Yes / Shell beads appear to have been one of the earliest examples of personal adornments. Marine shells identified far from the shore evidence long-distance transport and imply networks of exchange and negotiation. However, worked beads lose taxonomic clues to identification, and this may be compounded by taphonomic alteration. Consequently, the significance of this key early artefact may be underestimated. We report the use of bulk amino acid composition of the stable intra-crystalline proteins preserved in shell biominerals and the application of pattern recognition methods to a large dataset (777 samples) to demonstrate that taxonomic identification can be achieved at genus level. Amino acid analyses are fast (<2 hours per sample) and micro-destructive (sample size <2 mg). Their integration with non-destructive techniques provides a valuable and affordable tool, which can be used by archaeologists and museum curators to gain insight into early exploitation of natural resources by humans. Here we combine amino acid analyses, macro- and microstructural observations (by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and Raman spectroscopy to try to identify the raw material used for beads discovered at the Early Bronze Age site of Great Cornard (UK). Our results show that at least two shell taxa were used and we hypothesise that these were sourced locally.

Neste trabalho, foram analisados alguns sistemas bioquímicos relacionados ao estresse oxidativo em diferentes tecidos de moluscos bivalves, em resposta a diferentes tipos de estresse ambiental, com o intuito de se verificar a possibilidade de utilização destes sistemas em programas de biomonitoramento do ambiente marinho, assim como verificar a influência de variações em parâmetros ambientais não relacionados à poluição sobre esses sistemas. Mexilhões Perna perna e Mytella guyanensis coletados em ambientes poluídos apresentaram níveis significativamente maiores de lesões em DNA e lipídeos que animais coletados em local limpo. Além disso, mexilhões expostos a metais apresentaram também maiores níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados indicam que as lesões analisadas nos mexilhões apresentaram uma boa resposta aos diferentes contaminantes, o que sugere sua utilização como biomarcadores da contaminação ambiental marinha. Entretanto, outros fatores tais como os ciclos de exposição ao ar, sazonalidade e variações de salinidade também ocasionaram oscilações nos níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados sugerem que deve-se ter especial atenção às condições de coleta em estudos de biomonitormanento ambiental, uma vez que variações ambientais não controladas em fatores abióticos podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos Em mexilhões expostos a diferentes metais em laboratório por diferentes períodos, foram estudadas as atividades de algumas enzimas antioxidantes tais como a catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa peroxidase específica para hidroperóxidos de lipídeos (PHGPx), glutationa S-transferase (GST), níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e de peroxidação lipídica. Algumas oscilações foram observadas nestes parâmetros, em relação à susceptibilidade dos tecidos à peroxidação lipídica. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre a atividade da PHGPx e os níveis de peroxidação lipídica, indicando um possível papel protetor da PHGPx contra lesões oxidativas às membranas, como também sua modulação pelos metais. Níveis de serotonina (5HT) e dopamina (DOPA) foram também avaliados em glândulas digestivas e tecido muscular de mexilhões P. perna, onde verificou-se que os metais causaram depleção dos níveis de 5HT e DOPA. No caso específico de tecidos musculares, uma diminuição dos níveis destes dois compostos poderia ser devido à contração tônica das valvas dos mexilhões em resposta a presença dos metais, uma vez que estes dois compostos estão envolvidos no relaxamento muscular dos mexilhões. Quando mexilhões foram expostos ao ar, constatamos também uma diminuição nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA no músculo, o que provavelmente estava associado à contração muscular para o fechamento das valvas, evitando assim a dessecação. Ao serem re-submersos, os níveis voltaram aos anteriores (similares aos controles), o que indicaria o relaxamento dos músculos com a conseqüente abertura das valvas. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nas glândulas digestivas. Pequenas variações foram também observadas nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA, entre mexilhões coletados em diferentes horários do dia, indicando o papel destes dois compostos no controle dos ritmos biológicos. Sendo assim, oscilações nos níveis destes dois compostos em função da exposição a metais pesados podem comprometer também os ritmos biológicos destes animais. Ainda, em estudos adicionais foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta performance acoplado à espectrometria de massas (HPLC/MS) e por ressonância magnética nuclear de próton e carbono, o produto de oxidação da melatonina pelo oxigênio singlete, o AFMK. Como parte deste estudo, comprovamos a hipótese de que a reação de nitrilas com peróxido de hidrogênio em meio alcalino gera oxigênio singlete, em estudos de monitoramento das emissões de luz bi e monomoleculares do oxigênio singlete, e pela detecção do produto acetamida por HPLC/MS. Por fim, um novo método de detecção de melatonina e AFMK com alta especificidade e sensibilidade por