Submitted by Luis Guilherme Macena (guilhermelg2004@gmail.com) on 2013-04-17T16:25:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Heloisa Novaes Machado.pdf: 4282149 bytes, checksum: f7b3e136e061301b62f54c127a47c0f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-17T16:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Heloisa Novaes Machado.pdf: 4282149 bytes, checksum: f7b3e136e061301b62f54c127a47c0f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Ensino. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e da Mulher. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Este estudo teve como propósito avaliar a contribuição dos achados morfológicos da necropsia perinatal de neomortos com defeitos congênitos (DC) no aconselhamento genético. Os DC são relevantes na morbimortalidade infantil e representam impacto desfavorável ao indivíduo no contexto de suas famílias e da sociedade. De um total de 196 necropsias realizadas no Departamento de Anatomia Patológica do Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ-RJ, em um período de dois anos (março de 2007 a fevereiro de 2009), 143 casos (72,9%) apresentavam DC e, destes, 79 (55,2%) correspondiam a neomortos. Este grupo constituiu o material desta pesquisa. Foram revistos os prontuários médicos com o intuito de comparar os dados de ultrassonografia (USG) do 2º trimestre gestacional e os dados do campo 34 das Declarações de Nascido Vivo (DNV) com os achados morfológicos de necropsia. Foi feita uma análise estatística de concordância interobservador, entre os achados de necropsia, os dados de USG e os dados do campo 34 das DNV, sendo a necropsia considerada padrão-ouro. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a necropsia é fundamental, acrescentando dados que podem modificar o diagnóstico final em 57,7% dos casos, confrontados com USG e em 55,3% dos casos, quando confrontados com o campo 34. Houve discordância total entre os dois parâmetros de confrontação e os achados de necropsia em 9% e 5,3%, respectivamente, para USG e campo 34. Os índices kappa foram 0,93 (USG) e 0,82(DNV), considerados excelentes na escala de concordância. Os achados morfológicos de necropsia também permitiram inserir os casos em categorias etiopatogênicas (classificação apresentada pelo Autor). Tais achados morfológicos, somados aos dados clínicos, laboratoriais e de imagem, permitiram a construção de hipóteses diagnósticas, no sentido de ampliar e refinar o aconselhamento genético. Em 52% do total de casos (22,8% correspondendo ao grupo malformação isolada; 17,8% ao grupo de disrupção e 11,3% ao grupo de displasias) este objetivo foi alcançado. Em cerca de 40% da totalidade dos casos (malformações múltiplas) uma hipótese diagnóstica foi proposta. Cerca de 8% do total de casos foram considerados indeterminados. Concluímos que os achados morfológicos da necropsia perinatal nos DC, obtidos de maneira sistematizada, com documentação fotográfica e radiológica, fornecem dados essenciais ao raciocínio clínico para a construção de hipóteses diagnósticas, influenciando o curso do aconselhamento genético. Esta seria uma medida efetiva, que possibilitaria a discussão dos casos por equipe multidisciplinar à distância, nos moldes daquelas realizadas no Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ-RJ, lembrando sempre a orientação do Estudo Colaborativo Latino-Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC): “UM CASO NÃO DOCUMENTADO É UM CASO NÃO CONSULTADO” / The aim of this study was to assess the role of the perinatal autopsy of neonates with congenital defects (CDs) in genetic counseling. Such CDs are relevant to infantile morbidity and mortality, determining familial and social disadvantages. Of a total of 196 autopsies performed at the Department of Anatomical Pathology of the Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ-RJ, during a period of two years (March 2007 to February 2009), CDs were identified in 143 (72.9%), of which, 79 (55.2%) corresponded to neonatal deaths, constituting the object of this research. The medical records were reviewed aiming at comparing both second gestational trimester ultrasound (US) reports and data from birth certificates (BCs) with autopsy morphological findings. A statistical analysis of interobserver agreement involving the autopsy findings, US reports and BC data was performed, autopsy being considered gold standard. The results obtained showed that autopsy is fundamental, providing additional information that could modify the final diagnosis in 57.7% of the cases, as compared with the US, and in 55.3% of the cases, as compared with the BCs. Total discrepancy was identified between both parameters of comparison (US and BCs) and the autopsy findings in 9% and 5.3% of the cases, respectively. The kappa coefficients for US and BCs were 0.93 and 0.82, respectively, considered excellent in the agreement rating. The autopsy morphological findings have also allowed the classification of the cases into etiopathogenetic categories (classification provided by the author). Those morphological findings, along with clinical, laboratory and imaging data, allowed the construction of diagnostic hypotheses to widen and refine genetic counseling. A diagnosis was established in 52% of the cases as follows: 22.8% corresponding to the group of isolated malformation; 17.8% to the group of disruption; and 11.3% to the group of dysplasias. In approximately 40% of the cases (multiple malformations), a diagnostic hypothesis was proposed, and in nearly 8% of the cases, the diagnosis was considered undetermined. In conclusion, the morphological findings of perinatal autopsy in cases of CDs, systematically obtained with photographic and radiological documentation, provide essential information to clinical reasoning for the construction of diagnostic hypothesis, influencing the course of genetic counseling. This might be an effective measure to enable the discussion of cases by multidisciplinary teams across distances, such as those performed at the Instituto Fernandes Figueira, FIOCRUZ-RJ. It is worth noting the following guidance provided by the Latin-American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC): “AN UNDOCUMENTED CASE IS AN UNRECOVERABLE CASE”

