En 1859, la prise de Saïgon par le corps expéditionnaire français donne aux milieux du négoce de l’Hexagone l’espoir de concurrencer la colonie britannique de Singapour en Extrême Orient. Étienne Denis, capitaine au long cours bordelais envoie ses fils en Cochinchine pour sonder les potentialités de ce nouvel horizon commercial. Fondée en 1862 à Saïgon, la maison Denis Frères développe des activités industrielles, de négoce, de cabotage, s’intéresse au riz et devient en quelques décennies l’une des affaires les plus prospères de la colonie indochinoise, notamment par le développement de son réseau commercial dans la « Méditerranée » Est asiatique. Dans le même temps, la famille Denis s’intègre aux élites saïgonnaises et bordelaises et participe aux réseaux de sociabilités locaux. La consultation des archives privées de la maison Denis Frères d’Indochine, de la famille Denis, d’anciens employés de la Maison complétée par l’étude des archives publiques concernant l’entreprise permet d’envisager à la fois la stratégie de développement de la Maison mais aussi la gestion d’une entreprise en milieu colonial. Cette double implantation, entre Bordeaux et Extrême Orient, invite le chercheur à pratiquer les jeux d’échelles. Elle pose la question de l’adaptation de l’entreprise aux spécificités du marché asiatique, traditionnellement dominé par les Chinois, et de son rôle dans la mise en valeur de la colonie. De fait, la structure de l’entreprise reflète la société coloniale indochinoise et l’évolution de ses mentalités. En métropole, la maison Denis Frères s’inscrit dans un réseau de défense des intérêts coloniaux et permet d’apprécier l’influence du négoce ultramarin. / In 1859, the catch of Saïgon by the French gives in the circles of the trade of France the hope of competing with the British colony of Singapore in Extreme East. Étienne Denis, fully-licensed captain of Bordeaux, sends his sons to Cochinchina to poll the potentialities of this new commercial skyline. Founded in 1862 in Saïgon, the Denis Frères company develops industrial activities, trade, coastal shipping, is interested in the rice and becomes one of the most prosperous business of the Indochinese colony, notably by the development of its commercial network in the Asiatic « Mediterranean Sea ». The consultation of archives of the Denis Frères company, of the family Denis, of the ancient employees of the company, supplemented by the study of the public archives concerning the firm and his leaders in France and in Indochina allows to envisage the strategy of developpement but also the management of a firm in colonial background. This double establishment, between Bordeaux and Extreme East, invites the researcher to play the games of ladders. It asks the question of the adaptation of the firm the peculiarities of the Asiatic market, traditionally dominated by the Chineses, and of his role in the emphasizing of the colony. Indeed, the structure of the firm reflects the Indochinese colonial society and the evolution of its mentalities. In France, the Denis Frères company registers in a network of defence of colonial interests and allows to appreciate the influence of ultramarine trade.

La présente thèse propose une analyse et une systématisation de l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux en période électorale tant au niveau national que local. Ainsi seront étudiées les techniques numériques utilisées, les formes et les méthodes de communication politique « en ligne » au cours des campagnes présidentielles de 2012 en France et en Russie et les campagnes municipales à Bordeaux et à Moscou en 2014 et 2013. Seront donc comparés les ressorts utilisés dans deux pays différents et qui ont permis de transformer les grands réseaux sociaux tels que Facebook, Twitter, Instagram et VKontakte en outils de rassemblement politique attirant de nombreux jeunes à participer activement au processus de campagne.Des entretiens réalisés avec des responsables des mouvements politiques français de Gironde tels ceux des Jeunes socialistes, des Jeunes Populaires et ceux du Front National, il ressort que l’activité numérique en France relève d’un caractère constructif. Ils servent à attirer et mobiliser la jeunesse de moins de 30 ans autours des candidats et de leurs partis grâce à un support en ligne mais s’accompagnent d’un militantisme de terrain, dans la vie réelle.En revanche, il apparaît qu’en Russie, le niveau élevé et l’influence de ces jeunes sur Internet fournit un soutien pour les nouvelles institutions de la société civile. Le succès de la mobilisation des jeunes appartenant à la classe moyenne urbaine relève d’une combinaison de « citoyenneté » et de « massification » de la protestation sur le réseau.En 2013, la volonté et mobilisation active des jeunes dans le projet politique à permis l’émergence de l’opposant Alekseï Navalny, qui a réuni 27% des suffrages et atteint la seconde place aux élections municipales de Moscou. La quasi intégralité de sa campagne a été effectuée sur les réseaux sociaux. Si le fait est courant