HPLC/MS foi desenvolvido. / In this work, some biochemical systems were evaluated in different tissues of bivalve mollusks, in response to different stress, in order to verify the possibility of use of these systems as pollution bioindicators in marine environmental monitoring studies, as well as to verify the influence of environmental variations not related to pollution on these systems. Mussels Mytella guyanensis and Perna perna collected in polluted environments presented higher levels of DNA and lipid damage, compared to mussels from a reference site. Mussels exposed to different metals also presented high levels of DNA and lipid damage. These data indicates that the lesions evaluated in mussels showed good responses to the contaminants, suggesting its use as biomarkers of marine contamination. On the other hand, other environmental variations such as air exposure cyvles, seasonality and variations in salinity also caused changes in the levels of DNA and lipid damage, indicating that the collection procedure of mussels, including observations of the environment conditions, should be considered for better interpretation of the results. In mussels exposed to different metal at different time intervals, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Some oscillations were observed in these parameters, related to the susceptibility of the digestive gland to lipid peroxidation. Major relationships were observed between the activity of PHGPx and the levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting a protective role of PHGPx against lipid peroxidation and its modulation by metals. The levels of serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DOPA) were also evaluated in digestive gland and muscle tissues of the mussels, being observed 5HT and DOPA depletion in both tissues. In muscle tissues, this would be related to the tonic catch contraction of muscle fibers in response to the metal exposure, since 5HT and DOPA are involved in this process. Experiments of exposure of mussels to air and re-submersion were also done to verify the effects on 5HT and DOPA levels. When mussels were exposed to air, decreases in 5HT and DOPA were observed, and when mussels were re-submersed, the levels back to the control values, which would also be related to the muscle contraction. No differences were observed in digestive glands. Little variations in 5HT and DOPA levels were observed between mussels collected at different times of the day, indicating a role of these compounds in the control of biological rithms. Additional studies were done, were the oxidative melatonin product by singlet molecular oxygen was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The chraracterized product was the kynurenine N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK). Along this study, the theory that the reaction of nitriles with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solutions were confirmated through monitoring of the ligh emmited by singlet oxygen and the detection of the product formed (acetamide). Also, a new method for the simultaneous detection of melatonin and AFMK with high specificity and sensibility by HPLC/MS were developed.

Orientador: Marcello Guimarães Simões / Resumo: A Formação Crato, Aptiano, é uma das principais unidades litoestratigráficas da sucessão sedimentar mesozoica da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil. A unidade é reconhecida por conter um dos mais importantes depósitos do tipo Konservat-Lagerstätte do Gondwana. Tais depósitos são representados por calcários laminados contendo fósseis excepcionalmente bem preservados. Investigações estratigráficas e paleontológicas, combinadas com mapeamento detalhado da unidade na borda Leste da Bacia do Araripe, tornaram possível o reconhecimento de um importante intervalo contendo siltitos e argilitos ricos em fósseis de moluscos (gastrópodes, bivalves e restos vegetais incarbonizados), com ampla distribuição lateral. O intervalo, com 0,3-2,25 m de espessura, é representado por camadas tabulares de lamitos acinzentados, intensamente bioturbados e intercalados em folhelhos, arenitos finos e fácies heterolíticas. No presente estudo são descritas, pela primeira vez, as espécies de moluscos bivalves encontradas nesta camada e discutidas as suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogegráficas. Espécimes foram coletados em quatro localidades distintas (i.e., Três Irmãos, Batateira, Caldas e Estiva), e foram posteriormente submetidos à minuciosa análise de caracteres-chave (e.g., cicatrizes musculares, charneira e ornamentação). São descritos dois novos gêneros (Cratonaia gen. nov. e Araripenaia gen. nov.), pertencentes a Silesunionoidea Skawina e Dzik, 2011 e Trigonioidoidea Cox, 1952, respectivament... