La presente tesis se centra en uno de estos programas: Sierra Productiva, de carácter privado, liderado por la ONG Instituto para una Alternativa Agraria (IAA). El programa privilegia la difusión de un paquete de 18 tecnologías a través de la metodología Campesino a Campesino (CaC) utilizando líderes locales denominados “yachachiq” como expertos técnicos e innovadores. / Tesis

Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras have experienced a history immersed in political, economical and violent turmoil that has resulted in centuries of unsettled government, weak economies, alienation, and exploitation of the masses. This turmoil dates back to Spanish forms of dictatorial rule in the sixteenth century, and English and German control of commodities and land during the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Along with foreign influence, forms of dictatorial rule resulted in poor socioeconomic conditions, internal anarchy within Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras and the onset of civil wars. During the Reagan Administration, the United States used these countries in Central America for strategic military, agricultural and political purposes. The poor economic and politically violent conditions continued, resulting in the formation of dangerous street gangs, youth groups violently taking control of territories and later engaging in drug trafficking. Presence of the United States military operations, the civil wars, namely the Nicaraguan Contra War throughout the Central American region, resulted in a variety of opportunities for immigrants, to migrate into the United States. Other opportunities included left over weapons by the United States military, guerillas and contras, which were used by these violent youth to intimidate the local governments of Guatemala, El Salvador and vi Honduras. However, after the Central American families migrated to avoid the poor conditions within these countries, some children became gang members due to lack of alternatives in the U.S. The U.S. authorities deported many of these youth back to their respective Central American countries because of the crimes they committed in the U.S. This deportation increased further political turmoil in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras such that these violent youth groups threaten procedural democracy from functioning. This thesis examines the historical evolution of first, second and third generation Central American street gangs, and the political violence they present in Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras.

No description available.

La presente tesis se enmarca en la etnobotánica basándose en la complejidad de las relaciones entre los seres humanos y las plantas desde su entorno físico, biológico, social, geográfico e histórico. Se propone entender el conocimiento botánico local (CBL) y su dinamismo en función de la violencia estructural que influye sobre la transmisión cultural y la valoración de lo propio o lo local, para lo cual se planteó como objetivo general: Caracterizar el Conocimiento Botánico Local como parte de un contexto socioeconómico dinámico e históricamente construido, y analizar el aporte de estos saberes a la supervivencia de la población campesina en Los Juríes (Santiago del Estero). En el capítulo 1 se introduce el marco teórico con los conceptos teóricos referidos a la etnobotánica y etnoecología vinculados a la conservación in situ de los bienes comunes a través de la Estrategia de Uso Múltiple la cual configura el paisaje campesino santiagueño. El capítulo 2 introduce la metodología general utilizada enmarcada en la etnobotánica cualitativa. Se obtuvo el consentimiento informado con la comunidad en general y con cada familia en particular. El trabajo de campo involucró técnicas de observación y entrevistas abiertas y semiestructuradas, así como herramientas participativas flexibles, tales como caminatas etnobotánicas y talleres. El trabajo de laboratorio incluyó relevamiento bibliográfico, transcripción de entrevistas, análisis de fragmentos de entrevistas, elaboración de base de datos, identificación de especies, y análisis de imágenes satelitales para lo cual se utilizó el software QGIS. En el capítulo 3 se presenta una descripción ecorregional e histórico socioambiental del área en estudio que abarca la zona rural de influencia del pueblo Los Juries al Sur Este de la provincia de Santiago del Estero. La localidad de Los Juríes tiene sus inicios a principios del siglo XX con la entrada del ferrocarril y el consecuente movimiento geográfico-social de familias vinculado con el trabajo en los obrajes. Retirada la empresa forestal las familias inician un proceso de campesinización que se continuará hasta la actualidad. Tras el avance de la frontera agropecuaria industrial la zona se convirtió en un territorio de disputa entre un modelo de agricultura intensiva y un modelo de resistencia protagonizado por el modo de vida campesino asociado a una diversificación del paisaje biocultural. El capítulo 4 profundiza en el análisis de la Estrategia de Uso Múltiple interpretándolo en función del avance de la frontera agropecuaria industrial utilizando como metodología los sistemas de información geográfica en un