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Zur Therapie des metastasierten hormonsensitiven oder kastrationsresistenten Prostatakarzinoms (mHSPC, mCRPC) gab es in den letzten Jahren zahlreiche neue Erkenntnisse aus klinischen Studien. Die neu zugelassenen Behandlungsoptionen machen die Therapieplanung und Therapiesequenz anspruchsvoller. Hinzu kommt, dass die Lokaltherapie des metastasierten Prostatakarzinoms zunehmend an Bedeutung gewinnt. Im neuen Update 6.2 der S3-Leitlinie zum Prostatakarzinom vom Oktober 2021 wurden die neuen Entwicklungen bei den Empfehlungen zur Behandlung des mHSPC und mCRPC umgesetzt, deren wichtigsten Neuerungen und die daraus resultierenden Empfehlungen für die Praxis dargestellt werden. / There have been numerous new findings from clinical trials in recent years regarding the treatment of metastatic hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant prostate cancer. The newly approved treatment options make therapy planning and therapy sequencing more challenging. In addition, local therapy of metastatic prostate cancer is becoming increasingly important. In the new German guidelines on prostate cancer (version 6.2, October 2021), new developments in the recommendations for the treatment of mHSPC and mCRPC were implemented, and their most important resulting recommendations for the clinical practice are presented in this review.

Le cancer de la prostate est la forme de cancer la plus fréquente et la troisième cause de décès par cancer chez l’homme dans les sociétés occidentales. Alors que la plupart des cancers de la prostate localisés sont éradiqués chirurgicalement, la plupart des tumeurs métastatiques répondant initialement aux thérapies par privation d’androgènes deviennent résistantes au traitement, causant généralement le décès du patient. Les gènes suppresseurs de tumeur PTEN et p53 étant fréquemment mutés dans les cancers de la prostate métastatiques et résistants à la castration, le laboratoire d’accueil a généré des modèles murins dans lesquels Pten et/ou Trp53 sont sélectivement invalidés à l’âge adulte dans les cellules épithéliales prostatiques dans le but de déterminer les évènements clés conduisant à la progression du cancer de la prostate. Notre étude révèle que l’invalidation de PTEN stimule la prolifération des cellules épithéliales prostatiques et conduit à des néoplasmes prostatiques intraépithéliaux en quelques mois. Cette hyper-prolifération induit un stress réplicatif et une réponse aux dommages de l’ADN qui va conduire à un arrêt progressif de la croissance cellulaire et une entrée en sénescence. Les cellules sénescentes sécrètent de nombreuses cytokines et de chimiokines, et peuvent accumuler des mutations contribuant ainsi à la progression de la tumeur. Il est notable qu’en l’absence de Trp53, les épithéliums prostatiques dépourvus de Pten développent des néoplasmes prostatiques intraépithéliaux entrant en sénescence. Cependant, la formation d’adénocarcinomes est accélérée et des tumeurs sarcomatoïdes pouvant générer à long terme des métastases apparaissent. En l’absence de Pten, certaines cellules épithéliales prostatiques perdent leur identité moléculaire en exprimant des marqueurs caractéristiques de cellules souches et différenciation neuroendocrinienne. Nous avons également mis en évidence des cellules épithéliales prostatiques déficientes en PTEN et p53 résistantes à la castration exprimant à la fois des marqueurs de cellules basales et luminales. En conclusion, nos travaux ont permis une avancée dans la compréhension des mécanismes conduisant à des formes incurables de cancer de la prostate. Les traitements actuels ayant des effets secondaires importants et pouvant générer des résistances, le développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques permettant l’élimination des cellules sénescentes mais aussi des cellules épithéliales prostatiques exprimant des marqueurs de cellules basales et luminales dans les lésions précancéreuses représente des perspectives intéressantes pour traiter le cancer de la prostate. / Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of male cancer death worldwide. While most locally PCa are curable, metastatic tumors initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy but ultimately relapse to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is a lethal disease. Since the tumor suppressor genes PTEN and p53 are frequently mutated in metastatic and CRPC, the host laboratory generated mouse models in which Pten and/or Trp53 are selectively ablated in adult prostatic epithelial cells (PECs) in order to unravel the key events leading to prostate cancer progression. Our study reveals that Pten ablation stimulates PECs proliferation forming prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) within a few months. This hyper-proliferation induces replicative stress and a DNA damage response (DDR), which in turn leads to a progressive growth arrest with characteristics of cell senescence. As senescent cells secrete a large number of cytokines and chemokines, and can accumulate other mutations, they might contribute to tumor progression. Importantly, in the absence of Trp53, most Pten-null PECs develop PINs that enter senescence. However partial loss of PECs identity is detected as we show enhanced stemness and focal neuroendocrine differentiation of luminal Pten-null PECs. In some cases, adenocarcinoma and sarcomatoid tumors are formed, and more than one-third of the latter develop metastases. Strikingly, we also show formation of a castrate-resistant cell entity of both Pten and Pten/Trp53-null PECs sharing luminal and basal markers. Taken together, as current treaments lead to side effects and resistance, the development of therapeutic strategies to eliminate senescent cells/and or PECs expressing luminal and basal/stem progenitor in pre- cancerous lesions represents promising option for prostate cancer treatment.