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Aptian Crato Formation is one of the main litostratigraphic units of the Mesozoic sedimentary succession of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. This unit is widely known for containing one of the main Konservat-Lagerstätte deposits of the Gondwana. Such deposits are represented by laminated limestones enclosing exceptionally well-preserved fossils. Stratigraphic and paleontological investigations, combined with detailed mapping of the unit in the eastern border of the Araripe Basin, enabled the recognizing of a key interval encompassing shell-rich siltstones and claystones, with wide lateral distribution. The 0.3–2.25-m-thick interval is represented by tabular layers of intensely bioturbated grayish mudstones, intercalated in shales, fine sandstones and heterolithic facies. In this study, for the very first time, bivalve molluscs found within this layer are described, and their paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications are discussed. Specimens have been collected in four different locations (i.e., Três Irmãos, Batateira, Caldas and Estiva), and then submitted to careful analyses of key morphological characters (e.g., muscle scars, hinge and ornamentation). Two new genera are herein described (Cratonaia gen. nov. and Araripenaia gen. nov.), each one of them belonging to the superfamilies Silesunionoidea Skawina and Dzik, 2011 and Trigonioidoidea Cox, 1952, respectively. Both genera are monospecific and represented by the new species Cratonaia novaolindensi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Neste trabalho, foram analisados alguns sistemas bioquímicos relacionados ao estresse oxidativo em diferentes tecidos de moluscos bivalves, em resposta a diferentes tipos de estresse ambiental, com o intuito de se verificar a possibilidade de utilização destes sistemas em programas de biomonitoramento do ambiente marinho, assim como verificar a influência de variações em parâmetros ambientais não relacionados à poluição sobre esses sistemas. Mexilhões Perna perna e Mytella guyanensis coletados em ambientes poluídos apresentaram níveis significativamente maiores de lesões em DNA e lipídeos que animais coletados em local limpo. Além disso, mexilhões expostos a metais apresentaram também maiores níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados indicam que as lesões analisadas nos mexilhões apresentaram uma boa resposta aos diferentes contaminantes, o que sugere sua utilização como biomarcadores da contaminação ambiental marinha. Entretanto, outros fatores tais como os ciclos de exposição ao ar, sazonalidade e variações de salinidade também ocasionaram oscilações nos níveis de lesões em DNA e lipídeos. Estes dados sugerem que deve-se ter especial atenção às condições de coleta em estudos de biomonitormanento ambiental, uma vez que variações ambientais não controladas em fatores abióticos podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos Em mexilhões expostos a diferentes metais em laboratório por diferentes períodos, foram estudadas as atividades de algumas enzimas antioxidantes tais como a catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa peroxidase específica para hidroperóxidos de lipídeos (PHGPx), glutationa S-transferase (GST), níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e de peroxidação lipídica. Algumas oscilações foram observadas nestes parâmetros, em relação à susceptibilidade dos tecidos à peroxidação lipídica. As maiores correlações foram observadas entre a atividade da PHGPx e os níveis de peroxidação lipídica, indicando um possível papel protetor da PHGPx contra lesões oxidativas às membranas, como também sua modulação pelos metais. Níveis de serotonina (5HT) e dopamina (DOPA) foram também avaliados em glândulas digestivas e tecido muscular de mexilhões P. perna, onde verificou-se que os metais causaram depleção dos níveis de 5HT e DOPA. No caso específico de tecidos musculares, uma diminuição dos níveis destes dois compostos poderia ser devido à contração tônica das valvas dos mexilhões em resposta a presença dos metais, uma vez que estes dois compostos estão envolvidos no relaxamento muscular dos mexilhões. Quando mexilhões foram expostos ao ar, constatamos também uma diminuição nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA no músculo, o que provavelmente estava associado à contração muscular para o fechamento das valvas, evitando assim a dessecação. Ao serem re-submersos, os níveis voltaram aos anteriores (similares aos controles), o que indicaria o relaxamento dos músculos com a conseqüente abertura das valvas. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nas glândulas digestivas. Pequenas variações foram também observadas nos níveis de 5HT e DOPA, entre mexilhões coletados em diferentes horários do dia, indicando o papel destes dois compostos no controle dos ritmos biológicos. Sendo assim, oscilações nos níveis destes dois compostos em função da exposição a metais pesados podem comprometer também os ritmos biológicos destes animais. Ainda, em estudos adicionais foi caracterizado por cromatografia líquida de alta performance acoplado à espectrometria de massas (HPLC/MS) e por ressonância magnética nuclear de próton e carbono, o produto de oxidação da melatonina pelo oxigênio singlete, o AFMK. Como parte deste estudo, comprovamos a hipótese de que a reação de nitrilas com peróxido de hidrogênio em meio alcalino gera oxigênio singlete, em estudos de monitoramento das emissões de luz bi e monomoleculares do oxigênio singlete, e pela detecção do produto acetamida por HPLC/MS. Por fim, um novo método de detecção de melatonina e AFMK com alta especificidade e sensibilidade por HPLC/MS foi desenvolvido. / In this work, some biochemical systems were evaluated in different tissues of bivalve mollusks, in response to different stress, in order to verify the possibility of use of these systems as pollution bioindicators in marine environmental monitoring studies, as well as to verify the influence of environmental variations not related to pollution on these systems. Mussels Mytella guyanensis and Perna perna collected in polluted environments presented higher levels of DNA and lipid damage, compared to mussels from a reference site. Mussels exposed to different