Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In Southern Brazil, the plant Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae), popularly known as guavirova , has been empirically used for its potential effect in reducing blood cholesterol levels. Since there are no scientific data confirming its popular use, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of C. xanthocarpa on biochemical, hematological, anthropometrical and oxidative stress parameters in hypercholesterolemic patients. Thirty three patients were selected according to total cholesterol (TC) levels: 200-240 mg/dL, undesirable level (UL), and >240 mg/dL, hypercholesterolemic level (HL). UL or HL patients were randomly divided into control group (CG), which received placebo capsules, and experimental group 250 (EG 250) or 500 (EG 500), which received either 250 or 500 mg of encapsulated C. xanthocarpa. All groups received a cholesterol restriction diet and capsules once a day. The biochemical (TC, triglycerides, HDL, LDL and VLDL), hematological (hematocrit and hemoglobin), anthropometrical (weight and abdominal circumference) and oxidative stress (protein carbonyl) parameters were measured before, 45 and 90 days after the treatment started. There was no alteration on biochemical, hematological, anthropometric or oxidative stress parameters in UL patients of all groups. However, a significant decrease in TC and LDL levels was observed in HL patients from EG 500 group (reduction of 28±3 and 45±4% to levels before treatment) in relation to CG group patients (reduction of 12±2 and 29±4%). Moreover, a significant reduction in oxidative stress was observed in HL patients of EG 250 (51±12%) and EG 500 groups (34±18%) when compared to levels before treatment. A positive correlation between plasma oxidative stress PC and TC levels was observed. Finally, was demonstrated that C. xanthocarpa extract possesses anti-oxidant properties and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity in vitro. Confirming its popular use, the treatment with C. xanthocarpa encapsulated reduced blood TC and LDL levels in hypercholesterolemic patients. Besides its effect on cholesterol levels, this plant reduced the oxidative stress in plasma of hypercholesterolemic patients as well. / No Sul do Brasil, a planta Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg. (Myrtaceae), popularmente conhecida como guavirova , tem sido empiricamente usada por seu efeito potencial em reduzir os níveis de colesterol sanguíneo. Uma vez que não há dados científicos confirmando seu uso popular, o alvo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos da C. xanthocarpa nos parâmetros bioquímicos, hematológicos, antropométricos e de estresse oxidativo em pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos. Trinta e três pacientes foram selecionados de acordo com os níveis de colesterol total (CT): 200-240 mg/dL, níveis indesejáveis (NI), e > 240 mg/dL, níveis hipercolesterolêmicos (NH). Os pacientes NI e NH foram randomicamente divididos em grupo controle (GC), que recebeu cápsulas placebo, e grupo experimental 250 (GE 250) ou 500 (GE 500), que recebeu 250 ou 500 mg de C. xanthocarpa encapsulada. Todos os grupos receberam uma dieta com restrição a colesterol e cápsulas diariamente. Os parâmetros bioquímicos (CT, triacilgliceróis, HDL, LDL e VLDL), hematológicos (hematócrito e hemoglobina), antropométricos (peso e circunferência abdominal) e de estresse oxidativo (proteína carbonilada) foram mensurados antes, 45 e 90 dias depois do tratamento. Não houve nenhum alteração significativa nos parâmetros bioquímico, hematológico, antropométrico e de estresse oxidativo em pacientes NI de todos os grupos. Entretanto, uma redução significativa nos níveis de CT e LDL foi observada em pacientes NH do GE 500 (redução de 28±3 e 45±4% para os níveis antes do tratamento) em relação aos pacientes do GC (redução de 12±2 e 29±4%). Além disso, uma redução significante no estresse oxidativo foi observada em pacientes NH do GE 250 (51±12%) e GE 500 (34±18%) quando comparado com os níveis antes do tratamento. Uma correlação positiva entre os níveis de proteína carbonilada e CT foi observada. Finalmente, foi demonstrado que o extrato de C. xanthocarpa possui propriedade antioxidante e atividade inibitória da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril coenzima A redutase in vitro. Confirmando seu uso popular, o tratamento com C. xanthocarpa reduziu os níveis de CT e LDL sanguíneos em pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos. Além dos seus efeitos nos níveis de colesterol, esta planta reduziu o estresse oxidativo no plasma de pacientes hipercolesterolêmicos.