período de 27 años (1983-2010). En el área seleccionada se observó un incremento del 80% del área cultivada. Respecto al paisaje campesino se identificaron tres microambientes principales de uso múltiple: el monte, el pastizal o limpio y el área peridoméstica y un total de 71 especies útiles, de las cuales 42 presentan usos múltiples. El monte resultó ser el MA de mayor diversificación de usos. Los principales usos mencionados incluyen las plantas forrajeras, medicinales y comestibles. Dado que la principal actividad económica de los campesinos es la ganadería, en el capítulo 5 se analizan desde la perspectiva etnobotánica las plantas involucradas en esa actividad. Se relevaron 32 especies reconocidas por su utilidad como alimento para el ganado. El fruto es el órgano comestible mas citado. El ganado caprino es el más representado entre las familias, probablemente por su versatilidad en la selección del alimento. En el capítulo 6 el conocimiento botánico local referente a las plantas medicinales es interpretado a través de su vigencia y su relación con los procesos vinculados con la autoatención y las percepciones de salud y enfermedad, además de aquellas enfermedades consideradas más frecuentes en la familia. Asimismo se abordó la vinculación con el sistema biomédico. Se utilizó un índice ad hoc para analizar la especificidad en el uso de las plantas. Se registraron 39 especies de plantas de uso medicinal de las cuales el 27% se usan para afecciones del sistema digestivo. Las enfermedades más frecuentes incluyen el dolor de cabeza o del cuerpo, las enfermedades digestivas, tales como gastritis o empacho, y la tos o gripe. Se analizó un fragmento de entrevista donde se observa complementariedad de modelos médicos donde se reflejan relaciones de hegemonía-subalternidad. En cuanto a la violencia estructural y su relación con la vida cotidiana campesina se podría decir que ésta se inscribe en el cuerpo como expresión de las relaciones sociales. El capítulo 7 introduce al CBL relacionado a las plantas comestibles a través de las contradicciones presentadas a consecuencia de la Revolución Verde. Se analizan las categorías de NUS (neglected and underused species) y RFNM (recursos forestales no maderables) y su capacidad de hacer visible el CBL. Se identificaron 21 especies silvestres comestibles de las cuales el órgano más consumido es el fruto. A pesar de estar presente este conocimiento el uso actualmente se encuentra desvalorizado. Si bien la comida campesina se corresponde con los patrones alimentarios de los sectores pobres, el vivir en el campo significa la posibilidad de complementar la dieta a través de la cría de animales, la caza y la recolección. El capítulo 8 aproxima un análisis a la relación entre la transmisión cultural y la educación rural. La metodología utilizada se inscribe en el desarrollo de talleres participativos realizados a través de la conformación de un equipo de trabajo interdisciplinar que trabajó en vinculación con la comunidad educativa de la escuela nº 1221 “Ex combatientes de Malvinas”. El objetivo implicó identificar aspectos relacionados con la transmisión del conocimiento local mediante el relevamientode los saberes de los niños y jóvenes a través de estrategias participativas, y aportar ideas para su inclusión y revalorización en la institución escolar de modalidad rural. A través de estrategias lúdicas se relevaron 20 especies de plantas y sus respectivos usos, 51 especies de animales a través de evidencias directas e indirectas y se construyó un mapa y sus respectivos íconos con la visión del territorio de los niños y adolescentes de la escuela. Se discute sobre el rol de la escuela desde la época de la construcción de la nación en función de reeditar la identidad nacional y su influencia en la actualidad por sobre el conocimiento local, evidenciándose en el cambio de actitud de los niños a lo largo de las actividades propuestas. Se analizan las diferencias encontradas con los capítulos presedentes en función de la transmisión cultural y la interculturalidad. La discusión general de la tesis abordada en el capítulo 9 se inscribe en el abordaje actual del entendimiento del paisaje santiagueño a través de escenarios históricos que se proyectan a la actualidad de manera transformada, tomando diversos hitos presentados en los capítulos precedentes. Se concluye que, desde el marco teórico de la EUM, que el conocimiento local persiste en la práctica compartida -a través de las actividades que siguen vigentes y de la transmisión oral-, si bien se transforma respondiendo de manera flexible a cambios ambientales y socioculturales. Esta característica adaptativa del conocimiento local es la que se traduce en la supervivencia o persistencia de las familias, reflejándose en el paisaje campesino, en un contexto cultural, social, ambiental y económicamente complejo. Este escenario, a pesar de estar relegado y en subordinación respecto de los modelos económico/educativo/culturales hegemónicos, demuestra la resiliencia del CBL, que puede apreciarse también en el análisis de la historia socioambiental local y en todos los ejemplos presentados. Se discuten futuras líneas de trabajo y aplicación de los resultados.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.