pour nombre de ses homologues occidentaux, il convient de relever que ce n’est pas habituel pour les politiciens russes. Cette campagne « révolutionnaire » d’A. Navalny a été rendue possible par le fort soutien des jeunes Moscovites qu’il a pu mobiliser sur le plus grand réseau russe : VKontakte. L’organisation de la campagne s’est presque entièrement fondée sur l’utilisation des réseaux sociaux, tant pour la distribution de tracts dans les rues, que la sensibilisation et les collectes de dons. / This thesis will focus on the analysis and systematization of the use of social networks in the presidential campaigns, both in France and in Russia in 2012, as well as in the municipal campaigns in Bordeaux and Moscow, in 2014 and 2013 respectively. The development of this thesis will also include the basic use of technologies, as well as the forms and methods of political online communication at the actual stage of their development.In this thesis, the examination of the political mechanisms used in France and Russia will be carried out in order to assess how social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and VKontakte have developed into a powerful tool, with their main aim being to attract more and more young people to actively participate in the election campaigns as well as the voting process in general.Through the conduction of interviews with the chiefs of French Youth Movements, such as the Young Socialists (Gironde), the People’s Young (Gironde), and the Young of National Front (Gironde), we have found that these movements tend to have an overall peaceful nature in France. They aim to attract and mobilize young people (of up to 30 years old) to provide support both online and in the real world, for candidates of the major French political parties, namely the UMP, the Socialist Party and the National Front.In comparison, in Russia, the high level presence and influence of Youth Movements on the Internet provides support for new institutions forming in civil society. The success of the youth mobilization from the urban middle class can be explained by the combination of “civic consciousness” and “massive involvement”.In 2013, young Russians mobilized for active participation in the political life of Alexei Navalny, one of the leaders of the Russian opposition, who managed to obtain 27% of the votes in the municipal elections of Moscow, the equivalent to second place. His «revolutionary” electoral campaign was predominantly transmitted through social networks, notably through the use of VKontakte (the largest social network in Russia), in order to gain a large amount of support from young Moscovites. This action is deemed to be very uncommon among Russian politicians, and is more likely to be seen among Western homologues. Consequently, this led to the distribution of leaflets in the streets, in the subway, going door-to-door, as well as organizing the collection of donations for the campaign across networks.

Un grand vin de garde se distingue par sa capacité à se bonifier avec le temps, exprimant alors une complexité aromatique particulièrement attendue par les dégustateurs. L’apparition du bouquet de vieillissement, signature de la qualité organoleptique des grands vins vieillis en bouteille, est un des phénomènes les plus impressionnants de l’œnologie mais également l’un des plus mal connus. En effet, ses déterminants sensoriels et moléculaires ont jusqu’à présent été peu étudiés. Grâce à une approche holistique séquencée en trois étapes, nous avons pu décrypter sensoriellement le concept du bouquet de vieillissement des vins rouges de Bordeaux. Une définition sensorielle partagée par des professionnels du vin a pu émerger, s’articulant autour de huit notes aromatiques principales : « sous-bois », « truffe », « fruits frais rouges et noirs », « épicé », « réglisse », « menthe », « grillé » et « empyreumatique ». D’autre part, nous avons pu souligner l’importance de l’expertise dans la définition d’un tel concept olfactif, nécessitant à la fois des connaissances œnologiques, des compétences sensorielles et des ressources lexicales. Par une étude moléculaire ciblée sur certaines classes de molécules aromatiques se formant et/ou conservées au cours du vieillissement en bouteille, nous avons pu identifier que plusieurs composés soufrés volatils tels le sulfure de diméthyle, le 2-furaneméthanethiol et le 3-sulfanylhexanol contribuaient activement à la typicité du bouquet de vieillissement. Présents à des teneurs significativement plus élevées dans les vins rouges exprimant un bouquet de vieillissement, nous avons montré que ces composés volatils participaient plus particulièrement aux notes aromatiques caractéristiques de sous-bois, truffe et empyreumatique. La mise en œuvre de fractionnements d’extraits de vins et de reconstitutions aromatiques, puis l’application de la GC-O et de la GC-MS sur les fractions d’intérêt ont permis par la suite d’identifier la D,L-pipéritone, un monoterpène associé pour la première fois aux nuances de menthe typiques du bouquet de vieillissement