A técnica de confinamento de folhas de plantas em câmara de Teflon rígido (cuvette), com visor em vidro, submetida a um fluxo contínuo de ar foi adotada na avaliação da emissão de compostos carbonílicos voláteis por plantas. Os carbonílicos foram coletados sobre sílica impregnada com o reagente derivatizante 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina e analisados por cromatografia a líquido de alto desempenho e detecção por ultravioleta. Foram identificados e quantificados aldeídos alifáticos saturados (C1 a C6) e insaturados (acroleína, metacroleína, crotonaldeído), benzaldeído, acetona e 2-butanona. A temperatura ambiente e na superfície das folhas, a umidade relativa do ar, a intensidade da luz solar e os níveis de ozônio e de óxidos de nitrogênio no ar foram monitorados durante as coletas de amostras. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de fundo de carbonílicos no sistema coletor empregado, 29 amostras de ar foram coletadas sem a introdução de folhas de planta no cuvette, em condições ambientais de laboratório e campo. Uma avaliação estatística dos resultados indicou que os níveis de fundo do cuvette vazio foram próximos a zero nas coletas feitas no laboratório e aumentaram de acordo com o aumento da intensidade da luz solar nas coletas em campo. Esses resultados mostraram que a exposição do cuvette à radiação solar conduz à formação de artefato positivo de amostragem. Foram feitas medidas da emissão de carbonílicos pela espécie Ficus benjamina, para a qual foram observadas taxas de emissão de acetaldeído altas em condições de temperatura na superfície das folhas superior a 40°C. Na ausência de luz solar incidente, não foi observada emissão de carbonílicos pelo exemplar avaliado dessa espécie. Foram feitas também medidas da emissão de carbonílicos pelas seguintes espécies de plantas ocorrentes na vegetação nativa da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: Cecropia pachystachya, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Solanum erianthum, Alchornea sidifolia, Syagrus rommanzoffiana e Ficus insipida, para as quais foram observadas taxas de emissão de carbonílicos que variaram entre 1,5 10-2 e 2,3 µgC g-1 h-1. / The leaf enclosure technique in air flow-through rigid Teflon chamber (cuvette) was employed to evaluate volatile carbonyl compound emission from plants. The gaseous carbonyl compounds were collected on silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection. The identified and quantified carbonyls were saturated (C1 - C6) and unsaturated (acrolein, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde) aliphatic aldehydes, benzaldehyde, acetone and 2-butanone. Ambient and leaf surface temperatures, relative humidity, light intensity, ozone and nitrogen oxides air levels were monitored during carbonyl emission sampling. With the aim of evaluate the collection system carbonyl background leveIs, 29 air samples were collected from the empty cuvette under laboratory and field conditions. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the cuvette background leveIs were close to zero under laboratory conditions and increased with the increasing of the sunlight intensity under field conditions. These results showed that the cuvette exposition to the sunlight leaded to positive sampling artifact. Carbonyl compound emission from Ficus benjamina species was measured and high acetaldehyde emission rates were observed under leaf surface temperature higher than 40°C. In the absence of direct sunlight no carbonyl emission was measured from the evaluated individual of Ficus benjamina. Also carbonyI emissions from the following native species in the metropolitan region of São Paulo City were measured: Cecropia pachystachya, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Solanum erianthum, Alchornea sidifolia, Syagrus rommanzoffzana e Ficus insípida. The observed rate emissions from these plants ranged between 1,5 10 -2 and 2,3 µgC g-1 h-1.

