Ce mémoire porte sur la mendicité sur les trottoirs de la rue Sainte-Catherine à Montréal en 2019-2020. À travers cette recherche ethnographique, j’ai voulu comprendre comment les personnes mendiantes sont incitées à adopter des comportements désirés et attendus aux yeux des citoyens. Pour répondre à cette question, j’ai voulu, tout d’abord, démêler les termes « itinérance » et « mendicité » en montrant que la dernière consiste en une activité qui est pratiquée aussi par des personnes en situation de logement précaire ou à risque d’itinérance. Considérant la mendicité comme une pratique active plutôt que passive, j’ai voulu me départir de la conception unilatérale qui transforme la personne mendiante en récipient pour la charité. Je me suis penché sur les formes de régulation qui encadrent cette activité dans l’espace public en tenant compte des transformations historiques, sociales et légales du trottoir et de la mendicité depuis la fin 19e et début 20e siècle, notamment dans le contexte nord-américain. En mobilisant le cadre théorique sur la gouvernementalité et la citoyenneté, j’ai voulu comprendre comment les personnes mendiantes maintiennent une conduite des conduites véhiculée par les citoyens ordinaires. Pour ce faire, j’ai analysé six types de rapports que les personnes mendiantes entretiennent au quotidien alors qu’elles pratiquent leur activité : rapports aux passants/piétons, aux mendiants et autres personnes marginalisées, aux commerçants adjacents aux lieux de mendicité, aux patrouilleurs à pied, aux espaces, à l’environnement et aux lieux ainsi que le rapport à soi et son identité. Les données d’analyse sont basées sur l’observation participante et la prise de note en vrac (jotting notes). J’ai également utilisé la photographie pour capter certains paysages sociaux urbains et complémenter l’analyse sur les rapports à l’espace, l’environnement et les lieux. De cette analyse descriptive, je tends à démontrer qu’il existe de multiples modes de production de la gouvernementalité sur le trottoir. Premièrement, les patrouilleurs à pied, acteurs sociaux institutionnalisés, véhiculent le contrôle formel et étatique. Ils maintiennent l’ordre public et régulent l’activité de mendicité notamment par la production d’une tolérance sous contrainte ou conditionnelle à l’adoption de comportements désirés et ordonnés. Ils utilisent aussi des tactiques de positionnement et de circulation des corps afin d’éviter les éléments indésirables telles que les obstructions. Deuxièmement, le contrôle entre les piétons et les mendiants se fait par la production de la déférence à l’égard des piétons, ces derniers véhiculant un mode de conduite désiré et ordonné et utilisant le trottoir dans ses fonctions dominantes. Troisièmement, il existe une forme de délégation du pouvoir au sein des personnes mendiantes, permettant ainsi de maintenir l’ordre informel en l’absence du contrôle formel. L’analyse démontre la présence d’un contrôle de soi et d’un travail identitaire chez les personnes mendiantes, ces derniers cherchant à ne pas déranger ni ébranler l’ordre sur le trottoir. Un contrôle informel s’observe également pour l’appropriation du lieu de mendicité, allant d’un contrôle violent envers l’autre à un contrôle de soi permettant la négociation et la délimitation de l’espace. Enfin, je tends à démontrer que la gouvernementalité opère au plan de l’espace et qu’elle participe à rendre opportun certains comportements plutôt que d’autres jugés indésirables. L’analyse des espaces marginaux et primaires témoigne d’un rapport social, géographique et spatial inégalitaire entre les citoyens ordinaires et les personnes mendiantes/itinérantes. En conclusion, je veux démontrer que les personnes mendiantes tentent de légitimer leur présence aux yeux des citoyens ordinaires en pratiquant ce que je nomme la mendicité ordonnée ou ordinaire. / This master thesis focuses on panhandling on the sidewalks of Sainte-Catherine Street in Montreal in 2019-2020. Through this ethnographic research, I wanted to understand how panhandlers are encouraged to adopt desired and expected behaviors in the eyes of citizens. To answer this question, I first wanted to disentangle the terms “homelessness” and “panhandling” by showing that the latter consists of an activity which is also practiced by people in a situation of precarious housing or at risk of homelessness. Conceiving panhandling as an active rather than a passive practice, I wanted to get away from the one-sided concept that turns the panhandler into a recipient for charity. I looked at the forms of regulation that govern this activity in public space, taking into account the historical, social and legal transformations of sidewalks and panhandling since the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly in the North American context. By mobilizing the theoretical framework on governmentality and citizenship, I wanted to understand how panhandlers maintain a behavior pattern conveyed by ordinary citizens. To do this, I analyzed six types of relationships that panhandlers maintain on a daily basis while they practice their activity: relationships with passers-by / pedestrians, panhandlers and other marginalized people, with shopkeepers adjacent to panhandling