壹、研究目的： 本研究乃是以國際觀光旅館之服務品質為研究對象，目的在探討國際觀光旅館與其消 費者在服務品質認知上的差異，在確認其差異後，再歸納其因素，並提出縮減其差異 的建議。 貳、文獻： 本研究主要以Parasuraman, Zeichamal及Berry 等人所提之”服務品質模式”為研究 架構，再針對所探討產業之特性而加以修正而成。 參、研究方法： 首先乃針對國際觀光旅館之管理階層及消費者來調查對飯店提供之客房、餐廳及大廳 服務項目之認知，而後以Ｔ檢定來測試其間差異，並以因素分析來縮減其構面，找出 具代表性的屬性。 肆、研究內容： 主要分為緒論、文獻探討、研究方法、研究發現與結論建議五大部份。 伍、研究結果： 研究結果顯示，國際觀光旅館對顧客預期的認知與顧客實際所預期之間、顧客預期之 服務品質水準與實際感受到服務水準之間確車銪差異存在，造成差異之原因乃是管理 階層所認為顧客對服務屬性之重視程度與實際情況有出入。

本研究主要是以醫院門診服務品質為研究對象，目的在探討醫院與一般大眾在服務品 質認知上的差異。根據Parasuraman 、Zeithamal 及Berry 等所提的「服務品質模式 」，可知醫院對顧客感受的認知與顧客實際感受的服務品質之間是有差距存在的，為 了證實此差距的存在，必須先瞭解醫院門診顧客與院方在評估服務品質時所考慮的因 素及其重視程度。根據Donabedian等之架構，本文將整個醫院門診服務品質有關的屬 性分為結構、過程，以及結果三部份，利用問卷，分別對門診顧客和醫院有關工作人 員進行調查；再以因素分析縮減屬性的構面，找出較具代表性的屬性；以變異數分析 證實醫院與顧客認知間的差距，最後則比較對服務品質認知有顯著影響者。 研究結果顯示：醫院對顧客預期的認知與顧客實際所預期之間，顧客預期的服務品質 水準與實際感受到的之間確都有差距存在，而造成差距的主要原因是醫院所認為顧客 對各屬性的重視程度與實際情況有出入，凡醫院對服務品質較常衡量的，或相關服務 人員對院內改善服務品質活動較瞭解的，其差距會比較小。而顧客方面，凡對醫療有 關訊息較關心的，或去過愈多家醫院的，其預期的服務水準與實際感受之間的差距會 比較大。

Le travail de thèse exposé dans ce manuscrit porte sur le gaz de Bose bidimensionnel. La première partie présente l'observation de la transition de Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless dans un gaz de rubidium 87 ultra-froid, confiné dans un piège mixte magnétique et optique. La localisation précise du point critique et la confrontation des données expérimentales à un modèle théorique permettent de clarifier le rôle de l'excitation résiduelle du mouvement axial et l'influence du potentiel de confinement transverse. La deuxième partie décrit le nouveau montage expérimental, sur lequel les prochaines expériences auront lieu. Les premières observations réalisées sur celui-ci concernent l'expansion libre à deux dimensions d'un gaz de rubidium 87 bidimensionnel. Cette expansion se caractérise par une invariance d'échelle, qui révèle la nature des interactions entre atomes. La troisième partie illustre l'utilisation de potentiels géométriques dans un gaz neutre ultra-froid afin de simuler l'action d'un champ magnétique sur des particules chargées. Ces potentiels, associés à la notion de phase de Berry, peuvent être générés par couplage des atomes à un champ laser. Une proposition de réalisation expérimentale devant conduire à la nucléation de vortex est détaillée.