Le cancer de la prostate (CaP) est devenu un véritable problème de santé publique dans les pays industrialisés. L'hormonothérapie reste le traitement de première ligne le plus efficace dans les cancers avancés mais il n'empêche pas la progression vers un stade androgéno-indépendant (AI), pour lequel la chimiothérapie s'avère peu efficace. Une des stratégies pour améliorer les thérapies actuelles consiste à cibler des gènes de survie surexprimés dans les CaPs AI afin de restaurer la sensibilité aux traitements du CaPs. Hsp27, protéine surexprimée dans ces cancers, à un effet cytoprotecteur qui engendre une résistance aux traitements. Elle est maintenant reconnue comme une cible thérapeutique importante. Rocchi et al. ont développé un oligonucléotide antisense (ASO) de deuxième génération (OGX-427) qui cible l'ARNm d'Hsp27. OGX-427 est actuellement en essai clinique phase II chez des patients atteints de CaPs au Canada et aux Etats-Unis. Mon projet de thèse a porté sur l'étude des mécanismes d'action d'Hsp27 impliqués dans l'évolution AI du CaP. Cette étude a pour but d'améliorer la sureté pharmacologique d'OGX-427, mais aussi d'identifier de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques visant spécifiquement les cellules tumorales. Mes travaux de thèse ont montré que lors d'un stress cellulaire induit par hormonothérapie et/ou chimiothérapie, Hsp27 interagit avec le facteur eucaryotique d'initiation de la traduction eIF4E et le protège de sa dégradation par la voie ubiquitine/protéasome. Ceci maintient la synthèse protéique et engendre une survie cellulaire impliquée en partie dans l'effet cytoprotecteur médié par Hsp27. / Prostate cancer (PC) has become a real public health issue in industrialized countries, mainly due to patients' relapse by castration-resistant (CR) disease after androgen ablation. One strategy to improve current therapies in advanced PC involves targeting genes that are activated by androgen withdrawal, either to delay or prevent the emergence of the CR phenotype. Hsp27 is over-expressed in this cancer and has been shown to play a cytoprotective role leading to treatments resistance. This protein is now considered as promising therapeutic target. Rocchi, P. et al. developed and patented a second generation antisens oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting Hsp27 that has been licensed (OGX-427) and phase II clinical trials are currently in process in PC in Canada and USA. My PhD project focused on the study of Hsp27 action mechanisms involved in CRPC progression. The present study aims to improve pharmacological safety of OGX-427 and to identify new therapeutic targets specific of CRPC cells. The results of my PhD have shown that during cell stress induced by hormone- and/or chemotherapy, Hsp27 interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E and protects it from degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. This maintains protein synthesis and leads to cell survival, partly involved in the cytoprotection mediated by Hsp27. Our work therefore concerned the characterization of the interaction site between Hsp27 and eIF4E in order to identify potential inhibitors of this interaction that could delay CRPC progression.

A insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) é caracterizada por alterações glomerulares secundárias aos mecanismos adaptativos ocasionados por perda de néfrons funcionantes. Alterações na hemodinâmica glomerular, proliferação celular, influxo de células inflamatórias, desequilíbrio na síntese de proteínas da matriz extracelular glomerular (MECG) e perda da seletividade de carga e/ou tamanho da membrana basal glomerular têm sido apontados como mecanismos envolvidos na expansão mesangial e conseqüente glomeruloesclerose. A participação dos hormônios sexuais na função renal e na evolução da insuficiência renal crônica tem sido sugerida. Os glicosaminoglicanos, especialmente o heparan sulfato (HS), têm sido associados à seletividade glomerular de macromoléculas. O remodelamento podocitário precoce e a proteinuria (PTN) se relacionam com a progressão da IRC. Neste contexto, o acúmulo de MECG, proliferação de miofibroblastos e PTN têm sido apontados como mediadores precoces que precedem as lesões glomerulares e túbulo-intersticiais. Neste estudo, avaliamos as alterações renais precoces (30 dias de IRC) gênero-dependentes em ratos (M) e ratas (F) Wistar submetidos à redução de 5/6 da massa renal (IRC) e à castração (c). Os animais foram divididos em 10 grupos: Controles (C) (CM, CF, CMc, CFc) e sham (CM sham, CF sham); e aqueles submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6: IRCM, IRCF, IRCMc, IRCFc. Os animais foram castrados com 5 semanas e submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6 com 7 semanas de idade. Resultados significativos mostraram que os machos com IRC apresentaram maior PTN, acompanhada de maior comprometimento mesangial, imunomarcação positiva para &#945;-actina e maior concentração de heparan sulfato (HS) comparados com as fêmeas IRC (p<0,05). Estas alterações foram reduzidas nos machos castrados. A análise da morfologia podocitária mostrou raras regiões onde ocorreram alterações podocitárias nos grupos IRC. O conjunto de dados sugere que o hormônio masculino pode participar na manutenção do equilíbrio mesangial e que a PTN participa do processo de expansão mesangial. Adicionalmente, a maior concentração de HS nos machos com IRC sugere que durante o processo de remodelação da MEG, tenha ocorrido geração de HS de novo, funcionalmente defeituoso, comprometendo a barreira de filtração glomerular, corroborando com a perda de seletividade da mesma e, contribuindo para maior PTN neste grupo. As fêmeas com IRC apresentaram alterações mais discretas quando comparadas aos machos; apresentaram decréscimo de HS renal associado a PTN e a castração não alterou este perfil. Em resumo, a PTN ocorre precocemente na IRC, contribuindo para o desequilíbrio da MECG. Os mecanismos envolvidos nestes processos parecem sofrer influência dos hormônios sexuais; e os hormônios masculinos parecem agravar estas alterações, contribuindo possivelmente para um pior prognóstico da doença renal nos machos. / Chronic renal failure (CRF) is characterized by adaptive mechanisms secondary to the loss of functioning nephrons. Glomerular hemodynamics alterations, cellular proliferation, inflammatory cells influx, imbalance between synthesis and degradation of the glomerular extracellular matrix (GECM) and loss of charge and/or size selectivity of the glomerular basal membrane are pointed as mechanisms leading to mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis. Additionally, participation of gender related hormones on renal function and progression of CRF have been suggested. We evaluated the effect of castration in renal alterations in males (M) and females (F) Wistar rats, after 30 days of 5/6 reduction of renal mass (CRF). The animals were castrated (c) at 5 weeks old and 7 weeks old 5/6 and sham nephrectomy were done. Groups: Control (C) CM, CM sham, CMc, CF, CF sham, CFc, CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc. CRFM group showed higher proteinuria followed by increased mesangial expansion and &#945;-actin immunostaining. Concomitant higher concentration of heparan sulfate (HS) was also observed when compared to CRFF (p<0.05). These alterations were reduced in CRFMc group. Podocyte morphology analysis through electronic microscopy showed few disorders of foot processes in CRF groups Overall, CRFF group showed fewer alterations compared to males, and a reduction of HS was observed in association with PTN. Castration did not change this profile in female rats. Data suggest that male hormones may participate in the maintenance of the mesangial equilibrium and that PTN collaborated with the mesangial expansion process. Additionally, the higher concentration of HS in CRFM suggest that the remodeling process of the GECM, included a synthesis of de novo HS, that presented a functioning defect, compromising the glomerular filtration barrier and, ultimately corroborated with the loss of its selectivity and consequently with a higher PTN. This set of results leads us to conclude that PTN appears early in the course of CRF, may contribute to renal GECM imbalance and, the mechanisms involved in these processes seem to be influenced by gender-related hormones. In addition, male hormones seem to aggravate renal alterations contributing to a poor prognosis of CRF progression in male rats.