In the last 50 years, Mexico, like many other countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa, has experienced accelerated urban growth. Urban growth has been accompanied by an increase in urban poverty. While the spatial distribution of poverty in urban areas in Mexico is varied, new settlements that tend to grow in the peri-urban hinterland of cities are largely associated with poverty. This is because inexpensive, but mostly illegal, agricultural land (ejido or private) has been alienated to satisfy the demands of low income population for housing. The focus of this study lay in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (MAMC), which is the habitat of diverse low-income groups. Among those groups are the campesinos (people with rural background engaged totally or partially in agricultural livelihoods). Some studies have suggested that campesinos are very vulnerable to urban growth, since population expansion has put severe pressure on their agricultural land, which, despite its marginal value, is used to produce crops for either semi-commercialisation or subsistence. Although such research has showed how poor campesinos have engaged in non-agricultural activities to make a living and how land and their communities are threatened by urban growth due to speculative pressures on land and/or environmental deterioration, little is known about the impact of urban growth in the process of impoverishment of campesinos living in peri-urban areas. This study aims to understand how the growth of the MAMC affects poverty in campesinos’ households, in order to recommend directions for poverty reduction. Three villages in Chalco municipality, which is situated in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City, were selected as the study area. Based on the development of a conceptual framework, this study considered three interconnected elements underpinning poverty: multi-dimensionality, complexity and dynamism. For this reason, the Sustainable Livelihoods approach was selected as an analytical tool, as it provided a flexible analytical framework that encompasses all those elements. The study is divided in three stages. In the first stage (namely documental investigation), a series of published and unpublished written materials were reviewed to determine how the growth of the MAMC transformed the nature and availability of resources in Chalco municipality from 1970 to 2000. This stage was followed by the empirical investigation that aimed to examine how those transformations affected campesinos’ assets (human, natural, physical, productive and social), the strategies they used to adapt to such changes, and how they perceived changes in poverty status. Accordingly, for this stage, quantitative and qualitative longitudinal and cross-sectional data were collected from 110 campesinos’ households living in the study area in 1997 and 2003 by using structured questionnaires. Qualitative data were also collected by using semi-structured interviews from 34 campesinos’ households in 2000. The final stage, called recommendations, involved the synthesis of the results of the documental and empirical investigations and suggests a series of directions for poverty reduction in campesinsos’ households in the study area. The documental and empirical investigations revealed that changes in asset ownership, between 1997 to 2003, depended on both transformation in the nature and availability of resources in Chalco and intra-household organization. Fundamental transformations in socio-demographic, economic, natural, physical and political/organisational resources of Chalco municipality were mainly, but not exclusively, associated with the growth of the MAMC. Climatic and physical characteristics of Chalco were also evident. To respond to such changes, campesinos implemented a series of strategies to get access to resources. Such strategies were based on campesinos’ needs, priorities and the portfolio of assets available, and their functionality. It was clear that campesinos depleted some existing assets to acquire urban assets and preserve their rural assets. In some instances, such strategies led campesinos’ families to satisfy their basic needs and, therefore, perceive themselves as non-poor. However, in other instances, such strategies prevented families from meeting their needs, leading them to the perception of being poor. The recommendation was made that in order to reduce poverty among campesinos in the study area, it was necessary to identify different alternatives to support their urban and rural assets and certain of their strategies that improve the wellbeing of individuals, families and communities and mitigate constraints to meeting their goals.