places, with foot patrols officers, spaces, environment and places as well as the relationship to oneself and one's identity. Analytical data is based on participant observation and jotting notes. I have also used photography to capture urban social landscapes and complement the analysis of relationships to space, environment and places. From this descriptive analysis, I tend to demonstrate that there are multiple modes of producing governmentality on the sidewalk. First, the foot patrol officers, institutionalized social actors, convey formal and state control. They maintain public order and regulate the panhandling activity, in particular through the production of tolerance under constraint or conditional on the adoption of desired and orderly behaviors. They also use body positioning and movement tactics to avoid undesirable elements such as obstructions. Second, the control between pedestrians and panhandlers is achieved through the production of deference to pedestrians, the latter conveying a desired and orderly mode of driving and using the sidewalk in its dominant functions. Third, there is a form of delegation of power among panhandlers, thus making it possible to maintain informal order in absence of formal control. The analysis shows the presence of self-control and identity work among panhandlers, the latter aimed at not disturbing the order on the sidewalk. There is also informal control over the appropriation of the place of panhandling, ranging from violent control over others to self-control allowing negotiation and delineation of space. Finally, I tend to demonstrate that governmentality operates at the spatial level and that it helps to make certain behaviors appropriate rather than others, deemed undesirable. The analysis of marginal and prime spaces informs us about an unequal social, geographical and spatial relationship between ordinary citizens and panhandlers/homeless people. In conclusion, I want to demonstrate that panhandlers try to legitimize their presence in the eyes of ordinary citizens by practicing what I call ordered or ordinary panhandling.

Les contre-exemples de Frankfurt sont inoffensifs contre l’argument de la conséquence (consequence argument), l’argument qui, à partir du principe des possibilités alternatives et du déterminisme, montre que nous ne pouvons être tenus moralement responsables de nos actions. En effet, ils sont formulés soit dans un cadre déterministe, soit dans un cadre indéterministe. S’ils sont formulés dans un cadre indéterministe, ils sont inoffensifs parce qu’ils contreviennent à un principe méthodologique que nous défendons : le principe de non-négation des prémisses (PNNP). En fait, nous montrons que pour tout argument donné, il est proscrit de supposer la négation d’une prémisse afin de réfuter une autre prémisse à moins que l’attaque réussisse à réfuter les deux prémisses en question. Or, d’une part, les contre-exemples de Frankfurt indéterministes supposent explicitement qu’une prémisse de l’argument de la conséquence – le déterminisme est vrai – est fausse; et d’autre part, ils ne peuvent pas nous donner de raisons de croire en l’indéterminisme, ce que nous montrons grâce à des considérations sur la transmission de la justification. Construire des contre-exemples de Frankfurt indéterministes est donc incorrect pour des raisons méthodologiques et logiques. S’ils sont formulés dans un cadre déterministe, les contre-exemples de Frankfurt font face à une autre accusation d’entorse argumentative, présentée dans la défense du dilemme (Dilemma Defence) de Kane-Ginet-Widerker : celle de la pétition de principe. Nous inspectons et nuançons cette accusation, mais concluons qu’elle tient puisque les contre-exemples de Frankfurt déterministes supposent au final une analyse des agents contrefactuels dans les mondes déterministes et de la relation « rendre inévitable » que ne peuvent endosser ni les incompatibilistes de la marge de manœuvre (leeway incompatibilists), ni les incompatibilistes de la source (source incompatibilists) ni non plus les semicompatibilistes. Conséquemment, les contre-exemples de Frankfurt ne peuvent plus soutenir la forme de compatibilisme à laquelle ils ont donné naissance. L’incompatibilisme de la source ne peut plus être préféré à l’incompatibilisme de la marge de manœuvre ni non plus rejeter toute participation des possibilités alternatives dans l’explication de la responsabilité morale sur cette seule base. / Frankfurt-type examples are inoffensive against the Consequence argument, which purports to show that from both the principle of alternative possibilities and determinism, we can deduce that we are not morally responsible for our actions. Indeed, they require either a deterministic context or an indeterministic one. If they require indeterminism, they are harmless because they violate a methodological principle that we defend: the no-premise-negation principle (PNNP). In fact, we show that for each given argument, we cannot legitimately suppose the negation of a premise in order to refute another, unless the attack succeeds to refute both premises. Yet, on the one hand, indeterministic Frankfurt-type examples explicitly suppose that a premise of the Consequence argument – determinism