Dans cette thèse, nous améliorons et utilisons le montage expérimental développé au laboratoire nommé femto/OPO-FT-CEAS. Ce montage combine une source laser femto/OPO, une cavité optique haute finesse et un interféromètre à transformée de Fourier. Il permet d'enregistrer des spectres sur un intervalle de 150 cm-1, avec un coefficient d'absorption minimal de 3x10-9 cm-1, à une résolution de 2x10-2 cm-1 et un temps d’acquisition de 2 heures. Un chemin d'absorption de 20 km a été obtenu dans une cellule de 145 cm. Différents miroirs à hauts indices de réflexion permettent d'accéder à deux gamme spectrales dans le domaine de l'infrarouge proche :6200-6700 cm-1 et 7700-8300 cm-1.Le montage femto/OPO-FT-CEAS a été utilisé afin d'enregistrer des spectres à température ambiante. La molécule OCS a été étudiée dans les gammes spectrales de 6200 à 6700 cm-1 et 7700 à 8300 cm-1. Les nouvelles données rovibrationnelles ont été intégrées au modèle global développé par le Prof. Fayt de l'université catholique de Louvain. Un échantillon de CO2 enrichi en oxygène 17 a également été étudié dans la gamme spectrale de 7700 à 8300 cm-1. Les données ont été traitées avec l'aide du Dr. Lyulin l'institut d'optique atmosphérique de Tomsk, Russie.Le montage femto/OPO-FT-CEAS a également été modifié pour enregistrer des spectres de molécules refroidies au sein d'un jet supersonique. Les molécules de N2O, C2H4 et H12C13CH en abondance isotopique naturelle ont été étudiées. Le montage permet de refroidir les molécules étudiées jusqu'à 10 K et un coefficient de 5x10-8 cm-1 a été obtenu. Ce montage a également permis d'enregistrer des spectres CEAS et CRDS de NH3 à des températures de 17 et 14 K respectivement. L'analyse des spectres aété réalisée avec l'aide des Profs. Fusina et Di Lonardo de l'Université de Bologne, Italie.Une cellule de 145 cm pouvant être refroidie à l'aide de réfrigérants liquides a également été développée en vue de remplacer une cellule à température ambiante de 77 cm utilisée dans le montage femto/OPO-FT-CEAS.Enfin, les montages FANTASIO+ et femto/OPO-FT-CEAS ont été utilisés afin afin d'enregistrer des spectres de HCOOH à température ambiante et à 10 K. Les données ont été traitées avec l'aide du Dr. Perrin de l'Université Paris-Créteil, France. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Sous l’impact de contraintes photochimiques, thermiques, et hydrolytiques, les polymères subissent une dégradation souvent irréversible de leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. L’étude des mécanismes à l’origine de cette dégradation est indispensable pour la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu à toutes les échelles et pour la prévision de la durée de vie du matériau. L’enjeu de cette thèse est de comprendre les mécanismes à l’origine de la perte des propriétés d’aspect de matériaux en polypropylène teinté dans la masse soumis à un vieillissement photochimique, en suivant une approche multi-échelles et multi-critères. La composition des matériaux a été progressivement complexifiée au cours de l’étude, afin de pouvoir comprendre l’influence de l’ajout de pigments organiques, de stabilisants, et de talc, sur les modifications d’aspect des pièces sous irradiation. Grâce aux résultats obtenus et aux valeurs-seuils alors définies pour chaque critère de dégradation identifié, un modèle analytique d’étude du vieillissement de pièces en polypropylène teinté dans la masse a pu être proposé. / Under photochemical, thermal and hydrolytic stresses, polymers undergo an often-irreversible degradation of their functional properties. The study of the mechanisms governing the degradation of the properties is important, and understanding the involved phenomena at every scale is mandatory to predict the material lifetime. This PhD thesis aims at understanding the mechanisms underlying the loss of appearance properties of mass coloured polypropylene materials, using a multi-scale and multi-criteria approach. Formulations were progressively made more complex during this study, in order to understand the influence of organic pigments, stabilizers, and talc, on the appearance changes of the material under exposure. Thanks to the obtained results and to the threshold values determined for each identified criterion during degradation monitoring, an analytical model to study mass coloured polypropylene ageing could be proposed.