Introdução: O Câncer de próstata metastático (mCaP) é uma doença incurável com progressão para o mCaP resistente à castração (mCPRC) após terapia de deprivação androgênica. Os microRNAs (miR) -23b e -27b tem ação antioncogênica e são suprimidos neste contexto. O gene da ciclina G1 (CCNG1) codifica uma quinase dependente de ciclina com potencial de inibição do crescimento e é um dos alvos dos miR-23b/-27b. Objetivos: Estimular os miR-23b/-27b isoladamente e em conjunto para avaliar e comparar o crescimento tumoral e a expressão do gene alvo CCNG1 em relação ao grupo controle em xenenxertos de PC-3M-luc-C6 em camundongos atímicos castrados. Métodos: Xenoenxertos subcutâneos da linhagem celular PC-3M-luc-C6 foram implantados em camundongos machos BALB/c nude. Os animais foram castrados 10 dias após o implante e utilizamos injeções intratumorais para induzir o aumento da expressão dos miR-23b/-27b separadamente e em conjunto através de Pre-miR® específicos. Realizamos avaliações semanais da bioluminescência (BLI) para avaliar o crescimento tumoral após a castração. Utilizamos a reação em cadeia de polimerase reversa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) para analisar a expressão da CCNG1 e os animais foram sacrificados 21 dias após a castração. Dividimos um total de 21 xenoenxertos nos seguintes grupos de tratamento: 4 no grupo controle, 5 no grupo Pró miR-23b, 6 no grupo Pró miR-27 e 6 no grupo Pró miR-23b associado ao Pró miR-27b. Resultados: Confirmamos o sucesso da transfecção dos miRs por qRT-PCR, e apresentamos o achado de superexpressão relativa da CCNG1 em relação ao grupo controle em: 9% (p=0,76), 46% (p=0,05) e 203% (p=0,01) nos grupos Pró miR-23b, Pró miR-27b e Pró miR-23b associado ao Pró miR-27b respectivamente. Comparamos o crescimento proporcional de cada tumor através da BLI, por meio da leitura no momento da castração ao final do experimento. Obtivemos um crescimento de 13,5; 8,69; 5,96 e 9,98 vezes nos grupos: controle, Pró miR-23b, Pró miR-27b e Pró miR-23b associado ao Pró miR-27b respectivamente. Conclusão: Demonstramos um modelo in vivo de CPRC que apresentou supreexpressão da CCNG1 após o tratamento intratumoral que aumentou a expressão dos miRs -23b e -27b. Este conjunto de miRs tem ação antioncogênica descrita no contexto do mCPRC e a sua estimulação neste contexto aumentou a expressão da CCNG1. Nosso estudo sugere que a CCNG1 deve apresentar uma ação pró-apoptótica quando superexpresso pelos miRs-23b/-27 no CPRC / Introduction: Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) is an incurable disease that invariably progresses to castration-resistant mPCa (mCRPC) after androgen deprivation therapy. The microRNAs miR-23b/-27b have been reported as tumor suppressors and are underexpressed in this context. The cyclin G1 gene (CCNG1) encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase with potential growth inhibitory activity that is a potential target of miR-23b/-27b. Objectives: We aim to explore a bioluminescent xenograft model of CRPC in castrated mice the effect positive modulation of the miR-23b/-27b on CCNG1 expression and mCRPC growth. Material and Methods: We injected subcutaneous xenografts of PC-3M-luc-C6 PCa cell line in BALB/c nude male mice. We neutered the animals after 10 days and used intratumoral injections up-regulating miR-23b/-27b separately and simultaneously through specific Pre-miRTM. We used weekly bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to assess tumor growth after castration and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze the expression of CCNG1. We sacrificed the animals 21 days after castration. We randomized 21 xenografts in experimental