility of discretionary application, being demonstrated how a rule emerged in an international level as part of a multilateral agreement has been used by Brazil. The purpose is to demonstrate the possibility of the use of the antidumping measures as a barrier to entry in the Brazilian market. Being confirmed the possibility of the abusive use of this trade defense instrument, even if only in theory, since it is not possible to analyze the actual impacts of the applied measures, it will be present the possibilities to counterbalance the protectionism that are established in the ADA, namely the public interest clause and the lesser duty rule, and their adoption and use by Brazil and possibility of challenging such measures as anticompetitive practices based on the antitrust law before the Brazilian Antitrust Authority. Additional possibilities under debate and their feasibility to counterbalance the abuse in the use of the antidumping measures will also be analyzed in the actual scenario where, on one hand, there is the increase of such measures by WTO Members in general and mainly Brazil and, on the other hand, there is an impasse in the multilateral negotiations. The Members will have to unilaterally decide on the implementation of such measures, the level of its intensity and form of application depending on the intended protection to ensure the domestic industry.

The advertising as one of the tools of the marketing mix has positive influence on sales and is differenciating the product from competition. According to persuasive view the advertising contributes to the differences in firms' cost conditions, creates abnormal profit and is able to deter the entry into the market. The question is whether the advertising can have such a influence on competition at the market.The goal of the thesis is to introduce the major views on advertising in economic theories and based on available emprical studies to define and describe the major differences in the views. The impact of advertisng on perfomance indicators is analyzed in own empirical study for the market of chocolate bars, covered and partially coverd wafers.

No description available.

This paper studies how new players approach first-person games using a controller. By observingthe behaviour of five mostly inexperienced individuals as they play through the first few levelsof the game Portal 2 , the following patterns for barriers to entry can be observed:The game presumes common knowledge of its player that new players lack.Uninitiated have a hard time using buttons and sticks simultaneously for complicatedmaneuvers.New players primarily use the buttons that they can see with a casual glance, causingsome buttons to be less used.Misunderstanding due to not clearly have been shown possibilities in the gameworld.New players are unaware of the Options menu.Players find navigation and orientation difficult when lacking all the senses of a physicalbody.The fear of not being good enough causes distress.Players find it a waste of time to redo previously conquered challenges or not makingprogress fast enough.The paper then discusses possible solutions to these problems. / Denna rapport studerar hur nya spelare närmar sig förstapersonsspel som kontrolleras medhandkontroll. Genom att observera beteendet hos fem till mestadels oerfarna individer medan despelar igenom några av de första få banorna i spelet Portal 2 kan följande mönster som hindrardem från att börja spela urskiljas:Spelet förutsätter att dess spelare har en gemensam allmän kunskap. Kunskap som nyaspelare saknar.Oinvigda har svårt att använda både knappar och spakar simultant för att utförakomplicerade manövrar.Nya spelare använder primärt knapparna som de kan se vid en flyktig blick, vilketorsakar att vissa knappar blir mindre frekvent använda än andra.Missförstånd på grund av att icke klart och tydligt blivit meddelade spelvärldenmöjligheter.Nya spelare är omedvetna om Options-menyn.Spelare finner att röra sig i spelvärlden är svårt när de inte har tillgång till alla sinnen enfysisk kropp har.Rädslan för att inte vara bra nog orsakar oro.Spelare finner att det är slöseri med tid att göra om tidigare erövrade utmaningar eller attinte göra framsteg i tillräckligt hög fart.Denna rapport diskuterar möjliga lösningar på dessa problem.