holds – is false; and on the other hand, Frankfurt-type examples do not give us reasons to reject determinism, which we show with considerations on the transmission of justification. To build indeterministic Frankfurt scenarios is therefore incorrect for methodological and logical reasons. If they require determinism, Frankfurt-type examples are facing a different, yet very serious, argumentative accusation (presented in the Kane-Ginet-Widerker famous Dilemma defence): begging the question. We inspect and qualify this accusation. However, we ultimately claim that it still holds because a deterministic Frankfurt-type example supposes an analysis of the role of counterfactual agents and of the relation “render inevitable” in deterministic worlds that is acceptable neither for a leeway incompatibilist, a source incompatibilist or a semicompatibilist. Thus, Frankfurt-type examples no longer successfully support the form of compatibilism they contributed to give birth to. Also, source incompatibilism may not be preferred to leeway incompatibilism, nor reject all use of alternative possibilities in the explanation of moral responsibility on the sole basis of Frankfurt scenarios.

The following text deals with homeless movement in an urban area and is based on a qualitative field research carried out in the capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, from the early November 2014 until the beginning of May 2015. The research of such a sensitive topic as homelessness demands much higher attention, with regard to respecting the ethical rules of the field research and publication of materials gained. Therefore, my thesis deals with the motives of their movement usually based on meeting basic human needs, and with general characteristics of locations they stay in. This information clarify why homeless people move in the city without revelation of exact maps of their location, because this may endanger my informants.

The impact of the law on the lives of homeless people in Queensland has, to date, remained largely unexplored by legal academics and researchers. This is despite the fact that homeless people experience a number of legal difficulties that seriously affect their lives. This thesis by published papers aims to make a significant and original contribution to filling this gap in the research evidence by presenting the results of analyses of the legal, theoretical and practical issues that arise in the context of homeless persons' interactions with the legal system in Queensland. Most notably, it is comprised of three pieces of empirical research which identify those areas of law that impact most on homeless people in Queensland and explore the consequences of the operation of these laws on their lives. In sum, this thesis examines the extent of the law's influence on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and finds that the consequences of the law's operation on homeless people in Queensland are serious. The thesis first examines the effect on Queensland's homeless people of laws which regulate behaviour conducted in public space. The criminal offences of vagrancy, begging and public nuisance are analysed; their historical origins, the reasons for their retention on modern statute books, and arguments in favour of their repeal are discussed. The impact of 'public space law' on homeless people in Queensland is also explored through a survey of 30 homeless people residing in inner-city Brisbane. This part of the thesis concludes that public space law in Queensland results in breaches of homeless persons' human rights, as well as the contravention of rule of law principles. The thesis then explores the impact of the law on homeless persons' experiences of citizenship. Empirical research and theoretical analysis demonstrate that the application of various laws, particularly public space laws, social security laws and electoral laws, encroaches on homeless persons' citizenship rights. The thesis then reports on the results of a unique survey of Queensland's homelessness service providers. This survey is the most extensive piece of empirical research ever conducted on the extent to which various laws impact on homeless people. Respondents were asked to indicate which areas of law impact most adversely on their homeless clients. Based on the research findings outlined above, the hypothesis was that criminal law issues, particularly public space offences, would be proven to impact particularly adversely on homeless people in Queensland. Somewhat unexpectedly, the findings of the survey indicated that fines law, debt law and family law difficulties are those legal difficulties most often encountered by homeless people in Queensland. Difficulties produced by criminal laws, social security laws and electoral laws, while still generally relevant, rated less highly. However, the survey did demonstrate that experiences differ between sub-groups within the homeless population, for example Indigenous homeless people were reported to be most affected by criminal law issues, while young homeless people were reported to be most affected by social security law issues. Together, the five papers which comprise this thesis make an original and substantial contribution to knowledge by identifying empirically for the first time the various laws that have a significant impact on the lives of homeless people in Queensland, and analysing the consequences of this in terms of their effect on homeless persons' citizenship rights, human rights and rule of law entitlements.