Nucleophilic additions are an important class of reactions in the preparation of several organic compounds. Metals facilitate nucleophilic additions in many cases. The present work Mechanistic Investigation of Metal Promoted Nucleophilic additions is an attempt to understand the mechanism of nucleophilic additions to imines and carbonyl compounds mediated by the transition metal complexes. Understanding the mechanism of metal promoted nucleophilic additions can facilitate the design and synthesis of more efficient catalysts. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to nucleophilic addition. A few named reactions that involve nucleophilic addition are described. An overview of the metal promoted nucleophilic addition reactions and their mechanisms are presented. A short note on the importance of understanding the mechanism of metal promoted nucleophilic addition is included. This section ends with the scope of the present work. Chapter 2 “Mechanistic Investigation of Titanium Mediated Reactions of Imines” deals with two reactions. The first reaction is the formation of reduced amines on reduction of imines. Amines and diamines are synthesized often from imines. A convenient route to such nitrogen containing compounds is through reduction of imines and through reductive coupling of imines respectively. Since both reactions occur in a parallel fashion, during the synthesis of diamines, amines are obtained as side products and vice versa. This problem is acute in the case of titanium based reducing agents. These reducing agents are called low valent titanium reagents because low valent titanium species are generated in situ either from titanium(IV) or titanium(III) reagents. There is no clear understanding of the nature of the low valent titanium involved in the reaction. To rectify this, a mechanistic understanding of this reaction is essential. An attempt was made to probe the mechanism of formation of amines using low valent titanium formed by using two different reducing agents namely phenylsilane and zinc. With the help of isotopic labelling studies, it was found that the mechanism of formation of an amine with phenylsilane involves a direct hydrogen transfer from phenylsilane to an imine. This was verified using deuterium labelled phenylsilane. With zinc, it follows a traditional titanacycle pathway which was verified by quenching with the deuterium oxide. A second reaction that has been probed is the alkylation of imines by Grignard reagents using chiral titanium complexes. Alkylation of imines is one of the suitable routes to prepare chiral amines. Alkylation of imines employing a Grignard reagent with Ti(OiPr)4 can proceed through two different pathways depending on the amount of the Grignard reagent used. Alkylation reaction with one equivalent of Grignard reagent can proceed through a Ti(IV) species and the alkylation reaction with two equivalents of the Grignard reagent can proceed through a Ti(II) species. The reaction proceeding through Ti(IV) is less wasteful as it only requires one equivalent of the Grignard reagent. The two pathways differ from each other in the nature of the transition state where the C-C bond is formed. To verify the favourable pathway, chiral titanium complexes were prepared and alkylation carried out. The alkylation results suggest that one equivalent of Grignard is sufficient to give good yields of the alkylated product and the reaction may proceed through a Ti(IV) promoted path. It was reported in the literature that at least three equivalents of Grignard reagent are required to get good yields of the alkylated product with zirconium complexes. This work suggests a greener alternate to alkylation of imines. Chapter 3 “Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction of Ketones in Water” deals with the synthesis of chiral ruthenium half-sandwich complexes employing a proline diamine ligand which has phenyl, ethyl, benzyl, or hydrogen as a substituent. These complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction. In addition, all these complexes were obtained as single diastereoisomers. These complexes were used as catalysts for the reduction of a variety of ketones to chiral alcohols in water using sodium formate as a hydride source. Stoichiometric reaction between sodium formate and the catalysts showed the formation of hydride complexes as the active species. Based on the electronic effects observed, the key step is found to be a nucleophilic attack of hydride on the carbonyl carbon of ketones. In the transfer hydrogenation reaction with DCOONa, more of 1-phenylethanol- 1-2H1 was observed with all the ruthenium catalysts suggesting that the hydrogen from sodium formate is transformed into a metal hydride which is subsequently transferred to the ketones to form chiral alcohols. The catalysts were optimized with acetophenone as a model substrate. Only in the case of a catalyst which has a phenyl substituent, silver nitrate was found to enhance the formation of aqua complex which in turn resulted in good yields of the chiral alcohols. Among all the complexes studied, the catalyst bearing a phenyl group induces greatest