metals also presented high levels of DNA and lipid damage. These data indicates that the lesions evaluated in mussels showed good responses to the contaminants, suggesting its use as biomarkers of marine contamination. On the other hand, other environmental variations such as air exposure cyvles, seasonality and variations in salinity also caused changes in the levels of DNA and lipid damage, indicating that the collection procedure of mussels, including observations of the environment conditions, should be considered for better interpretation of the results. In mussels exposed to different metal at different time intervals, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Some oscillations were observed in these parameters, related to the susceptibility of the digestive gland to lipid peroxidation. Major relationships were observed between the activity of PHGPx and the levels of lipid peroxidation, suggesting a protective role of PHGPx against lipid peroxidation and its modulation by metals. The levels of serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DOPA) were also evaluated in digestive gland and muscle tissues of the mussels, being observed 5HT and DOPA depletion in both tissues. In muscle tissues, this would be related to the tonic catch contraction of muscle fibers in response to the metal exposure, since 5HT and DOPA are involved in this process. Experiments of exposure of mussels to air and re-submersion were also done to verify the effects on 5HT and DOPA levels. When mussels were exposed to air, decreases in 5HT and DOPA were observed, and when mussels were re-submersed, the levels back to the control values, which would also be related to the muscle contraction. No differences were observed in digestive glands. Little variations in 5HT and DOPA levels were observed between mussels collected at different times of the day, indicating a role of these compounds in the control of biological rithms. Additional studies were done, were the oxidative melatonin product by singlet molecular oxygen was characterized by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS), and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The chraracterized product was the kynurenine N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (AFMK). Along this study, the theory that the reaction of nitriles with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline solutions were confirmated through monitoring of the ligh emmited by singlet oxygen and the detection of the product formed (acetamide). Also, a new method for the simultaneous detection of melatonin and AFMK with high specificity and sensibility by HPLC/MS were developed.

No description available.

Wetlands are limnic ecosystems that greatly benefit biodiversity and provide ecosystem services like water purification and carbon sequestration across the globe. However, they have for centuries suffered disturbances and intentionally been altered to make way for anthropogenic activity. In recent times many wetlands are being restored and new ones are constructed in an effort to recreate the former dynamic between wetlands and the surrounding landscape and its ecosystems. The ecological status of wetlands can be monitored by performing inventories of invertebrate indicator species. Limnic snails and mussels make for good monitoring candidates, due to their ability to bioaccumulate toxic substances, sensitivity to environmental changes and general presence in wetland habitats. Snails and mussels are also among the most threatened groups of organisms in limnic ecosystems, but do despite this seldom get included in conservation plans. This study, a collaboration with Hushållningssällskapet in Halland, investigated the occurence of limnic snails and mussels in constructed wetlands ordered in different age categories. The general purpose of the study is to expand the knowledge about the species composition of snails and mussels that occur in the catchment area of Trönninge river. Furthermore, another aim is that the results will be of use for future studies of wetland ecology and the roles that snails and mussels fill in it. / Våtmarker är viktiga sötvattenssystem för biologisk mångfald och bidrar med ekosystemtjänster över hela världen, bland annat renande av vatten och lagring av kol. De har dock under sekler påverkats och förstörts för att bistå människans olika syften. Idag konstrueras nya våtmarker eller restaureras för att återskapa processer som samverkar med de ekosystem som ingår i landskapsbilden. Våtmarkers ekologiska status kan undersökas genom insamling av evertebrata indikatorarter. I dessa biotoper är ofta sötvattensmollusker som snäckor och musslor både vanligt förekommande och reagerar på miljöförändringar. De renar vattnen på föroreningar och lagrar toxiska ämnen i sina kroppar, vilket gör dem till bra kandidater för miljöövervakning. Snäckor och musslor hör idag till de mest hotade grupperna av organismer i limniska ekosystem, men inkluderas trots detta sällan i bevarandeplanering. I denna inventeringsstudie undersöktes förekomsten av snäckor och musslor i anlagda våtmarker av olika ålderskategorier. Studien genomfördes i samarbete med Hushållningssällskapet i Halland och syftar bland annat till att tillföra utökad kännedom om snäckor och musslors artsammansättning i Trönningeåns avrinningsområde. Målsättningen är att resultaten ska komma till användning för framtida studier som inriktar sig på våtmarkers ekologiska status i allmänhet och framförallt snäckor och musslors roller i dessa.