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Mitt första möte med en tiggande föranledde mig att under fem år undersöka den nya situationen för tiggeriet och giveriet i Sverige. Förutsättningen är att vardagliga handlingar och reaktioner gentemot en annan människa kan synliggöras estetiskt med en etisk klangbotten. Min undersökning utspelar sig i första hand i gaturummet och i medierna. Det är hela tiden bilderna som är utgångspunkten för resonemangen och de gestaltande verken. Bilder som både separerar och länkar samman kroppar. Vilka bilder är i spel i tiggeriets och giveriets sociala koreografi? Hur kan bilder i detta sammanhang aktiveras på nya sätt? Hur kan nya genereras? Tiggandet är en uppmaning till social interaktion, och vare sig givaren socialt interagerar eller inte med den tiggande människan på gatan så involveras givaren i det europeiska samfundets asymmetriska värdesystem. I min första gestaltning anlitas en professionell marknadsundersökare för att ta reda på hur en tiggare i Sverige skulle kunna göra för att bli framgångsrik. Det blir en film som jag sedan visar mittemot en film där tiggande pratar om hur givare ger. Ur detta verk följer så en rad gestaltningar och en interdisciplinär teoretisk diskussion med bland andra Judith Butler, Sara Ahmed och Hannah Arendt, samt med en rad konstnärers arbeten, kring hur bilder – och kroppsliga handlingar – är kopplade till samhällsbilden och samhällskroppen? Körernas uppställning i gestaltningen Tiggandets kör och Givandets kör anger ett utrymme för social interaktion och demonstrerar därmed en annan ordning som kräver andra insatser, i språk, rörelse och attityd gentemot varandra. Det är en social koreografi: när körerna tränade och sjöng tillsammans uppstod en politisk form. Min förhoppning är att estetiskt synliggöra ett politiskt handlingsutrymme mellan tiggandet och givandet som kan utnyttjas för fortsatta etiska förhandlingar, och nya gestaltningar. / My first encounter with a begging person led me to spend five years investigating the new situation regarding begging and giving in Sweden. The premise is that every-day actions and reactions to another person can be made visible through aesthetics with ethical underpinnings. My investigation takes place mainly in the urban landscape and in the media. The images always constitute the point of departure for the reasoning and for the staged works. Images that separate as well as connect bodies. Which images are at play in the social choreography of begging and giving? In this context, how can images be activated in new ways? How can new images be generated? Begging is a call to social interaction, and regardless of whether the giver interacts socially with the begging person on the street, the giver is implicated in the asymmetrical value systems of the European Union. In my first staged work I hire a professional market researcher to find out how a beggar in Sweden should behave to be successful. This becomes a film that I then show opposite another film in which begging people talk about how givers give. This is followed by a number of staged works and an interdisciplinary theoretical discussion involving, among others, Judith Butler, Sara Ahmed, and Hannah Arendt, as well as a number of artistic works concerning how images – and bodily actions – are linked to the social image and the body politics. The arrangement of the choirs in the staged work The Chorus of Begging and The Chorus of Giving, indicates a space for social interaction and thus demonstrates a different order that demands different actions in terms of language, movement, and attitude toward each other. It’s a social choreography: when the choirs rehearsed and sung together a political form emerged. My hope is to make visible a space for action between the begging and the giving that can be used for continued ethical negotiations and new staged works. / <p>Föreliggande doktorsarbete har genomförts och handletts i forskarutbildningen i Fri konst vid Konsthögskolan, Umeå universitet. Doktorsarbetet läggs fram vid Lunds universitet inom ramen för samverkansavtalet mellan Konstnärliga fakulteten vid Lunds universitet och Konsthögskolan Umeå angående utbildning på forskarnivå i ämnet Fri konst inom ramen för Konstnärliga forskarskolan.</p><p>This dissertation has been carried out and supervised within the graduate programme in Fine Arts at Umeå Academy of Fine Arts, Umeå University. The dissertation is presented at Lund University in the framework of the cooperation agreement between the Malmö Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts, Lund University, and Umeå Academy of Fine Arts regarding doctoral education in the subject Fine Arts in the context of Konstnärliga forskarskolan.</p><p>Avhandlingen är även utgiven i serien: Malmö Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts, Lund University: Doctoral Studies and Research in Fine and Performing Arts, 14. ISSN: 1653-8617</p>