A cafeicultura representa uma das atividades agrícolas de maior importância para o Brasil e para a Colômbia e ultimamente tem sido impactada negativamente, devido às condições climáticas desfavoráveis com desvios da normalidade da precipitação pluviométrica e de altas temperaturas do segundo semestre do 2015 no caso do Brasil e na Colômbia, na safra 2015-2016, foi altamente impactada pelos efeitos do evento climático El Niño que aumentou os níveis de infestação da brocado- café e com a seca prolongada, que tem afetado a qualidade do grão. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estabelecer o zoneamento de Hypothenemus hampei e Leucoptera coffeella, pragas no cafeeiro em Brasil e na Colômbia, com base nas suas exigências térmicas. Os resultados obtidos para H. hampei, mostraram que a praga se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 25°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); sendo que Ro foi maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de H. hampei aumentou 127,8 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de H. hampei indicaram que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 312 GD. Com a determinação das exigências térmicas de H. hampei e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica, foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil e para a região produtora de café na Colômbia. Assim, para o estado de São Paulo, podem ocorrer de 4,56 a 9,25 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. A maior incidência da praga deve coincidir com o aumento da temperatura e com a disponibilidade de frutos de café aptos a serem infestados. Para a Colômbia, o número de gerações/ano pode ser de 5,85 a 13,55; sendo que 93% da cafeicultura deste pais, pode apresentar a broca-do-café o ano todo. O bicho-mineiro do cafeeiro, L. coffeella, se desenvolve na faixa térmica de 15 a 32°C; a 28°C foram observados os maiores valores de taxa liquida de reprodução (Ro) e da razão finita de aumento (λ); o valor de Ro foi visivelmente maior nesta temperatura, pois, a cada geração a população de L. coffeella aumentou 22,23 vezes. O estudo das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella, mostrou que o limite térmico de desenvolvimento ou temperatura base (Tb) é de 13°C e a constante térmica (K) de 259 GD. Com a determinação, em condições de laboratório, das exigências térmicas de L. coffeella e mediante a utilização de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), foi possível obter mapas de distribuição do desenvolvimento deste inseto para o estado de São Paulo no Brasil. Assim, podem ocorrer de 5,12 a 14,17 gerações/ano, levando-se em consideração as exigências térmicas desta praga. Os dados obtidos no presente trabalho poderão auxiliar na estimativa do número de gerações mensais e anuais para o fortalecimento dos programas de manejo integrado destes insetos. / Coffee culture is one of the main agriculture activities for Brazil and Colombia, with recently negative impacts due to unfavorable climatic conditions as the result of subnormal rain period and increased temperatures during the second half of 2015. In both the mentioned countries, 2015 -2016 yields has been affected by the dry climatic effect of the \"el Niño\" phenomena favoring the coffee berry borer infestation and the the grain quality decrease. The present research aimed to establish the climatic zoning for Hypothenemus hampei and Leucoptera coffeella based on their thermal requirements. Results showed for H. hampei developed into the thermal range between 15 and 32°C; at 25°C were observed the higher liquid net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ), being the Ro 127,8 times. Thermal requirements estimated for H. hampei showed the temperature threshold (Tt) as 13°C and the thermal constant (K) as 312 DD. Estimation of the thermal requirements for H. hampei in laboratory and with the use of Geographic Information System tool (GIS), were obtained insect lifetime distribution maps at the Sao Paulo state and the coffee production region at Colombia. In this way, at Sao Paulo state 4,56 to 9,25 generations/year can be obtained. Higher pest incidence should be coincident with both temperature increases and coffee fruit availability to be infested. At the Colombian coffee crop region, 5,85 to 13,55 generations/year can be obtained between 18 to 24°C temperature range, with that 93% of the coffee crop can be infested with the coffee berry borer whole of the year. The leaf miner L. coffeella, develops at thermal requirements between 15 to 32°C, being the 28°C temperature with the higher net reproduction rate (Ro) and increase finite rate (λ ); showing a population increase per generation of 22,23 times. Thermal requirements for L. coffeella showed the temperature threshold (Tt) is 13°C and the thermal constant (K) of 259 DD. Using the before mentioned variables in laboratory and using the Geographic Information System tool, insect lifetime distribution maps were obtained at the Sao Paulo state in Brazil. 5,12 to 14,17 generations/ year can occur. Data obtained could contribute in the monthly and yearly generation pest generations determination for the integrated pest management programs of these pests.