groups as follows: n=4 in the negative control group; n=5 in Pro miR-23b group; n=6 in Pro miR-27b group and an n=6 tumors in the Pro miR-23b plus Pro miR-27b. Results: We confirmed successful transfection of both miRNAs with overexpression of CCNG1 of 9% (p=0.76), 46% (p=0.05) and 203% (p=0.01) in the Pro miR-23b, Pro miR-27b and Pro miR-23b plus -27b groups respectively. We compared the fold-change in BLI growth by the end of experiment finding an increase of 13.5-fold, 8.69-fold, 5.96-fold and 9.98-fold in groups Pro miR-negative control, Pro miR-23b, Pro miR-27b and Pro miR-23b plus Pro miR-27b groups respectively. Conclusions: We showed an in vivo model with overexpression of CCNG1 upon artificial upregulation of miR-23b and -27b in CRPC. This cluster of antineoplastic miRNA increased the expression of this cyclin, often described as oncogenic. Our study suggests that CCNG1 has a pro-apoptotic role when up-regulated by miR-23b/-27b in CPRC

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is by far the most common cancer among Swedish men. Some patients have an aggressive lethal disease, but the majority of affected men have long expected survival. Unfortunately, the diagnostic tools available are insufficient in predicting disease aggressiveness. Novel prognostic markers are therefore urgently needed. Furthermore, metastatic prostate cancer is generally treated with castration, but the long-term effects are insufficient. Additional studies are therefore needed to explore how the effects of this therapy can be enhanced. Prostate growth and regression is beside testosterone controlled by locally produced regulators. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are two of the major regulators in the normal prostate and in prostate tumours. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VEGF and EGFR were explored in the prostate, by treating rats with either anti-VEGF or anti-EGFR treatment during castration and testosterone-stimulated prostate growth. Rats with implanted androgen-independent prostate tumours were treated with an inhibitor of both VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and EGFR. Stereological techniques, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to evaluate these experiments. Furthermore, prostate tissue from untreated prostate cancer patients was used to retrospectively explore the expression of phosphorylated-EGFR (pEGFR) in relation to outcome. RESULTS: Anti-VEGF treatment during testosterone-stimulated prostate growth, inhibited vascular and prostate growth. Anti-EGFR treatment during castration and testosterone-stimulated prostate growth resulted in enhanced castration effects and inhibited prostate growth. Anti-vascular treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer with an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and EGFR, that targets the normal and tumour vasculature, enhanced the effects of castration. Low immunoreactivity for pEGFR in prostate epithelial cells, both in the tumour and also in the surrounding non-malignant tissue, was associated with good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-vascular treatment, with an inhibitor of VEGFR-2 and EGFR, in combination with castration could be an effective way to treat androgen-insensitive prostate tumours. VEGF and EGFR signalling are necessary components in testosterone-stimulated prostate growth. Phosphorylation of EGFR could be a useful prognostic marker for prostate cancer patients. Tumours may affect the surrounding non-malignant tissue and pEGFR immunoreactivity in the morphologically normal prostate tissue can be used to retrieve prognostic information.

No description available.