名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム報告

Les systèmes sexuels et les mécanismes responsables de la détermination du sexe chez les animaux sont issus de stratégies diverses. Cette incroyable diversité se reflète notamment chez les bivalves, où autant les facteurs génétiques qu’environnementaux y jouent un rôle, avec des espèces utilisant divers modes de reproduction, tels que le gonochorisme ou l’hermaphroditisme simultané ou séquentiel. La découverte la plus notable est celle d’un système de déterminisme sexuel unique qui impliquerait les mitochondries. Spécifiquement, un système de transmission sexe-spécifique de l’ADN mitochondrial, connu sous le nom de DUI (« Double Uniparental Inheritance » ou double transmission uniparentale), serait lié au maintien du gonochorisme chez certaines espèces de bivalves. La DUI implique un ADN mitochondrial qui est transmis de façon maternelle (ADNmt F) aux femelles et aux mâles, et l’autre transmis de façon paternelle (ADNmt M) aux mâles seulement. Les ADNmt F et M chez les espèces à DUI sont caractérisés par des traits uniques, comme une modification du gène cox2, ou encore la présence de nouveaux gènes associés à chacun des génomes mitochondriaux (des gènes sexe-spécifiques) qui ont une fonction autre que la production d’énergie contrairement aux autres gènes mitochondriaux typiques. Le lien entre la DUI et la détermination du sexe étant encore flou, trois approches ont été proposées pour aider à le démystifier, chacune des approches constituant un chapitre de cette thèse. Les deux premiers chapitres se sont concentrés sur des espèces de moules d’eau douce de l’ordre des Unionida, où une corrélation entre gonochorisme et DUI et hermaphroditisme et SMI (« Strictly Maternally Inheritance » ou transmission strictement maternelle) a été décrite. La première approche consistait à produire une analyse transcriptomique comparative entre les gonades mâles et femelles de deux espèces à DUI gonochoriques, Venustaconcha ellipsiformis et Utterbackia peninsularis (famille Unionidae), pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes sous-jacents à la détermination du sexe et à la DUI chez ces bivalves. Cette étude a révélé 12 000 gènes orthologues, avec 2 583 gènes différentiellement exprimés chez les deux espèces, dont les gènes Sry, Dmrt1 et Foxl2 connus pour être des éléments clés dans la détermination du sexe chez les vertébrés et d’autres bivalves. Nos résultats ont aussi été comparés avec d’autres espèces à DUI, notamment avec la palourde marine Ruditapes philippinarum, pour identifier des éléments partagés entre des espèces éloignées qui pourraient être responsables de la régulation de la DUI. Globalement, ces résultats corroborent l'hypothèse selon laquelle un mécanisme d'ubiquitination modifié pourrait être responsable de la rétention de l'ADNmt paternel chez les bivalves mâles. Les analyses ont aussi révélé que la méthylation de l'ADN pourrait être impliquée dans la régulation de la DUI. Une deuxième analyse transcriptomique comparative a été réalisée afin de discerner les mécanismes sous-jacents à la détermination du sexe et à la DUI, mais cette fois-ci entre l’espèce à DUI gonochorique U. peninsularis et l’espèce proche parente à SMI hermaphrodite U. imbecillis. Cette étude a permis de supporter l’hypothèse d’une implication des mécanismes d’ubiquitination et de méthylation dans la régulation de la DUI, ainsi que de confirmer un rôle des gènes conservés liés à la détermination du sexe également chez les bivalves hermaphrodites. Nos résultats ont également révélé de nouveaux gènes candidats ayant des rôles potentiels dans la DUI, y compris des nucléases et des facteurs impliqués dans l’autophagie / mitophagie. Finalement, afin d’identifier des éléments génétiques mitochondriaux qui pourraient faire partie des mécanismes sous-jacents à la DUI et la détermination du sexe chez les bivalves, nous avons séquencé les ADNmt F et M complets de deux nouvelles espèces à DUI de deux familles de l’ordre des Venerida, Scrobicularia plana (famille Semelidae) et Limecola balthica (famille Tellinidae). En effet, la description complète des ADNmt chez les espèces à DUI a été effectuée chez plusieurs espèces de moules d’eau douce (ordre Unionoida), mais peu d’espèces l’ont été pour les ordres Mytilida et Venerida. Ces études sont essentielles pour retracer des signatures génétiques mitochondriales