1. Os serviços de controle de pragas têm papel fundamental para a sustentabilidade da agricultura, porém ainda pouco se sabe sobre como a estrutura da paisagem, tanto em termos de composição (tipos de uso e cobertura das terras) quanto de configuração (proximidade a fragmentos florestais, grau de fragmentação, entre outros), regula a provisão destes serviços em paisagens fragmentadas. 2. Nesse estudo, testamos a capacidade de formigas promoverem o controle da broca-do-café (CBB), a principal praga do café em termos econômicos, e testamos ainda se a provisão desse serviço varia em função da estrutura da paisagem. Medimos o controle de CBB em plantações de café a pleno sol em dez paisagens do Sudeste do Brasil, que representavam um gradiente de cobertura florestal e de café. Utilizamos experimentos de exclusão de formigas, dispostos a diferentes distâncias dos fragmentos florestais, e comparamos o nível de controle de pragas dentro e fora dos experimentos. Testamos como o controle de CBB é afetado pelas interações da exclusão de formigas com parâmetros da estrutura da paisagem, incluindo a proximidade a fragmentos florestais, a cobertura florestal (em raios de 2 km e 300 m) e a cobertura de café (em raios de 300 m). Consideramos três indicadores de controle de pragas: presença de CBB, grau de infestação por CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. 3. Os resultados mostram que as formigas diminuem fortemente a presença de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café por CBB. Além disso, o controle de CBB ocorre, independentemente da sua proximidade aos fragmentos florestais, mas aumenta após 25 m, sugerindo que as formigas que prestam esse serviço estão adaptadas às condições ambientais das plantações de café a pleno sol. 4. A existência de pelo menos 35% de cobertura florestal, num entorno de 2 km, reduz a infestação de CBB e o dano aos grãos de café. Os resultados sugerem ainda que a expansão da cobertura de café aumenta a presença de CBB, mas diminui o dano aos grãos de café. 5. Síntese e aplicações. Esse estudo apresenta novas evidências que as formigas provêm controle de CBB e esse serviço é modulado pela estrutura da paisagem. Este estudo fornece assim dados importantes para planejar paisagens de cultivo de café que ao mesmo tempo permitam maior controle de CBB e conservação de habitats naturais / 1. Pest control services play a fundamental role in agriculture sustainability. However, little is known on how they are regulated by landscape composition (i.e. land-use and land cover change) and configuration (i.e. proximity to forest fragments and fragmentation intensity). 2. We measured whether landscape structure influences the ability of ants to control coffee berry borer (CBB), coffee\'s most economically influential pest, in sun coffee agroecosystems in Southeastern Brazil. We measured pest control among 10 landscapes that represented a gradual difference in forest and coffee cover. We manipulated ants through exclusion experiments (set at varied distances from forest fragments) and compared pest control inside and outside exclusion experiments. We tested whether CBB control is influenced by interactions of ant exclusions with landscape structure metrics, including distance to forest fragments, forest cover (2 km and 300 m-levels), and coffee cover (300 m-level). We considered three indicators of pest control: CBB presence, CBB infestation, and CBB bean damage. 3. Results show ants provide CBB control, strongly reducing CBB presence and bean damage. Also, CBB control is maintained regardless from its proximity to forest fragments, but increases after 25 m (hinting ants who provide this pest control service are adapted to habitat conditions in sun coffee farms). 4. Existence of at least 35% of forest cover in radii of 2 km reduces CBB infestation and bean damage. Results suggest further that expanding coffee cover increases CBB presence, but decreases bean damage. 5. Synthesis and application. This study presents new evidence of ants as efficient providers of CBB control in sun coffee agroecosystems and how this service is influenced by landscape structure. This study provides important data useful to adequately plan coffee landscapes with both enhanced CBB control as well as potential for conservation of natural habitats

Les changements climatiques mondiaux ont déjà affecté et continueront d’affecter la physiologie de la vigne, en particulier le rendement et la composition des baies à la récolte, et donc, en définitive, la qualité et la typicité des vins produits. Parmi les différentes stratégies possibles d’adaptation de la viticulture au changement climatique (modifications de l’encépagement, création de nouvelles variétés mieux adaptées aux conditions futures,...), le contrôle de la composition des baies à la récolte par le biais d’une modification des pratiques culturales et notamment par des manipulations de la canopée (rapport feuilles/fruits (Fe/Fr), manipulation de l’exposition des grappes, échardage) est certainement celle qui serait la plus rapide à mettre en œuvre.Ma thèse a pour but de rechercher le meilleur point de compromis entre diminution du taux de sucres et maintien de l’acidité, de l’accumulation des composés phénoliques et d’une complexité aromatique proche de l’actuelle, en réponse aux manipulations de canopée (rapport Fe/Fr, échardage) couplées ou non à l’application d’acide abscissique (ABA).Différents ratio Fe/Fr ont ainsi été étudiés sur le cépage d’étude Cabernet-Sauvignon en conditions semi-contrôlées en serre sur boutures fructifères puis au vignoble au sein d’une parcelle de production. L’analyse de la composition des baies en métabolites primaires et secondaires, réalisée lors de ces deux expériences, a