enantioselectivity. It can also be recycled. Chapter 4 “On the Formation of a Ruthenium-PPh2H Complex Using 1- Phenylethane-1,2-diol” deals with the mechanism of formation of PPh2H from PPh2Cl. This unique transformation involves a ruthenium-cymene dimer, PPh2Cl and 1-phenylethane-1,2- diol. In the attempted synthesis of a ruthenium bisphosphinite complex, using the ruthenium-cymene dimer, chlorodiphenylphosphine and 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol, the formation of [Ru(η6-cymene)Cl2PPh2H] was observed in good yield. Formation of the expected ruthenium bisphosphinite complex was not observed. The reaction was carried out in the absence of 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol resulted in the formation of [Ru(η6- cymene)Cl2PPh2Cl] suggests that the diol acts as a reducing agent. To verify the source of hydrogen in the 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol, deuterated diols were prepared. The reactions with the deuterated diols revealed several interesting aspects of the formation of the Ru-PPh2H complex. Chapter 5 “Mechanistic Studies on the Diazo Transfer Reaction” deals with the synthesis of labelled azides and the labelled azidating reagent to probe the mechanism of the diazo transfer reaction. Azides are important precursors used for a variety of chemical transformations including the celebrated Cu(I) catalyzed click reaction. Azides are also used as protecting groups for amines as they can be conveniently reduced to amines. Azidation of amines usually yield azides, with retention of stereochemistry. There is a possibility that the azide formation can occur through the SNi mechanism with retention of configuration where nitrogen in the starting material will not be retained after forming an azide. The reaction was carried out with 13C and 15N labelled L-valine and L-isoleucine to probe this possibility. The resultant labelled azide has 15N retained in its position. This excluded the SNi pathway. To show where the nucleophilic amine group is attacking the azide, labelled imidazole-1¬sulfonyl azide was synthesized from NaN215N. Reactions were carried out with L-valine (labelled and unlabelled) in the presence of a metal catalyst and with unlabelled L-valine in the absence of catalyst. These results confirm the postulated pathways described in the literature.

Ce travail de recherche est consacré au développement de catalyseurs à base de métaux de transition abondants de la première rangée du tableau périodique, tels que Mn, Fe, et Ni, pour les réactions d'hydro-élémentation. Tout d'abord, l'hydrosilylation de cétones et d'aldéhydes a été accomplie en utilisant un système catalytique simple Ni(OAc)₂ 4H2O/PCy₃ avec le PMHS, silane peu coûteux et stable en tant que source d'hydrure. L'amination réductrice d'aldéhydes avec des amines a également été réalisée avec le même système catalytique et le TMDS, comme silane. Deuxièmement, l’efficacité des complexes de manganèse demi-sandwich CpMn(CO)₂(IMes) a été prouvée pour la réduction des aldéhydes et des cétones en présence de Ph₂SiH₂ (1,5 équiv.) sous irradiation UV. La transformation difficile d'acides carboxyliques en aldéhydes a été effectuée à l'aide de Mn₂(CO)₁₀ et de Et3SiH. Troisièmement, la méthylation des amines secondaires avec le carbonate de diméthyle en tant que source C1 a été démontrée dans des conditions catalytique douces avec [CpFe(CO)₂(IMes)]I. Ensuite, l'hydroboration d'alcènes et d'alcynes fonctionnalisés a été réalisée en présence d’un complexe de fer (0), Fe(CO)₄(IMes) sous irradiation UV. Enfin, la réaction d'hydroboration a été étendue avec succès à la réduction de CO₂ en methoxyboranes avec Fe(CO)₃[P(OPh)₃]₂ en tant que catalyseur et les diverses sources de borane, tels que HBpin, HBcat ou 9-BBN. / This research work deals with the use of the catalysts based on the earth-abundant transition metals of the first row of the periodic table, such as Mn, Fe, and Ni, for hydroelementation reactions. First of all, the hydrosilylation of aldehydes and ketones was accomplished using a simple Ni(OAc)₂ 4H₂O/PCy₃ catalytic system with the inexpensive and stable silane PMHS as the hydride source. The reductive amination of aldehydes with amines was also achieved with the same catalytic system and TMDS, as the silane. Second, the efficiency of manganese half-sandwich complex CpMn(CO)₂(IMes) was exemplified for the reduction of aldehydes and ketones in the presence of Ph ₂ SiH ₂ (1.5 equiv.) under UV irradiation at room temperature. Still with manganese, the challenging transformation of carboxylic acids to aldehydes was performed using commercial Mn₂ (CO)₁₀ and Et₃SiH. Third, the methylation of the secondary amines with dimethyl carbonate as an alternative and safe C1 source was demonstrated under mild conditions with [CpFe(CO)₂(IMes)]I as the catalyst. Then, the hydroboration of functionalized alkenes and alkynes was catalyzed by an iron(0) carbonyl complex Fe(CO)₄(IMes) under UV irradiation. Finally, the hydroboration reaction was successfully extended to the reduction of CO₂ to methoxyboranes with Fe(CO)₃[P(OPh)₃]₂ as the catalyst and the borane sources, such as HBpin, HBcat or 9-BBN.