partagées par différentes espèces à DUI. Nos résultats ont révélé les plus grosses différences de taille (>10kb) et de divergence nucléotidique (jusqu’à 50% de divergence) entre les ADNmt M et F, parmi toutes les espèces à DUI. Ces différences de taille sont principalement dues à une immense insertion (>3.5kb) dans la séquence du gène cox2 du génome mitochondrial M, chez nos deux espèces, un trait précédemment décrit chez les moules d’eau douce. Le gène cox2 des mâles de S. plana est la plus longue séquence à travers le règne animal. Une autre fonctionnalité importante portés par les ADNmt F et M est la présence de nouveaux gènes spécifiques au sexe, comme reportée chez toutes les autres espèces à DUI jsuqu’à maintenant. Les résultats combinés de cette thèse soutiennent le partage de plusieurs éléments génétiques clés entre les espèces à DUI. De plus, un parallèle avec le système CMS (« Cytoplasmic Male Sterility » ou stérilité cytoplasmique mâle) chez les plantes, les seuls autres organismes possédant un déterminisme sexuel qui implique les mitochondries, est proposé pour expliquer le rôle de l’ADNmt dans la détermination du sexe chez les espèces de bivalves à DUI. / Sexual systems and sex determining mechanisms described among animals are extraordinarily diverses. This amazing diversity is present in bivalves where both environment and genetic factors occur, leading to, among others, gonochoric and simultaneous or sequential hermaphroditic species. The most impressive discovery is a sex-determining system that would involve mitochondria. Specifically, a unique mitochondrial DNA inheritance system, known as Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI), would be related to the maintenance of gonochorism in some bivalve species. DUI involves two mitochondrial DNA lineages, one that is maternally transmitted (F mtDNA) to females and males, and the other that is transmitted paternally (M mtDNA) to males only. The F and M mtDNAs, in DUI species, are characterized by unique traits, such as a modification of the cox2 gene, or the presence of new genes associated with each of the mitochondrial genomes (sex-specific genes) that have a function other than energy production, unlike other typical mitochondrial genes. Since the link between DUI and sex determination is still unclear, three approaches have been proposed to help demystify it, with each of the approaches constituting a chapter of this thesis. The first two chapters focused on freshwater mussel species of the order Unionida, where a correlation between gonochorism and DUI and hermaphroditism and SMI (Strictly Maternally Inheritance) was described. The first approach was to produce a comparative transcriptomic analysis between the male and female gonads of two gonochoric DUI species; Venustaconcha ellipsiformis and Utterbackia peninsularis (Unionidae family), to better understand the mechanisms underlying sex determination and DUI in these bivalves. This study revealed 12,000 orthologous genes, with 2 583 genes differentially expressed in both species, including Sry, Dmrt1, and Foxl2 known to be key sex-determining genes in vertebrates and other bivalve species. Our results were also compared with other DUI species, including the marine clam Ruditapes philippinarum, to identify shared elements between distant species that may be responsible for DUI regulation. Overall, these results support the hypothesis that a modified ubiquitination mechanism may be responsible for the retention of paternal mtDNA in male bivalves. The analyzes also revealed that DNA methylation could be involved in DUI regulation. 7 A second comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed to discern the mechanisms underlying sex determination and DUI between the gonochoric DUI species, U. peninsularis, and the closely related SMI hermaphroditic species, U. imbecillis. This study supported the hypothesis of an involvement of ubiquitination and methylation mechanisms in DUI regulation, as well as confirmed a role of conserved genes related to sex determination in hermaphroditic bivalves. Our results also revealed novel candidate genes with potential roles in DUI, including nucleases and factors involved in autophagy / mitophagy mechanisms. Finally, to identify mitochondrial genetic elements that could be part of the mechanisms underlying DUI and sex determination in bivalves, we sequenced the complete