permis de déterminer que le ratio 6 feuilles restantes par grappe était la valeur seuil en dessous de laquelle un effet sur les métabolites primaires est visible. Une diminution du taux de sucres a notamment été observée, également associée à la diminution de la concentration en anthocyanes totales qui sont particulièrement importantes dans la définition de la typicité des vins de Bordeaux. L’application d’ABA exogène sur les baies avant la véraison a permis de diminuer les effets négatifs de la modification du ratio Fe/Fr sur l’accumulation des anthocyanes et n’a pas montré d’impact sur la typicité des vins lors des dégustations des microvinifications réalisées au cours de cette étude. Ces résultats analytiques obtenus ont été couplés à des analyses transcriptomiques de type RNAseq et PCR quantitative en temps réel (Fluidigm) afin d’identifier les gènes clefs associés au voies métaboliques primaires et secondaires réagissant aux modulations du ratio Fe/Fr couplées ou non à l’ajout d’ABA. Ainsi, le couplage modulation du ratio Fe/Fr et application d’ABA exogène sur les baies serait une méthode potentiellement utilisable afin de réduire le taux de sucres et de maintenir une typicité bordelaise proche de l’actuelle.La caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un gène potentiellement associé à la voie de biosynthèse des méthoxypyrazines, impliquées dans le caractère végétal du raisin et du vin, a également été mise en œuvre. Différentes approches ont été testées et ont fourni des indices utiles, cependant les résultats obtenus sont encore en cours de confirmation. / Global climate changes have already affected and will continue to affect the physiology of grapevine, in particular the yield and berry composition at harvest, and thus ultimately the quality and typicality of the wines produced. Among the different possible strategies of adapting viticulture to climate change (changes varieties, creation of new varieties better adapted to future conditions,...), modulating berry composition at harvest through changing cultural practices, such as manipulations of the canopy (leaf / fruit ratio, grape exposure), may be a fast and efficient option as a short-term adaptation strategy.My thesis aims to find the best point of compromise between reducing the sugar level and, maintaining the acidity, phenolic compounds, and the aromatic complexity by the canopy manipulations (leaves / fruits ratio, secondary shoot removal), coupled or not with the application of abscisic acid.Different leaf / fruit ratios were studied on the Cabernet-Sauvignon cultivar in greenhouse and in vineyard within a plot of production. The berry composition analysis of primary and secondary metabolites, performed in these two experiments, made it possibleto determine that the ratio of 6 leaves remaining per cluster was the threshold value below which an effect on the primary metabolites is visible. A decrease in the sugar content was especially observed, also associated with a decrease in the concentration of total anthocyanins which are particularly important in the definition of the typicality of Bordeaux wines. The application of exogenous abscisic acid to the berries before veraison permitted to reduce the negative effects of the modification of the leaf-to-fruit ratio on the accumulation of anthocyanins and did not affect the typicality of the wines during the tastings of the microvinifications carried out during this study. These analytical results were coupled with transcriptomic analyses of RNAseq and real-time quantitative PCR (Fluidigm) to identify key genes associated with the primary and secondary metabolic pathways reacting to modulations of leaf-to-fruit ratio coupled or not with the addition of abscisic acid.Thus, the coupling modulation of the leaf-to-fruit ratio to the application of exogenous abscisic acid on the berries would be a usable method to reduce the sugar content and maintain a typicality of Bordeaux wines close to the current one.The functional characterization of a gene potentially associated with the biosynthetic pathway of methoxypyrazines, which are involved in vegetable character of grapes and wine, was also conducted. Different approaches have been tested and provided useful clues but the conclusive results are still under further confirmation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Alice Goncalves.pdf: 873378 bytes, checksum: fb686021189241d838e45d375973b549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The foundation of the Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia SBE (Brazilian Society of Entomology) was one the main consequences of the process of institutionalization of the Brazilian Entomology. This process is directly related to the advances in agricultural entomology in São Paulo since the beginning of the Comissão Debeladora da Broca do Café (Commission for the Defeat of Coffee Berry Borer) in 1924. The aim of this research is analyze the way in which the development of this science led to the establishment of the SBE and to the changes occurred in the institutions responsible for it from 1924 to 1939. The Secretary of Agriculture reports and the Bulletin of Agriculture are part of the public administration history and play a role as sources for the purposes of this research. In Brazil, the development of entomology has been initially associated with emergency conditions, and the publication activities of SBE have contributed to materialize a conservative scientific project / A fundação da Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia (SBE) foi um dos principais desdobramentos do processo de institucionalização da entomologia brasileira. Esse processo está relacionado diretamente ao avanço da entomologia agrícola paulista a partir do início dos trabalhos da Comissão Debeladora da Broca do Café, em 1924. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar de que forma o desenvolvimento dessa ciência levou à criação da SBE e às mudanças nos institutos responsáveis por ela no estado de São Paulo entre 1924 e 1939. Os Relatórios da Secretaria de Agricultura e o Boletim da Agricultura fazem parte da história da administração pública e representaram uma fonte importante para o propósito da pesquisa. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento da entomologia esteve associado inicialmente a condições de emergência, e a atividade de divulgação da SBE contribuiu para materializar um projeto científico conservacionista