A técnica de confinamento de folhas de plantas em câmara de Teflon rígido (cuvette), com visor em vidro, submetida a um fluxo contínuo de ar foi adotada na avaliação da emissão de compostos carbonílicos voláteis por plantas. Os carbonílicos foram coletados sobre sílica impregnada com o reagente derivatizante 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina e analisados por cromatografia a líquido de alto desempenho e detecção por ultravioleta. Foram identificados e quantificados aldeídos alifáticos saturados (C1 a C6) e insaturados (acroleína, metacroleína, crotonaldeído), benzaldeído, acetona e 2-butanona. A temperatura ambiente e na superfície das folhas, a umidade relativa do ar, a intensidade da luz solar e os níveis de ozônio e de óxidos de nitrogênio no ar foram monitorados durante as coletas de amostras. Com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis de fundo de carbonílicos no sistema coletor empregado, 29 amostras de ar foram coletadas sem a introdução de folhas de planta no cuvette, em condições ambientais de laboratório e campo. Uma avaliação estatística dos resultados indicou que os níveis de fundo do cuvette vazio foram próximos a zero nas coletas feitas no laboratório e aumentaram de acordo com o aumento da intensidade da luz solar nas coletas em campo. Esses resultados mostraram que a exposição do cuvette à radiação solar conduz à formação de artefato positivo de amostragem. Foram feitas medidas da emissão de carbonílicos pela espécie Ficus benjamina, para a qual foram observadas taxas de emissão de acetaldeído altas em condições de temperatura na superfície das folhas superior a 40°C. Na ausência de luz solar incidente, não foi observada emissão de carbonílicos pelo exemplar avaliado dessa espécie. Foram feitas também medidas da emissão de carbonílicos pelas seguintes espécies de plantas ocorrentes na vegetação nativa da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo: Cecropia pachystachya, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Solanum erianthum, Alchornea sidifolia, Syagrus rommanzoffiana e Ficus insipida, para as quais foram observadas taxas de emissão de carbonílicos que variaram entre 1,5 10-2 e 2,3 µgC g-1 h-1. / The leaf enclosure technique in air flow-through rigid Teflon chamber (cuvette) was employed to evaluate volatile carbonyl compound emission from plants. The gaseous carbonyl compounds were collected on silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection. The identified and quantified carbonyls were saturated (C1 - C6) and unsaturated (acrolein, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde) aliphatic aldehydes, benzaldehyde, acetone and 2-butanone. Ambient and leaf surface temperatures, relative humidity, light intensity, ozone and nitrogen oxides air levels were monitored during carbonyl emission sampling. With the aim of evaluate the collection system carbonyl background leveIs, 29 air samples were collected from the empty cuvette under laboratory and field conditions. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the cuvette background leveIs were close to zero under laboratory conditions and increased with the increasing of the sunlight intensity under field conditions. These results showed that the cuvette exposition to the sunlight leaded to positive sampling artifact. Carbonyl compound emission from Ficus benjamina species was measured and high acetaldehyde emission rates were observed under leaf surface temperature higher than 40°C. In the absence of direct sunlight no carbonyl emission was measured from the evaluated individual of Ficus benjamina. Also carbonyI emissions from the following native species in the metropolitan region of São Paulo City were measured: Cecropia pachystachya, Casearia sylvestris, Croton floribundus, Solanum erianthum, Alchornea sidifolia, Syagrus rommanzoffzana e Ficus insípida. The observed rate emissions from these plants ranged between 1,5 10 -2 and 2,3 µgC g-1 h-1.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science Department of Organic Chemistry Ing. Yana Chernykh Sulfur-Based Reagents for Nucleophilic and Radical Introduction of Tetrafluoroethyl and Tetrafluoroethylene Groups Ph.D. Thesis Prague 2014 ABSTRACT This project was aimed at developing new methodologies for selective introduction of tetrafluoroethyl and tetrafluoroethylene groups into organic molecules. The study was focused on reactivities of fluorinated sulfones and sulfides as tetrafluoroalkylation reagents. In the Introduction part of the thesis, main aspects of organofluorine chemistry are outlined, illustrating beneficial effects of fluorine atoms on physical, chemical and biological properties of organic compounds. General synthetic methods for the selective introduction of fluorine atoms and fluoroalkyl groups to organic molecules are described. Particular attention is given to reactivity and applications of CF2CF2-containing compounds, indicating challenges in synthetic approaches toward tetrafluoroalkylation. The Results and discussion part describes reactivities of four new fluorinated organosulfur reagents as tetrafluoroethyl and tetrafluoroethylene building blocks. The application of these reagents as various carbanionic or radical synthons proved to be effective for the incorporation of CF2CF2...