F and M mtDNAs of two new DUI species, from two families of the order Venerida; Scrobicularia plana (Semelidae family) and Limecola balthica (Tellinidae family). The complete description of mtDNAs in DUI species has been carried out for several species of freshwater mussels (Unionoida order), but very few species have been described for the orders Mytilida and Venerida. Such studies are essential for tracing mitochondrial genetic signatures shared by different DUI species. Our results revealed the largest differences in size (>10kb) and nucleotide divergence (up to 50% divergence) between M and F mtDNAs, among all DUI species. These differences in size are mainly due to a huge insertion (> 3.5kb) in the cox2 gene of the M mtDNA from both species, a trait previously described in freshwater mussels. The cox2 gene in S. plana males represents the longest cox2 sequence across the animal kingdom. Another important feature of F and M mtDNAs is the presence of new sex-specific genes, as reported in all other DUI species so far. The combined results of this thesis support the sharing of several key genetic elements among DUI species. In addition, a parallel with the Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) system in plants, the only other organisms with a sex determination system that involves mitochondria, is proposed to explain the role of mtDNA in sex determination in DUI bivalve species.

Les mitochondries sont généralement transmises de façon strictement maternelle. Chez les animaux, il existe une seule exception à ce mode de transmission mitochondriale : la transmission doublement uniparentale (DUI). La DUI est retrouvée uniquement chez certaines espèces de bivalves. Les mâles possèdent dans leurs gamètes le génome mitochondrial paternel, alors que les femelles ont dans leurs oeufs le génome mitochondrial maternel. Ces génomes possèdent respectivement m-orf ou f-orf, un cadre de lecture supplémentaire (outre les 13 codant pour les protéines mitochondriales de référence) potentiellement codant. La présence de ces ORF étant liée au sexe de l’animal, l’hypothèse a été avancée que ces protéines pourraient jouer un rôle dans le maintien de la DUI ou dans le déterminisme sexuel chez ces espèces. Ce projet consiste donc à mieux cerner les fonctions potentielles de ces orfs chez la moule bleue Mytilus edulis. Pour caractériser leur expression, nous avons procédé à des tests d’immunobuvardage sur des lysats de tissus gamétiques et somatiques mâles et femelles, ainsi qu’à des tests d’immunofluorescence sur des cultures cellulaires des deux sexes. Aussi, nous avons effectué des co-immunoprécipitation et des essais pull-down pour préciser les fonctions des protéines par l’entremise des partenaires d’interaction. Nous avons pu observer la présence de M-ORF dans les gonades mâles uniquement, plus particulièrement dans les mitochondries des spermatozoïdes et dans l’acrosome, et ce, uniquement durant la saison de reproduction des moules. F-ORF, cependant, était produite dans tous les tissus à tous les moments de l’année, encore une fois dans les mitochondries des cellules. Les deux protéines ont de nombreux partenaires d’interactions possibles, dont plusieurs sont liés à des processus spécifiques au sexe ou encore aux acides nucléiques. Les protéines M-ORF et F-ORF sont donc bien fonctionnelles. Leurs partenaires potentiels sont multiples, et d’autres essais doivent être effectués afin de préciser les fonctions des protéines. La présence dans l’acrosome de M-ORF est toutefois d’un grand intérêt en lien avec son rôle potentiel dans le DUI et le déterminisme sexuel. / Mitochondria are usually transmitted by strict maternal inheritance. In animals, there is only one exception to this: doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI). DUI can be found only in some bivalve species. Males have in their sperm a paternal mitochondrial genome whereas females have in their eggs the maternal mitochondrial genome. Both genomes possess an orf (other than the 13 coding for annotated mitochondrial proteins) that can potentially code for a protein, called respectively m-orf and f-orf. These genes are sex-specific in gametes, which brought the possibility that there is a link between the orfs and the maintenance of DUI or with sex determination in DUI species. Therefore, this project aims to have a better understanding of the potential functions of