Abstract After the discovery of topological insulators (TIs), it has come to be widely recognized that topological states of matter can actually be widespread. In this sense, TIs have established a new paradigm about topological materials. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in topological semimetals, which embody two different ways of generalizing the effectively massless electrons to bulk materials. Dirac and, particularly, Weyl semimetals should support several transport and optical phenomena that are still being sought in experiments. A number of promising experimental results indicate superconductivity in members of half-Hesuler semimetals which realize the mixing singlet and triplet pairing symmetry. We now turn to results we got through the work on topological semimetals. This work presents quantum high field transports on Dirac and Weyl topological semimetals including Sr1-yMn1-zSb2 (y, z < 0.1), YbMnBi2 and TaP. In case of Sr1-yMn1-zSb2 (y, z < 0.1), massless relativistic fermion was reported with m* = 0.04-0.05m0. This material presented a ferromagnetic order for in 304 K < T < 565 K, but a canted antiferromagnetic order with a net ferromagnetic component for T < 304 K. These are considered striking features of Dirac fermions For YbMnBi2, we reported the unusual interlayer quantum transport behavior in magnetoresistivity, resulting from the zeroth LL mode observed in this time reversal symmetry breaking type II Weyl semimetal. Also, for Weyl semimetal TaP the measurements probed multiple Fermi pockets, from which nontrivial π Berry phase and Zeeman splitting were extracted. Our ultra-low penetration depth measurements on half-Heuslers YPdBi and TbPdBi revealed a power- law behavior with n= 2.76 ± 0.04 for YPdBi samples and n=2.6 ± 0.3 for TbPdBi sample. We may conclude the exponent n > 2 implies nodless superconducting gap in our samples. Also, we found that despite the increase in magnetic correlations from YPdBi to TbPdBi, superconductivity remains robust in both systems which indicates that AF fluctuations do not play a major role in superconducting mechanism.

La double île supraconductrice, composée de trois jonctions Josephson en série, est un circuit pouvant<br />se comporter comme un système à deux niveaux. Les énergies des états quantiques macroscopiques sont<br />contrôlées par deux tensions de grille et par une tension de polarisation VB.<br />Le transfert d'une paire de Cooper à travers le circuit dissipe dans l'environnement électromagnétique<br />une quantité d'énergie 2eVB, correspondant à la polarisation en tension. Les propriétés de transport<br />à travers ce dispositif, en absence de quasiparticules résiduelles, font apparaître la compétition entre le<br />couplage des états dégénérés de la double île et le taux de relaxation en fonction de la tension de<br />polarisation. Tant que la relaxation est le facteur limitant, le courant est uniquement déterminé par la<br />relaxation, conduisant au régime quantique. Par contre, si le couplage devient le facteur limitant (ou<br />si la relaxation domine), la dynamique change et le courant paradoxalement diminue, menant au<br />régime Zéno. Aux tensions suffisamment basses, le supercourant est identifié à travers les trois jonctions<br />en série.<br />Dans ce travail, il s'agit aussi de comprendre l'effet d'un cycle d'évolution adiabatique, réalisé par<br />l'application des deux tensions de grille alternatives de même fréquence et d'amplitude en quadrature de<br />phase, produisant un courant de pompage à travers le circuit. Cette thèse présente dans quelle mesure<br />le pompage adiabatique peut être exploité pour "lire" l'état du système. Le courant de pompage est, en<br />effet, sensible à l'occupation de l'état quantique, la charge pompée dans l'état fondamental et dans le<br />premier état excité étant de signe opposé.

The college commencement address is traditionally regarded as the low point of an otherwise auspicious occasion. An ephemeral form of ceremonial oratory, the commencement speech is reviled for its conventional platitudes, its easy piety, and its abstractions on the well-lived life, the sunny future, and the ethics of adulthood. The South may differ, however, in its approach to the commencement speech genre, especially in the years between World War II and the millennium, when one of the South’s most significant assets became the southern writer. Throughout this dissertation, I have tried to situate eight commencement addresses given by such prominent and dissimilar writers as W.J. Cash, William Faulkner, Wendell Berry, Will D. Campbell, Lee Smith, Clyde Edgerton, Maya Angelou, and Fred Chappell, within the context of the times in which they were delivered and within the speakers' written works. Through my analysis of these graduation talks, I discovered that southern writers typically abandon those repetitious conventions that render the commencement address forgettable in favor of the innovative techniques that were already at work in their written works.