des vins rouges de Bordeaux. Enfin, nous avons montré que certains paramètres du terroir pouvaient influencer l’expression aromatique du bouquet de vieillissement. La mesure du rapport isotopique (δC13) de l’éthanol a permis de retracer l’état hydrique des vignes ayant produit les vins étudiés et a montré qu’une contrainte hydrique modérée ou forte de la vigne était favorable à cette typicité. De plus, la différence sensorielle de la note menthe observée entre les vins rouges de Bordeaux semble trouver son origine dans la nature du cépage, avec des teneurs en D,L-pipéritone significativement plus importantes dans les vins pour lesquels le Cabernet Sauvignon est le cépage prédominant. / A wine with ageing potential is noticeable by its ability to improve over time, expressing the aromatic complexity particularly expected by wine tasters. The development of wine ageing bouquet, the "signature" of the organoleptic quality of fine wines aged in bottle, is one of the most fascinating but least known phenomena in oenology. Indeed, both its sensory and molecular markers are poorly documented.A three-step holistic approach made it possible to decipher the sensory characteristics of the ageing bouquet of red Bordeaux wines. More precisely, a shared sensory definition emerged among wine professionals, structured around eight main aromatic notes: "undergrowth", "truffle", "fresh red- and black berry fruits", "spicy», "liquorice", "mint», "toasted" and "empyreumatic". Furthermore, the importance of expertise based on oenological knowledge, sensory skills, and lexical capabilities in defining olfactory concepts was highlighted. A molecular study, targeting specific classes of aromatic compounds formed and/or preserved during bottle ageing, identified dimethyl sulphide, 2-furanmethanethiol and 3-sulfanylhexanol as key contributors to the typicality of wine ageing bouquet. These volatile compounds were present in the highest concentrations in all wines with an ageing bouquet and participated more specifically in their undergrowth, truffle, and empyreumatic aromas. Subsequently, wine fractionations and aromatic reconstitutions, analyzed by both GC-O and GC-MS, were used to identify D,L-piperitone, a monoterpene which was shown for the first time to be involved in the typical mint nuances in the ageing bouquet of red Bordeaux wines. Finally, influence of some parameters of “terroir” was highlighted. Isotope ratio measurement (δC13) in ethanol of studied wines was used as an indicator of vine water status and revealed that a moderate to severe water deficit was in favor to the genesis of a wine ageing bouquet. Interestingly, the sensory difference in minty character observed in red Bordeaux wines apparently originated from grapes, as D,L-piperitone levels were significantly higher in wines where Cabernet Sauvignon was dominant

Cette thèse tend à mettre en lumière l'émergence de l'architecture romane et de ses formes, dès le XIe siècle, ainsi que les mutations qui sont intervenues au tournant du siècle suivant, dans les anciens diocèses de Bordeaux et de Bazas. Ces recherches s'inscrivent dans le cadre d'un programme plus vaste, qui englobe la partie méridionale de l'ancienne Aquitaine. Il s'agit de mettre en exergue les transformations ayant eu lieu lors de cette période charnière, à savoir le passage de formes parfois dites « archaïques » à celles qui témoignent d'un art roman épanoui, en essayant de comprendre les choix des bâtisseurs de ce temps, ainsi que les influences ayant présidé à leurs réalisations. Cette approche considère à la fois une série d'édifices modestes qui ont permis de réaliser un corpus de référence, dans lequel s'inscrivent aussi les monuments bordelais de plus grande importance, tels que les églises Saint-Seurin et Sainte-Croix ou la cathédrale Saint-André. Nous tentons de porter un regard nouveau sur les édifices inventoriés dans la région, en nous intéressant non seulement au style mais aussi aux techniques, afin d'en renouveler l'approche. A cet effet, les matériaux et leur mise en œuvre ont été pris en considération et quelques méthodes propres à l’archéologie du bâti ont été employées afin d’apporter des éléments supplémentaires à l’analyse. Plusieurs études régionales ont fait l'objet de recherches aux finalités similaires ces dernières années et nous nous inscrivons pleinement dans cette démarche. Nous espérons ainsi développer notre connaissance de la production architecturale romane en Gironde et contribuer à une vision d'ensemble des manifestations de la création au sein de la partie méridionale de l'ancienne Aquitaine. / This thesis aims to highlight the emergence of romanesque architecture in its various forms. It started in the XIth century, as well as the transformations which occurred during the beginning of the XIIth century, in the former dioceses of Bordeaux and Bazas. Our work is part of a larger research program that includes the southern part of the former Aquitaine area. It consists in highlighting the changes that happened during this pivotal