these proteins in the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. To demonstrate the proteins' existence, we did Western blot assays on gametic and somatic tissues from males and females, along with immunohistochemistry on cellular cultures of both sexes. To look for possible interaction partners, we did co-immunoprecipitation assays and pull-downs assays. Our results show expression of M-ORF in the male mantle only, more specifically in sperm mitochondria and acrosome. This is found only during the reproductive season of Mytilus edulis. However, F-ORF is expressed in all tissues all year in both sexes, in cells mitochondria. Both proteins have numerous possible interaction partners. Several are linked to sex-specific processes or to interactions with nucleic acids. Both M-ORF and F-ORF are expressed. Potential partners are multiple, and other assays have to be done to further ascertain these proteins' functions. However, the presence of M-ORF in acrosome is of great interest toward a potential function in DUI or in sex determination.

Des modifications dans le gène codant pour la sous-unité II du cytochrome c oxydase du génome mâle (Mcox2) ont été recensées chez des espèces de bivalves présentant un mode unique de transmission mitochondriale nommé double transmission uniparentale (DUI). Dans la DUI, les mitochondries paternelles (et leur ADNmt mâle) ainsi que les mitochondries maternelles (et leur ADNmt femelle) sont transmises aux descendants mâles. Scrobicularia plana, une espèce de bivalves présentant ce modèle d'hérédité, possède une insertion importante d'environ 4,8 kb dans son gène Mcox2 qui ne change pas le cadre de lecture et qui est traduite en un polypeptide de 1 892 acides aminés, ce qui en fait la plus grande protéine COX2 connue à ce jour chez les métazoaires. L’objectif de cette étude était de caractériser l'évolution et la fonction potentielle de l'insertion dans Mcox2 chez S. plana par RT-PCR, tests immunologiques et analyses bio-informatiques. L'insertion est présente parmi les individus de différentes populations, contient des variations dans la longueur de sa séquence, est riche en zones de désordre intrinsèque et évolue sous sélection purificatrice. La longue insertion pourrait modifier la structure 3D du complexe IV de la chaîne de transport d'électrons (CTE), affectant sa fonction dans la phosphorylation oxydative (OXPHOS) ce qui pourrait expliquer les faibles taux d'OXPHOS observés dans les mitochondries mâles des bivalves à DUI. L'insertion pourrait également modifier le métabolisme mitochondrial mâle en interagissant avec d'autres complexes de la CTE et avec l'ATP synthase. Comme pour les autres modifications de Mcox2 chez les bivalves à DUI, un rôle potentiel dans la détermination du sexe peut être prédit pour MCOX2 chez S. plana. / Modifications in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II gene of male-transmitted genome (Mcox2) have been found in some bivalve species that exhibit a unique mode of mitochondrial transmission named doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI). In DUI, paternal mitochondria (and their male mtDNA) as well as maternal mitochondria (and their female mtDNA) are transmitted to male offspring. Scrobicularia plana, a bivalve specie exhibiting this inheritance model possesses an important in-frame insertion of approximately 4,8 kb in its Mcox2 gene that is translated into a polypeptide of 1 892 amino acids making it the largest metazoan COX2 protein known to date. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution and possible function of the Mcox2 insertion in S. plana through RT-PCRs, immunoassays, and bioinformatic analysis. The insertion is present amongst individuals from different populations, contains some variations in its sequence length, is rich in intrinsically disordered regions and evolves under purifying selection. The long insertion could modify the 3D structure of complex IV in the electron transport chain (ETC), impacting its function in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) which could explain low OXPHOS rates that were found in male mitochondria of DUI bivalves. The insertion could also alter male mitochondrial metabolism by interacting with other complexes of the ETC and with ATP synthase. As for other modifications of Mcox2 in DUI bivalves, a role in sex determination can also be predicted for MCOX2 in S.plana.