Submitted by Edinaldo Aparecido Santos de Lima (limasantos91@gmail.com) on 2018-11-19T20:27:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LIMA, Edinaldo Ap. Santos de._PREPARAR APONTAR FOTO -.pdf: 7888979 bytes, checksum: ebd63a727287e5f01325f8687e6bf03c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Luiza Carpi Semeghini (luiza@assis.unesp.br) on 2018-11-19T23:14:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_eas_me_assis_int.pdf: 7888979 bytes, checksum: ebd63a727287e5f01325f8687e6bf03c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-19T23:14:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_eas_me_assis_int.pdf: 7888979 bytes, checksum: ebd63a727287e5f01325f8687e6bf03c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Gestado nas matas da Sierra Maestra, em meio aos conflitos entre rebeldes e a ditadura de Fulgencio Batista (1952-1958), o jornal Revolución dirigido por Carlos Franqui cumpria o papel de divulgar as conquistas e os ideais dos insurgentes. Com o triunfo da Revolução em 1959, o periódico deixou a clandestinidade e tornou-se um influente veículo de informação do período. Nele trabalharam vários profissionais entre os quais, fotógrafos cujos frutos de suas produções cooperaram na eternização da Revolução como um dos eventos significativos do século XX. Depois dessa virada histórica, os holofotes dos principais meios de comunicação do mundo passaram a dedicar maior atenção aos passos que seriam dados por aquele país. Logo nos primeiros meses, o jovem governo revolucionário encetou uma série de reformas em vários âmbitos da sociedade, sobretudo em regiões rurais onde predominaram durante décadas a pobreza e a ausência de serviços básicos como educação e saúde. Diante das lentes dos fotógrafos de Revolución, os camponeses cubanos passaram a ter suas condições de vida e seus rostos propagados por toda a Ilha, ao passo em que um imaginário sobre si era construído no intuito de sensibilizar, conscientizar e mobilizar a sociedade, principalmente dos centros urbanos, a participarem do processo de mudanças sociopolíticas do país. Porém, os resultados obtidos a partir da meticulosa análise quantitativa e qualitativa do montante de fotografias presentes tanto no jornal quanto no seu suplemento Campo de Revolución, organizadas e catalogadas mostraram que a moldagem desse imaginário não fora unívoca ou rígida, pois a realidade histórica vivida intensamente pelos cubanos nos primeiros três anos tornou-a flexível. Além disso, a metodologia empregada na análise das fotografias permitiu-nos discutir outros assuntos inerentes ao universo rural cubano. / Raised in the forests of the Sierra Maestra, amid conflicts between rebels and the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista (1952-1958), the newspaper Revolución led by Carlos Franqui played the role of publicizing the achievements and ideals of the insurgents. With the triumph of the Revolution in 1959, the newspaper left the clandestine and became an influential vehicle of information of the period. In it worked several professionals among whom, photographers whose fruits of their productions cooperated in the eternalization of the Revolution like one of the significant events of century XX. After this historic turnaround, the spotlight of the world's mainstream media began to pay more attention to the steps that would be taken by that country. In the early months, the young revolutionary government embarked on a series of reforms in various areas of society, particularly in rural areas where poverty and lack of basic services such as education and health prevailed for decades. Faced with the lenses of the photographers of Revolución, the Cuban peasants began to have their living conditions and their faces propagated throughout the Island, while an imaginary about themselves was built in order to raise awareness, raise awareness and mobilize society, especially the urban centers to participate in the process of socio-political changes in the country. However, the results obtained from the meticulous quantitative and qualitative analysis of the amount of photographs present in both the newspaper and its Campo de Revolución supplement, organized and cataloged, showed that the molding of this imagery was not unequivocal or rigid, since the historical reality lived intensely by Cubans in the first three years made it flexible. In addition, the methodology used in the analysis of the photographs allowed us to discuss other subjects inherent to the Cuban rural universe.