period, that is to say the transition from the so-called “archaic” architectural forms to those that exemplify romanesque art in all its glory. We will try to understand the choices made by the builders at the time and the influences that guided these choices. Our approach will consider a set of modest buildings which will allow us to form a reference corpus, but also some of Bordeaux’s greatest monuments like the churches of Saint-Seurin and Sainte-Croix, and obviously the cathedral of Saint-André. We will try to take a fresh look on the buildings listed, by taking into consideration not only the style but also the building techniques employed, in order to renew the approach, thanks to an analysis grid of buildings. For this purpose, materials have been taken into consideration. Several regional studies have been the subject of similar research in the last few years, and we are fully involved in this approach. We hope, therefore, to improve our knowledge of romanesque architecture in Gironde, and to contribute to an overview of this type of construction in the southern part of the former Aquitaine area.

A partir de la fin des années 1870, l’enseignement supérieur en France connaît d’importantes mutations liées aux réformes de la Troisième République. La faculté des lettres de Bordeaux, qui s’installe en 1886 dans le « Palais des Facultés » - un des tout premiers en France - au centre-ville de Bordeaux, permet d’observer les bouleversements qui touchent autant les enseignants que les étudiants de plus en plus nombreux, mais aussi le cursus universitaire et les disciplines enseignées. La faculté des lettres de Bordeaux acquiert une certaine spécificité au cœur d’un mouvement national : l’innovation de la « science sociale » avec Emile Durkheim, le développement de la géographie coloniale en sont quelques exemples. Près d’un siècle plus tard, au cours des années 1960, la faculté des lettres de Bordeaux se distingue encore avec l’écriture d’une histoire de Bordeaux sous la direction de Charles Higounet, inédite alors pour une métropole en France et en Europe. Une étude prosopographique distingue quelques caractéristiques d’un corps professoral, souvent passé par les grandes écoles, pour lequel la faculté des lettres de Bordeaux peut constituer autant un tremplin vers Paris que la réalisation d’une longue carrière universitaire. L’analyse des dossiers des étudiants montre le mouvement de massification qui touche l’enseignement supérieur ainsi que sa féminisation et une relative diversification des origines sociales. La faculté des lettres de Bordeaux, siège de ministères au début des deux conflits mondiaux, est, enfin, engagée dans les grands enjeux politiques, de l’affaire Dreyfus à Mai 68 tout en s’insérant au cœur de l’Aquitaine et en s’ouvrant au monde, plus particulièrement aux territoires d’outre-mer et de culture hispanique. La faculté des lettres de Bordeaux est donc un reflet de la démocratisation progressive de l’accès à l’éducation et de ses limites, mais aussi des changements structurels de la société française de la fin du XIXe siècle à 1968. / From the end of the 1870’s, Higher Education in France underwent important changes linked to the reforms of the Third Republic. The Faculty of Arts of the University of Bordeaux, took up residence in the “Palais des Facultés” - one of the very first in France – in the town centre of Bordeaux. We can observe the upheavals which affected not only the teaching staff and the students who were constantly increasing in numbers, but also the university curriculum and the subjects taught. The Faculty of Arts of Bordeaux acquired a certain specificity within a national movement: the innovation of “Social Sciences” with Emile Durkheim or the development of Colonial Geography being just a couple of examples. More than a century later, in the 1960’s, The Faculty of Arts of Bordeaux distinguished itself yet again with the writing of the History of Bordeaux under the supervision of Charles Higounet, the first of its kind for a metropolis whether in France or in Europe. A prosopographical study distinguished certain characteristics of the body of Professors, who had often studied in the “Grandes Ecoles”, and for whom the Faculty of Arts of Bordeaux could prove to be a stepping stone towards a position in Paris or the achievement of a long university career. The study of the students’ records shows the mass movement which affected Higher Education as well as its feminization and a certain diversification of social origins. The Faculty of Arts of Bordeaux, ministerial Headquarters during the two World Wars, was involved in important political issues, from the Dreyfus case to May 68 whilst playing an important role in Aquitaine and remaining open to the outside world, especially in overseas territories of Hispanic culture. The Faculty of Arts of Bordeaux is thus a reflection of the gradual democratization of the access to education and its limits, but also of the structural changes within French society from the end of the nineteenth century to 1968.