Title: Theoretical study of spin-orbit coupling on spectra and photophysics of rhenium complexes Author: RNDr. Radka Heydová Department: Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry Supervisor: Ing. Stanislav Záliš, CSc., JHI AS CR, v.v.i. Supervisor's e-mail address: stanislav.zalis@jh.inst-cas.cz Abstract: Relativistic effects, especially spin-orbit coupling (SOC), play an essential role in transition metal chemistry and SOC treatment is indispensable for a correct theoretical description. To demonstrate the importance of SOC, the energies and oscillator strengths of vertical transitions for a series of [ReX(CO)3(2,2'-bipyridine)] (X = Cl, Br, I) and [Re(imidazole)(CO)3(1,10-phenanthroline)]+ complexes were calculated in the spin-free (SF) and spin-orbit (SO) conceptual frameworks. Two different computational approaches were adopted: SO-MS-CASPT2 where SOC was added a posteriori using a configuration interaction model (SO-RASSI), and the approximate perturbative SO-TD-DFT method. Relativistic effects were included via the two-component Douglas-Kroll-Hess transformation and the zeroth-order regular approximation in the former and the latter technique, respectively. The SF (i.e. accounting only for the scalar relativistic effects) and SO results from both methods were compared with each other and to available...

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese Ferrocenyl-funktionalisierter Phosphole und deren elektrochemische sowie spektroelektrochemische Charakterisierung zur Bestimmung der Stärke der Metall-Metall-Wechselwirkungen. Aufgrund der mangelnden Aromatizität stehen das freie Elektronenpaar am Phosphoratom und das dienische System für weitere Reaktionen zur Verfügung. Somit konnten gezielt Modifikationen am heterozyklischen Grundgerüst vorgenommen werden, um dessen elektronische Eigenschaften zu beeinflussen. Ein Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag im Aufbau eines Phospholsystems mit Ferrocenyl-substituenten in 2- und 5-Position des Heterozyklus. Weiterhin wurden die Auswirkungen auf die elektronischen Eigenschaften des Moleküls nach chemischer Oxidation des Phosphoratoms von PIII zu PV mit Schwefel und Selen untersucht. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt lag in der Synthese von Übergangsmetallkomplexen des 2,5-Diferrocenyl-1-phenyl-1H-phosphols, um den Einfluss des Phosphoratoms und des dienischen Systems auf die elektronische Wechselwirkung der Ferrocenylgruppen genauer zu untersuchen und die elektronischen Eigenschaften gezielt zu beeinflussen. In weiteren Arbeiten wurden räumlich anspruchsvolle Substituenten am Phosphoratom zur Veränderung der Geometrie der pyramidalen Phosphorumgebung und somit zur Erhöhung der Delokalisierung im Heterozyklus eingeführt. Die Phosphole mit räumlich anspruchsvollen Gruppen zeigten die größte Metall-Metall-Wechselwirkung der Fc/Fc+-Gruppen über den Phospholring.