Esta pesquisa aborda o processo de construção de identidades relacionadas aos processos organizativos de três associações camponesas que procuram a constituição de Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) na zona montanhosa dos municípios de Caloto, Corinto e Miranda no norte do Cauca (Colômbia). Há aproximadamente 15 anos estas associações reivindicam ante o Estado colombiano a delimitação destas reservas no que eles consideram como seu território. Estes processos organizativos se dão num contexto muito complexo, pois o desenvolvimento histórico da dinâmica econômica da zona, a qual está relacionada com a consolidação da agricultura industrial da cana de açúcar como principal atividade econômica da zona plana da região, tem gerado a exclusão econômica e política dos moradores rurais, tanto indígenas como afrodescendentes e camponeses. Como conseqüência, as culturas de uso ilícito, que entraram na zona desde a década de 80, têm se constituído numa alternativa de geração de renda para os pequenos agricultores da zona montanhosa, com os graves efeitos sociais, políticos e ambientais que tem esta atividade. Além disso, a intensificação do conflito armado na região faz com que as condições de vida e a permanência destas populações no seu território sejam cada vez mais ameaçadas. Neste contexto, a figura da ZRC começa a ser reivindicada por camponeses colonos na parte montanhosa da sub-região. As propostas das associações procuram negociar com o Estado colombiano uma alternativa para abordar a problemática das culturas de uso ilícito que não seja pela via da erradicação forçosa, exigindo o reconhecimento do seu território e a necessidade de um desenvolvimento próprio. Este processo tem implicado na relação das associações com diferentes níveis do Estado (municipal, departamental e nacional) a propósito dos trâmites para a constituição da zona e a negociação das estratégias de erradicação, e também a interação com outras formas organizativas da região como os cabildos indígenas. O objetivo principal da pesquisa é compreender os processos de identificação dos camponeses como sujeitos coletivos através de suas reivindicações pelo território e o desenvolvimento no meio das diferentes dinâmicas sociais e políticas da região, e das relações inter-étnicas com outros grupos sociais, como os indígenas. Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar o processo de construção da identidade dos camponeses relacionados com a atuação destas associações. Interessa entender como a emergência das associações que procuram a construção das ZRC está relacionada com a construção da identidade camponesa. Esta análise é importante para compreender como é que eles chegam a produzir o lugar das ZRC ao se apropriar de uma figura legal para lhe dar um sentido local no contexto das condições particulares da zona. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no meio da elaboração dos pré-diagnósticos para a construção dos Planes de Desarrollo Campesinos (PDC), documentos necessários para o trâmite de conformação das ZRC perante o Instituto Colombiano de Desarrollo Rural (INCODER). Realizaram-se entrevistas, oficinas de identificação do território e grupos de discussão de temas relacionados à identidade e ao desenvolvimento. Argumenta-se que os processos organizativos dos camponeses relacionados com a constituição das ZRC têm gerado dinâmicas particulares da construção da identidade onde a categoria camponês está sendo constantemente redefinida. Esta é associada a outras categorias sociais como colono e mestizo, em contraste com outras identidades étnicas, principalmente as indígenas, e em relação ao Estado, onde se discutem e negociam diferentes formas de entender o desenvolvimento. Os dados analisados permitem afirmar que estes processos de identificação estão intimamente relacionados com as diferentes dinâmicas de luta pela terra das populações rurais. Desde a promulgação da Constituição de 1991 estas lutas se desenvolvem em relação com as reivindicações pela defesa dos territórios étnicos. Isto permite compreender de que forma a apropriação do território como coletivo por parte das associações camponesas analisadas dá conta de novas estratégias de luta pela terra, pelo território e pela construção de identidades. / Esta investigación aborda la construcción de identidades políticas relacionadas a los procesos organizativos de tres asociaciones campesinas que buscan la constitución de Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) en la zona montañosa de los municipios de Caloto, Corinto y Miranda en el norte del departamento del Cauca. Estas asociaciones reivindican desde hace aproximadamente 15 años ante el Estado colombiano la delimitación de estas reservas en lo que ellos consideran su territorio. Estos procesos organizativos se