A introdução de metais pesados no solo pode ser efetuada através de diferentes meios, sendo muito estudadas as aplicações de lodo e de resíduos industriais. Entretanto, práticas agrícolas tradicionais também podem contribuir para levar metais ao solo, através do uso de fertilizantes minerais, defensivos e mesmo adubos orgânicos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram considerar a relação entre concentrações de Cu em solução e na fase sólida de alguns solos do município de Louveira, SP, cultivados com figo e uva, contaminados com cobre devido à aplicação de calda bordalesa e também de dois Latossolos contaminados com cobre devido à aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Para tanto, determinou-se a capacidade adsortiva e dessortiva desses solos através de isotermas de adsorção; os valores de energia livre (∆Go) e do coeficiente de distribuição Kd das reações de adsorção de cobre. Verificou-se ainda o ajuste dos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich aos valores experimentais obtidos no estudo de adsorção. Amostras de terra foram agitadas em duplicata por 24h com solução 0,01 mol L-1 de Ca(NO3)2 (relação 1:10) contendo: 0; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30; 50; 75 e 100 mg L-1 Cu. As concentrações do cobre em solução foram então determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A quantidade de metal adsorvida foi estimada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Para determinar a quantidade de Cu dessorvido, as amostras de terra do estudo de adsorção foram agitadas por 2h por três vezes consecutivas, com 20 ml de solução de Ca(NO3)2 0,01 mol L-1. A quantidade de cobre dessorvida foi calculada a partir das concentrações de cobre determinadas nas três etapas citadas. As isotermas de Freundlich e Langmuir mostraram-se igualmente capazes de descrever a adsorção de Cu em todos os solos estudados. Solos com maiores teores de matéria orgânica e pH em geral adsorveram maiores quantidades de cobre e apresentaram maiores coeficientes de distribuição (Kd). Nos solos sob aplicação de lodo de esgoto as quantidades de cobre dessorvido foram muito baixas. Para todos os solos o fenômeno da histerese foi expressivo. Apesar dos altos teores de Cu resultantes da aplicação de lodo e calda bordalesa, os solos evidenciaram ainda uma grande capacidade de adsorver mais metal adicionado Tais resultados reforçam a importância da matéria orgânica no manejo correto de solos contaminados com cobre proveniente da adição de lodo de esgoto e calda bordalesa. / The introduction of heavy metals in soil could be effectuated in differents ways, being the applications of sewage-sludge and industrial residues the most studied of them. However, traditional agricultural practices can contribute to take metals to the soil as well, through the use of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and also organic manure.The objectives of this research were to consider the relationship between copper concentrations in soil solution and in its solid phase on soils of orchards in Louveira region of São Paulo State, Brazil, which had been previously contaminated by copper due the application of the Bordeaux mixture; and also another two soils contaminated by copper due to the application of sewage-sludge. This study included the determination of the adsorption and desorption capacity of these soils through adsorption isotherms; the values of free energy (∆Go) and the distribution coefficient Kd. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were fitted to experimental data. Soil samples were stirred during 24 hours in duplicate with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution (relation 1:10) containing: 0; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30; 50; 75 and 100 mg L-1 Cu. The metal concentrations in the equilibrium solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The adsorbed metal amounts were calculated with basis on the difference between the initial amount and the metal remaining content at the end of the reaction period. To determine the desorbed metal amount, the soil samples previously submitted to the adsorption trial were stirred for 2 hours, three consecutive times, with 20 ml of solution of Ca(NO3)2 0.01 mol L-1 in duplicate. The cumulative desorbed copper amount was calculated by the sum of the copper extracted in each step. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms presented themselves as equally capable of describing the Cu adsorption in all the studied soils. Generally, soils containing the greater organic matter content and pH, adsorbed higher amounts of copper, and presented greater distribution coefficients (Kd). In the soils submitted to sludge application copper desorption was very low. For all the studied soils samples the hysteresis phenomenon was expressive. In all soils the copper adsorption reaction was thermodynamically exothermic and spontaneous. Despite the high copper content in soils treated with sludge and the Bordeaux mixture application, a great adsorption capacity of the added copper was detected. Such results strengthen the importance of the organic matter in the correct soil management of copper contaminated soils due to the addition of sewage-sludge and Bordeaux mixture.