This dissertation assesses the evolving structure and performance of the electricity supply industry (ESI) in Queensland following the restructuring and deregulation process undertaken in 1997 and 1998 respectively. This microeconomic reform process essentially replaced a vertically integrated electricity monopoly with an oligopolistic electricity market. In theory at least, restructuring a monopoly generator, and deregulating the product and capacity markets, should lead to lower electricity production costs, more cost-reflective wholesale electricity prices, and a generation plant expansion path that reflects the least-cost, optimal mix of baseload, intermediate and peaking technologies. In economic terms, the deregulated electricity market should deliver improvements in productive, allocative and dynamic efficiency. However, a likely side effect is a deterioration of ESI environmental performance, since the minimization of production costs are of paramount importance in a competitive market. This research has utilized historic data, direct comparisons to southern market outcomes, economic theory and the development and adaptation of a suite of economic cost and generation system simulation models to test the stated hypotheses of expected improvements in productive, allocative and dynamic efficiency, and a deterioration in environmental performance. This research has not had the availability of extensive historical market data upon which to draw. When research first commenced, less than six months of historical market data were available. At the time of completion of this dissertation, only three full financial years of data existed. Consequently, this research necessarily relied upon complex simulation models of economic cost and electricity generation systems, coupled with economic theory, to forecast market outcomes. The short history of market data is examined and tentative conclusions are drawn from this, which are integrated with the outputs of the simulation models. Simulation experiments have been conducted to identify the theoretically optimal market outcome, that is, the least-cost generation plant mix that would best meet the Queensland load curve, subject to a reliability constraint. This forms the 'base case', and represents that which would reasonably be expected to emerge under a centrally planned monopoly regime with a welfare maximization objective, characterised by perfect information and zero political intervention. Such a scenario establishes efficient generation system costs, prices and plant capacity mix. The 'base case' or centrally planned scenario is contrasted with forecast 'market scenarios'. Performance of the generation system is explored under specified scenarios using the economic cost and generation system simulation models, publicly available information about committed and expected future investment in plant capacity, incumbent generator trends and behavioural assumptions consistent with oligopolistic market theories. The analysis indicates that productive efficiency, or cost efficiency, is enhanced as a result of restructuring the monopoly generator into competing entities since competitive pressures force the generators to reduce costs in order to survive. Allocative efficiency, or price efficiency, declined during the first three years of the market, with all generators earning positive economic rents. The presence of these economic rents, coupled with conventional oligopolistic strategies associated with the theory of barriers to entry, resulted in a rush to commission new baseload capacity. Not surprisingly, dynamic efficiency appears to be deteriorating, with the market-induced capacity augmentation proving to be far greater than that considered optimal. Modelling results indicate that the oversupply of baseload capacity is expected to place considerable downward pressure on electricity prices, and thus allocative efficiency is forecast to improve in the intermediate run, much to the benefit of electricity consumers. In the long run, the oversupply of baseload capacity and subsequent low market price can be expected to frustrate the timely entry of new peaking or intermediate plant capacity, which will ultimately be required by the Queensland ESI given the strong electricity demand growth. What does appear to be emerging is a five or seven year electricity generation business cycle. Modelling results from this research also point to alarming environmental implications, with the general levels of greenhouse gas emissions of the electricity system increasing. While system thermal efficiency is declining, the rush of new, low-cost coal-fired capacity represents an inferior outcome to the alternative (i.e. efficient combined cycle gas plant) because the volume of greenhouse emissions is markedly higher. The outlook for Queensland's greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation, in the absence of coincident environmental policies, is that they will more than double between the 1990 emission baseline, and the commencement of the Kyoto commitment period in 2008. Some clear warnings emerge from this research. The structure and performance of an ESI prior to deregulation is important if microeconomic reforms are to be successful. Too little generation capacity or transmission capacity is unlikely to provide a robust foundation for wholesale market implementation. To ensure that adequate competition will prevail, it will be necessary to restructure monopoly generators. The existing ESI needs to be characterised by ‘inefficiency’ if gains from trade are to be capitalized. An efficient centrally planned ESI is unlikely to benefit greatly from deregulation, particularly given that implementing a product market is likely to be a costly process. And finally, competitive markets deliver lowest cost, which is usually inconsistent with the most environmentally responsible outcome. As a result, if the environment is considered a policy imperative, it will be critical that ESI deregulation be complemented by coincident environmental regulations.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on October 23, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Syftet med denna rapport är tvåfaldigt. För det första syftar rapporten till att undersöka hur kommunen i markanvisnings- och detaljplaneprocessen kan verka för en varierad och blandad bebyggelse samtidigt som kommunen maximerar markförsäljningspriset vid försäljning av mark till byggherrar. För det andra syftar rapporten till att belysa hur kommunens markanvisnings- och detaljplaneprocess upplevs utifrån byggherrens perspektiv. Rapporten ställer upp tre frågeställningar: i) vilka möjligheter har kommunen att påverka fysisk gestaltning? ii) hur kan kommunen verka för ökad mångfald i bebyggelsen? och iii) hur kan kommunen verka för att fler byggherrar kan konkurrera om markanvisning? En ingående granskning av planhandlingar och gestaltningsprogram för fyra exploateringsområden i Stockholms län samt markanvisnings- och exploateringsavtal med berörda byggherrar har genomförts. Dessutom har en enkätundersökning med ett antal mindre byggherrar genomförts i syfte att undersöka upplevda etableringshinder och svårigheter att erhålla markanvisning. Studien finner att detaljplanen är ett alltför trubbigt verktyg för att styra gestaltningen och att den ofta kompletteras med gestaltningsprogram för området. För att gestaltningsprogram ska ha bindande verkan gentemot byggherren bör de knytas till markanvisnings- och exploateringsavtal. Ännu effektivare verkan får gestaltningsprogram om de grundar sig i medborgardialoger där såväl boende som byggherrar fått delta. Sannolikheten att ambitionerna som uttrycks i gestaltningsprogrammet verkligen genomförs ökar om byggherren ges incitament att genomföra vissa åtgärder, exempelvis genom att erhålla rabatt på markpriset. Den främsta faktorn för variation och mångfald i bebyggelsen är dock att i konkurrens, genom markanvisningstävlingar, tilldela byggrätter till flera olika byggherrar inte bara inom området i stort utan även inom kvarteret. Byggherreenkäten visar främst att kommuner måste bli mer tydliga i sina utvärderingskriterier. Minskad osäkerhet medför att också mindre byggherrar kan delta i markanvisningsprocessen vilket i sin tur leder till ökad variation i bebyggelsen. / The purpose of this report is twofold. First, the report aims to examine how the municipality, through the land allocation- and zoning processes, can promote a varied and diverse architecture while, at the same time, maximize the selling price when selling land to developers. Second, the report aims to describe the municipal land allocation- and zoning process from the perspective of the developer. The report poses three questions: i) Which means does the municipality have in order to influence the built environment? ii) How can the municipality promote increased diversity in the built environment? and iii) How can the municipality promote a greater number of developers to compete in the land allocation process? A detailed examination of the zoning plans and design programs for four development areas in the Stockholm County as well as land allocation- and development agreements with developers has been carried out. In addition, a survey among a number of smaller developers has been conducted in order to examine perceived barriers to entry and difficulties in obtaining land allocation. The study finds that zoning plans are too imprecise as a tool to govern the design and that they are often complemented by design programs for the area. For the design program to have binding effect against the developer they should be linked to land allocation- and development agreements with the developers. They are likely to be even more effective if they are based on dialogue with local residents and developers. The probability that the ambitions expressed in the design program are actually implemented will increase if the developer is given incentives to implement certain measures, for example by obtaining discount on the land price. The key factor for variety and diversity in the built environment is through competition where development rights are assigned to several different developers not only in the greater development area but also within the block. The survey among developers show that municipalities have to become more clear in their evaluation criteria. Reduced uncertainty will encourage small developers to participate in the land allocation process, which in turn, leads to a more varied and diverse architecture.