Esta tese investiga os discursos atuais, presentes no campo da educação e da sociedade em geral, que denunciam, ao mesmo tempo que promovem, a “carência do pai” no exercício da autoridade e nos cuidados da prole.Tais discursos emergem impulsionados pelas novas configurações familiares, recebidas como estranhas e ameaçadoras, podendo causar ruptura nos laços sociais. É possível perceber aí o efeito fantasmático que opera no discurso educativo, que acaba denunciando um fracasso antecipado, como efeito da nostalgia da família tradicional, cada vez mais distanciada de nossa realidade. Para investigar o que produz essa posição de reivindicação de um “pai forte”, nossa pesquisa foi buscar na teoria essas respostas. Buscamos recortar interpretantes do laço social e suas expressões sintomáticas. Para tal, expusemos o tema da função paterna, como surge nas obras de Freud e Lacan, buscando acompanhar sua incidência na estruturação do sujeito, desde o desamparo primordial. Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica, que tem como questão os sentidos que as novas formas de exercício da função paterna têm para a educação, considerada como laço social. Com Freud, acompanhamos os desdobramentos da função paterna no complexo de Édipo e a abordagem da temporalidade do Édipo em Lacan permitiu situar o pai a partir do registro do imaginário, do simbólico e do real, em referência ao conceito de falo, como significante da falta no Outro. Tematizar a função paterna a partir desses registros permitiu diferenciar a função paterna simbólica da fantasmática presente na dimensão imaginária do pai, esse que é significado como “carente”. Usamos como dado empírico, alguns casos, tomados em sua exemplaridade, na perspectiva do tema da função paterna. A tese indica que, o diálogo da psicanálise com a educação, permite desmistificar construções fantasmáticas, indutoras de uma interpretação última dos sintomas sociais, como essa do discurso da carência paterna. Valer-se da pluralidade dos sentidos da função paterna na educação, é uma forma dos educadores responsabilizarem-se pelo ato educativo, numa posição de abertura às contingências históricas que as vicissitudes dos laços sociais produzem. / This thesis investigates the current discourses present in the education field and in the society in general, that denounce at the same time they promote the “lack of the father” in the authority exercise and the cares of the offspring. Such speeches emerge stimulated for the new familiar configurations, received as strange and threatening, being able to cause break in the social ties. It is possible to note there the fantasized effect that operates in the educative speech denouncing an anticipated failure, as effect of nostalgia of the traditional family, more and more distant from our reality. To investigate what produces this position of claim of a “strong father”, the author searches in the theory these answers. We elect interpreters of the social tie and its symptomatic expressions. For such, we displayed the issue of the paternal function, as it appears in Freud and Lacan works, searching to follow its incidence in the subject structuring, since the primordial abandonment.This work is a theoretical research that focus the senses that the new forms of exercise of the paternal function have for education, considered as social tie. With Freud, we follow the implications of the paternal function in the Oedipus complex and the approach of the temporality of the Oedipus in Lacan allowed to situate the father from the registers of the Imaginary, the Symbolic and the Real , in reference to the concept of phallus, as significant of the lack in the Other. Establishing as a theme the paternal function from these registers allowed to differentiate the symbolic paternal function, of the present fantasized in the imaginary dimension of the father, this that is meant as “lacking”. We use as empirical data, some cases, taken in their exemplarity, in the perspective of the subject of the paternal function. The thesis indicates that, the dialogue of psychoanalysis with education, allows demystifying fantasized inductive constructions of a last interpretation of the social symptoms, as this of the speech of the paternal lack. To use itself the plurality of the directions of the paternal function in education, is a form of the educators to make responsible for the educative act, in a position of opening to the historical contingencies that the vicissitudes of the social ties produce.

A insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) é caracterizada por alterações glomerulares secundárias aos mecanismos adaptativos ocasionados por perda de néfrons funcionantes. Alterações na hemodinâmica glomerular, proliferação celular, influxo de células inflamatórias, desequilíbrio na síntese de proteínas da matriz extracelular glomerular (MECG) e perda da seletividade de carga e/ou tamanho da membrana basal glomerular têm sido apontados como mecanismos envolvidos na expansão mesangial e conseqüente glomeruloesclerose. A participação dos hormônios sexuais na função renal e na evolução da insuficiência renal crônica tem sido sugerida. Os glicosaminoglicanos, especialmente o heparan sulfato (HS), têm sido associados à seletividade glomerular de macromoléculas. O remodelamento podocitário precoce e a proteinuria (PTN) se relacionam com a progressão da IRC. Neste contexto, o acúmulo de MECG, proliferação de miofibroblastos e PTN têm sido apontados como mediadores precoces que precedem as lesões glomerulares e túbulo-intersticiais. Neste estudo, avaliamos as alterações renais precoces (30 dias de IRC) gênero-dependentes em ratos (M) e ratas (F) Wistar submetidos à redução de 5/6 da massa renal (IRC) e à castração (c). Os animais foram divididos em 10 grupos: Controles (C) (CM, CF, CMc, CFc) e sham (CM sham, CF sham); e aqueles submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6: IRCM, IRCF, IRCMc, IRCFc. Os animais foram castrados com 5 semanas e submetidos à nefrectomia 5/6 com 7 semanas de idade. Resultados significativos mostraram que os machos com IRC apresentaram maior PTN, acompanhada de maior comprometimento mesangial, imunomarcação positiva para &#945;-actina e maior concentração de heparan sulfato (HS) comparados com as fêmeas IRC (p<0,05). Estas alterações foram reduzidas nos machos castrados. A análise da morfologia podocitária mostrou raras regiões onde ocorreram alterações podocitárias nos grupos IRC. O conjunto de dados sugere que o hormônio masculino pode participar na manutenção do equilíbrio mesangial e que a PTN participa do processo de expansão mesangial. Adicionalmente, a maior concentração de HS nos machos com IRC sugere que durante o processo de remodelação da MEG, tenha ocorrido geração de HS de novo, funcionalmente defeituoso, comprometendo a barreira de filtração glomerular, corroborando com a perda de seletividade da mesma e, contribuindo para maior PTN neste grupo. As fêmeas com IRC apresentaram alterações mais discretas quando comparadas aos machos; apresentaram decréscimo de HS renal associado a PTN e a castração não alterou este perfil. Em resumo, a PTN ocorre precocemente na IRC, contribuindo para o desequilíbrio da MECG. Os mecanismos envolvidos nestes processos parecem sofrer influência dos hormônios sexuais; e os hormônios masculinos parecem agravar estas alterações, contribuindo possivelmente para um pior prognóstico da doença renal nos machos. / Chronic renal failure (CRF) is characterized by adaptive mechanisms secondary to the loss of functioning nephrons. Glomerular hemodynamics alterations, cellular proliferation, inflammatory cells influx, imbalance between synthesis and degradation of the glomerular extracellular matrix (GECM) and loss of charge and/or size selectivity of the glomerular basal membrane are pointed as mechanisms leading to mesangial expansion and glomerulosclerosis. Additionally, participation of gender related hormones on renal function and progression of CRF have been suggested. We evaluated the effect of castration in renal alterations in males (M) and females (F) Wistar rats, after 30 days of 5/6 reduction of renal mass (CRF). The animals were castrated (c) at 5 weeks old and 7 weeks old 5/6 and sham nephrectomy were done. Groups: Control (C) CM, CM sham, CMc, CF, CF sham, CFc, CRFM, CRFMc, CRFF, CRFFc. CRFM group showed higher proteinuria followed by increased mesangial expansion and &#945;-actin immunostaining. Concomitant higher concentration of heparan sulfate (HS) was also observed when compared to CRFF (p<0.05). These alterations were reduced in CRFMc group. Podocyte morphology analysis through electronic microscopy showed few disorders of foot processes in CRF groups Overall, CRFF group showed fewer alterations compared to males, and a reduction of HS was observed in association with PTN. Castration did not change this profile in female rats. Data suggest that male hormones may participate in the maintenance of the mesangial equilibrium and that PTN collaborated with the mesangial expansion process. Additionally, the higher concentration of HS in CRFM suggest that the remodeling process of the GECM, included a synthesis of de novo HS, that presented a functioning defect, compromising the glomerular filtration barrier and, ultimately corroborated with the loss of its selectivity and consequently with a higher PTN. This set of results leads us to conclude that PTN appears early in the course of CRF, may contribute to renal GECM imbalance and, the mechanisms involved in these processes seem to be influenced by gender-related hormones. In addition, male hormones seem to aggravate renal alterations contributing to a poor prognosis of CRF progression in male rats.