dan en un contexto muy complejo pues el desarrollo histórico de la dinámica económica de la zona, la cual ha girado en torno a la consolidación de la agricultura industrial de la caña de azúcar como principal actividad económica de la zona plana de la región, ha generado la exclusión económica y política de los pobladores rurales, tanto indígenas como afrodescendientes y campesinos. Como consecuencia, los cultivos de uso ilícito, que entraron a la zona desde la década de los años 80, se han constituido en una alternativa para generar ingresos económicos para los pequeños cultivadores de la zona montañosa, con los graves efectos sociales, políticos y ambientales que esta actividad conlleva. Además de esto, la presencia e intensificación del conflicto armado en esta región hace que las condiciones de vida y la permanencia de estas poblaciones en su territorio se vean cada vez más amenazada. En este contexto, la figura de ZRC comienza a ser reivindicada por campesinos colonos de la parte montañosa. Las propuestas de las asociaciones buscan negociar con el Estado colombiano una manera diferente de abordar la problemática de los cultivos de uso ilícito que no sea por la vía de la erradicación forzada, reclamando el reconocimiento de su territorio y la necesidad de un desarrollo propio. Este proceso ha implicado no solo la relación de las asociaciones con diferentes niveles del Estado (municipal, departamental y nacional) en el marco de los trámites para la constitución de la zona y la negociación de las estrategias de erradicación, sino también la interacción con otras formas organizativas de la región como los cabildos indígenas. El objetivo central de esta investigación es comprender los procesos de identificación de los campesinos como sujetos colectivos a través de sus reivindicaciones por el territorio y el desarrollo en el marco de las diferentes dinámicas sociales y políticos y de las relaciones interétnicas con otros grupos sociales como los indígenas. Esta investigación se propone abordar el proceso de construcción de identidad de los campesinos relacionado con el accionar de estas asociaciones. Interesa entender cómo la emergencia de las asociaciones que procuran la construcción de las ZRC está asociada a la construcción de la identidad campesina. Este análisis es importante para entender cómo es que ellos llegan a producir el lugar de las Zonas de Reserva Campesina apropiándose de una figura legal y dotándola de un sentido local en el contexto de las condiciones particulares de la zona. Esta investigación se realizó en el marco de la elaboración de los pre-diagnósticos para la construcción de los Planes de Desarrollo Campesinos, documentos necesarios para el trámite de conformación de las ZRC ante del INCODER. Se realizaron entrevistas, talleres de identificación del territorio y grupos de discusión sobre temas relacionados con la identidad y el desarrollo. Se argumenta que los procesos organizativos de los campesinos entorno a la constitución de las ZRC ha generado dinámicas particulares de construcción de la identidad donde la categoría “campesino” es constantemente redefinida. Esta es asociada a otras categorías sociales como colono y mestizo, en una relación constante con otras identidades étnicas, principalmente indígenas, y en contraste con el propio Estado, donde se discuten y negocian formas diferentes de entender el “desarrollo”. Los datos analizados permiten afirmar que estos procesos de identificación están íntimamente relacionados con las diferentes dinámicas de la lucha por la tierra de las poblaciones rurales, la cual, en el marco del nuevo orden constitucional que emerge con la constitución de 1991, se desarrolla desde mecanismos asociados a los territorios étnicos. Lo anterior permite comprender como la apropiación del territorio como colectivo por parte de las asociaciones campesinas analizadas da cuenta de nuevas estrategias de lucha por la tierra, por el territorio y por la construcción de identidades.

Nuestro estudio se enmarca en analizar al peonaje santiaguino en la década de 1830, período hito en la historia de Chile, ya que se instaura por primera vez independientes la idea de orden y estabilidad impuesta por Diego Portales, uno de los llamados “héroes” chilenos, esta estabilidad se pretende instaurar para afianzar el sistema económico de acumulación mercantilista que se quiere imponer1, el que consiste en la apertura de la economía nacional hacia el mercado extranjero –principalmente inglés- con el fin de captar manufacturas y exportar minerales como la plata y el cobre. En tal dinámica económica, Santiago se sitúa como uno de los principales focos de atracción poblacional popular del país durante ese período, ya que se establece como uno de los centros de las actividades financieras y comerciales de Chile.