A introdução de metais pesados no solo pode ser efetuada através de diferentes meios, sendo muito estudadas as aplicações de lodo e de resíduos industriais. Entretanto, práticas agrícolas tradicionais também podem contribuir para levar metais ao solo, através do uso de fertilizantes minerais, defensivos e mesmo adubos orgânicos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram considerar a relação entre concentrações de Cu em solução e na fase sólida de alguns solos do município de Louveira, SP, cultivados com figo e uva, contaminados com cobre devido à aplicação de calda bordalesa e também de dois Latossolos contaminados com cobre devido à aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Para tanto, determinou-se a capacidade adsortiva e dessortiva desses solos através de isotermas de adsorção; os valores de energia livre (∆Go) e do coeficiente de distribuição Kd das reações de adsorção de cobre. Verificou-se ainda o ajuste dos modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich aos valores experimentais obtidos no estudo de adsorção. Amostras de terra foram agitadas em duplicata por 24h com solução 0,01 mol L-1 de Ca(NO3)2 (relação 1:10) contendo: 0; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30; 50; 75 e 100 mg L-1 Cu. As concentrações do cobre em solução foram então determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A quantidade de metal adsorvida foi estimada pela diferença entre a concentração inicial e a concentração de equilíbrio. Para determinar a quantidade de Cu dessorvido, as amostras de terra do estudo de adsorção foram agitadas por 2h por três vezes consecutivas, com 20 ml de solução de Ca(NO3)2 0,01 mol L-1. A quantidade de cobre dessorvida foi calculada a partir das concentrações de cobre determinadas nas três etapas citadas. As isotermas de Freundlich e Langmuir mostraram-se igualmente capazes de descrever a adsorção de Cu em todos os solos estudados. Solos com maiores teores de matéria orgânica e pH em geral adsorveram maiores quantidades de cobre e apresentaram maiores coeficientes de distribuição (Kd). Nos solos sob aplicação de lodo de esgoto as quantidades de cobre dessorvido foram muito baixas. Para todos os solos o fenômeno da histerese foi expressivo. Apesar dos altos teores de Cu resultantes da aplicação de lodo e calda bordalesa, os solos evidenciaram ainda uma grande capacidade de adsorver mais metal adicionado Tais resultados reforçam a importância da matéria orgânica no manejo correto de solos contaminados com cobre proveniente da adição de lodo de esgoto e calda bordalesa. / The introduction of heavy metals in soil could be effectuated in differents ways, being the applications of sewage-sludge and industrial residues the most studied of them. However, traditional agricultural practices can contribute to take metals to the soil as well, through the use of mineral fertilizers, pesticides and also organic manure.The objectives of this research were to consider the relationship between copper concentrations in soil solution and in its solid phase on soils of orchards in Louveira region of São Paulo State, Brazil, which had been previously contaminated by copper due the application of the Bordeaux mixture; and also another two soils contaminated by copper due to the application of sewage-sludge. This study included the determination of the adsorption and desorption capacity of these soils through adsorption isotherms; the values of free energy (∆Go) and the distribution coefficient Kd. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were fitted to experimental data. Soil samples were stirred during 24 hours in duplicate with 20 mL of 0.01 mol L-1 Ca(NO3)2 solution (relation 1:10) containing: 0; 2; 5; 10; 15; 30; 50; 75 and 100 mg L-1 Cu. The metal concentrations in the equilibrium solution were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The adsorbed metal amounts were calculated with basis on the difference between the initial amount and the metal remaining content at the end of the reaction period. To determine the desorbed metal amount, the soil samples previously submitted to the adsorption trial were stirred for 2 hours, three consecutive times, with 20 ml of solution of Ca(NO3)2 0.01 mol L-1 in duplicate. The cumulative desorbed copper amount was calculated by the sum of the copper extracted in each step. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms presented themselves as equally capable of describing the Cu adsorption in all the studied soils. Generally, soils containing the greater organic matter content and pH, adsorbed higher amounts of copper, and presented greater distribution coefficients (Kd). In the soils submitted to sludge application copper desorption was very low. For all the studied soils samples the hysteresis phenomenon was expressive. In all soils the copper adsorption reaction was thermodynamically exothermic and spontaneous. Despite the high copper content in soils treated with sludge and the Bordeaux mixture application, a great adsorption capacity of the added copper was detected. Such results strengthen the importance of the organic matter in the correct soil management of copper contaminated soils due to the addition of sewage-sludge and Bordeaux mixture.