隨著人口增長以及人口老化速度加劇，全球藥品消費需求快速成長。生物藥品因其具有針對特定疾病之專一性，在治療病毒性肝炎、癌症及後天免疫缺乏症候群（Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome，AIDS）等重大疾病上擁有相當大的發展潛力。除了積極研發全新生物藥品之外，我國生技製藥廠商亦將注意力放到生物相似性藥品的研發上。 但因我國藥品內需市場規模較小，一旦成功研發出生物相似性藥品，若無法將其外銷至海外市場，恐不能弭平鉅額的前期投入。而進入國際市場之際，倘若未制定適宜的進入策略，卻又極可能會以失敗收場。 基於生物相似性藥品本身之特性與法律上之定義，其研發藥廠在進入市場的順序上係處於後進者之地位。但為了成為早期追隨者而搶占部分先驅者優勢，廠商必須選擇恰當的進入模式及進入時機並適時的調整之。而進入障礙對於進入策略之擬定有相當大的影響，尤其以生物相似性藥品市場而言，影響最為深刻的是制度性的進入障礙。 本研究以全球前二大藥品市場─美國、中國大陸為標的，探討我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商進入海外生物相似性藥品市場時，所需跨越的制度性進入障礙可能為何？其他跨國性藥廠在面臨上述制度性進入障礙時，係採取何種因應方法，以及如何調整其進入策略？並從中總結出，對於我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商而言，較為可行的市場進入策略。 經研究分析後，本研究認為，生物相似性藥品市場的制度性進入障礙係來自於東道國的保護主義、專利相關法規與解決專利爭議之機制有所缺漏或偏頗，以及藥品上市審查及藥價管理相關法律規範過於嚴苛或過於鬆散。 而跨國性藥廠因有較充裕的資金及專利訴訟經驗，因此在面對因專利所形成之制度性進入障礙時，可以訴訟或法定行政程序等合法方式克服該專利障礙。對於藥品上市審查法規之要求，則可透過加大投資以求符合法規標準。至於東道國的保護主義，則多藉由與當地企業進行合作、成立合資企業等方式，突破該進入障礙。 因我國生物相似性藥品研發廠商之規模較小，較難獨自克服各生物相似性藥品市場的制度性進入障礙，所以在進入策略上，本研究建議，可積極尋求與原廠或國際生物相似性藥品研發廠商合作，致力於發展全新生物藥品。或是透過兩岸合作研發，於奠定一定基礎後，進一步開拓生物相似性藥品的海外市場。