Espace urbain de transition entre le centre et la périphérie, la zone péricentrale des métropoles régionales se singularise par un profil urbain et social propre et en pleine revitalisation. Le centre proche, la diversité de l'habitat et la présence de services et commerces de proximité sont des atouts indéniables pour ces quartiers anciens. Toute la démonstration s'inscrit dans la double perspective de pouvoir considérer le péricentre comme un référent spatial pertinent pour des recherches en géographie sociale, tout en présentant des résultats à l'échelle de cet espace ainsi défini. La démarche s'appuie d'abord sur une analyse effectuée à l'échelle des couronnes péricentrales de Nantes, Bordeaux et Toulouse. Celles-ci sont marquées par l'arrivée de nombreux migrants, la présence de jeunes et de retraités, mais aussi par un processus de gentrification. L'ensemble de ces indicateurs révèle à quel point le péricentre constitue un lieu d'étape importante dans l'itinéraire résidentiel, notamment lors de la décohabitation juvénile. Ensuite, des études ciblées sur des quartiers montrent l'intérêt que représentent les pôles commerciaux de proximité, clairement identifiés par les habitants. Cet atout, additionné à une ambiance urbaine apaisée et un habitat constitué de petits collectifs et de maisons individuelles avec jardins, rend ces quartiers plus que jamais attractifs.

Dissertation--Philosophische Fakultät--Universität Köln, 1990. Titre de soutenance : Studien zur Geschichte der deutschen Einwanderung nach Bordeaux. Johann Jakob von Bethmann (1717-1792), Kaufmann, Reeder und kaiserlicher Konsul. / Bibliogr. vol. 2, p. 662-671. Index.

La recherche porte sur l’industrie des sécheries de morues de l’agglomération bordelaise (Bordeaux, Talence et Bègles) aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Elle s’intéresse également au trafic morutier du port girondin. Cette industrie nouvelle à Bordeaux, mais aussi dans d’autres ports de France, naît vers 1825-1830. A partir de 1860, les trente sécheries bordelaises détiennent un quasi-monopole du séchage en France. La création de sécheries mécaniques à vapeur dans les ports normands et bretons à partir de 1900 entraîne l’érosion du monopole bordelais. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le négoce et l’industrie du séchage peinent à se moderniser tandis que, paradoxalement, Bordeaux devient un important port d’armement à la grande pêche. Vers 1968, le développement de la congélation entraîne la fermeture rapide des sécheries. Les armements bordelais restent actifs jusqu’à la veille des années 1990. Une partie de l’étude est consacrée à la sociologie des acteurs du négoce de la morue à Bordeaux : armateurs, consignataires, marchands. Une attention particulière est portée aux sécheurs ou laveurs de morues qui, en grande partie, sont originaires du Cantal. / This research concerns the industrial development of cod drying plants in Bordeaux urban area (Bordeaux, Talence and Bègles) in the 19th and 20th centuries. It also deals with the cod trade in the port. This new industry in Bordeaux, but also in other french ports, is born around 1825-1830. From 1860, thirty driers of Bordeaux area hold a virtual monopoly of the drying industry in France. The creation of steam mechanical driers in the Norman and Breton ports from 1900 leads to the erosion of Bordeaux monopoly. After the Second World War, the trade and the drying industry have difficulty getting modernized whereas, paradoxically, Bordeaux becomes an important port for cod fishing. By 1968, the development of freezing leads to the fast closing down of the drying plants. Armaments of Bordeaux remain active until 1990s. A part of this study is also dedicated to the sociology of the actors of the cod trade in Bordeaux: ship owners, consigners, merchants. A particular interest is taken in cods-driers who are mostly native of Cantal.