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T17:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jaquelline Monte Stevanato.pdf: 1677049 bytes, checksum: 618c1d3c36dccf3b3fb0196412e5052e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-06-10T16:23:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jaquelline Monte Stevanato.pdf: 1677049 bytes, checksum: 618c1d3c36dccf3b3fb0196412e5052e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-10T16:23:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Jaquelline Monte Stevanato.pdf: 1677049 bytes, checksum: 618c1d3c36dccf3b3fb0196412e5052e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / CAPES / Introdução: o Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) tem o objetivo de monitorar as características maternas e neonatais e da assistência à gestação e ao parto. Objetivo: analisar a qualidade dos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos em Mato Grosso, no período de 2000 a 2012. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo ecológico cuja população foi constituída pelo total de registros sobre nascidos vivos disponíveis no SINASC no estado no período em estudo. Foram utilizados os bancos de dados cedidos pela Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso. A cobertura foi calculada pela razão entre número de nascidos vivos informados e número de nascimentos estimados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Para estimar a completitude das variáveis foi adotado como indicador o percentual de ignorados e em branco, que de acordo com escore utilizado foi considerada excelente inferior a 1%, boa entre 1% e 2,99%, regular entre 3% e 6,99% e ruim superior a 7%. Resultados: a cobertura do SINASC de MT em 2000 foi de 101,3%, com oscilações no decorrer da série histórica e as piores coberturas em 2006 (87,8%) e 2007 (86,9%). Embora a cobertura do sistema em 2012 tenha se aproximado de 100%, a mesma apresentou queda nos últimos três anos analisados. Houve heterogeneidade da cobertura nas Regiões de Saúde, sendo que somente três tiveram tendência decrescente. Quanto à completitude, observou-se que entre os anos de 2000 e 2012 as variáveis maternas idade, raça/cor e escolaridade foram classificadas como excelentes. A variável situação conjugal foi classificada como excelente em praticamente todo o período, porém, apresentou oscilações e a partir de 2008 teve queda de completitude. A ocupação habitual da mãe foi a variável materna que recebeu pior classificação (regular). Com relação à gestação e ao parto, as variáveis tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto e número de consultas de pré-natal foram classificadas como excelentes em todos os anos estudados. Quanto à idade gestacional observou-se aumento de incompletitude entre 2007 e 2011. As variáveis com piores classificações foram número de filhos nascidos vivos e número de perdas fetais/abortos. Dentre as variáveis do recém-nascido, o sexo e o peso ao nascer foram classificadas como excelentes em toda a série histórica. As piores variáveis foram o Apgar no 1º e no 5º minuto. Nas Regiões de Saúde, a idade materna, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto e sexo do recém-nascido tiveram completitude excelente em todas as regiões, e as piores variáveis foram ocupação habitual, idade gestacional, número de filhos nascidos vivos, número de perdas fetais/abortos, Apgar no 1º e 5º minuto. Verificou-se que a razão do percentual de incompletitude foi menor nos nascimentos ocorridos em hospitais. Conclusão: identificaram-se potencialidades e problemas relativos à cobertura e à completitude do SINASC. De modo geral o sistema em MT possui qualidade satisfatória, reafirmando seu potencial para o reconhecimento e monitoramento das condições de saúde maternas, do recém-nascido e, também da assistência a gestação e ao parto no estado. / ABSTRACT: Introduction: the system of information about Newborn (SINASC) aims to monitor the maternal and neonatal characteristics and of the assistance to the pregnancy and to the childbirth. Aim: analyze the quality of data of the System of Information about Newborn in Mato Grosso, in the period of 2000 to 2012. Methodology: it is an ecological study that the population was constituted by the total of registers about newborns available in SINASC in the state during the period of the study. It was used the data bank yielded by the Secretary of the State of Health of Mato Grosso. The coverage was calculated by the reason between the live births and the number of birth estimated by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. To estimate the completeness of the variables was adopted as indicator of the percentage of ignored and in blank, which according to the score used was considered excellent inferior to 1%, good between 1% and 2,99%, regular between 3 and 6,99% and bad superior to 7%. Results: the coverage of SINASC of MT in 2000 was of 101,3%, with fluctuations during the historical series and the worse coverage in 2006 (87,8%) and 2007 (86,9%). Even though the coverage of the system in 2012 was near to 100%, the same presented descent in the last three years analyzed. There was heterogeneity of coverage in the Regions of Health, only three had decreasing tendency. In relation to the completeness, it was observed that between 2000 and 2012 the maternal variables of age, race/colour and schooling were classified as excellent. The variable conjugal situation was classified as excellent in practically all the period, although it presented fluctuations and starting from 2008 it had a fall in completeness. The customary occupation of the mother was the maternal variable that had the worse classification (regular). In relation to the pregnancy and to the childbirth, the variables type of pregnancy, type of birth and number of prenatal appointments were classified as excellent in all the years studied. In relation to the gestational age it was observed an increase of incompleteness between 2007 and 2011. The variables with worst classifications were the number of children born alive and number of fetal loss/abortion. Among the variables of newborn, the sex and the weight were classified as excellent in all the historical series. The worst variables were the Apgar in the 1st and in the 5th minute. In the Regions of Health, the mother age, type of pregnancy, type of birth and the sex of the newborn had excellent completeness in all the regions and the worst variables were customary occupation, pregnancy age, number of children born alive, number of fetal loss/abortion, Apgar in the 1st and 5th minute. It was verified the reason of incompleteness was lower in the birth occurred in hospitals. Conclusion: it was identified potentialities and problems related to the coverage and the completeness of SINASC. In general, the system in MT has satisfactory quality, reassuring its potential to the acknowledge and monitoring of the conditions of maternal health, of the newborn and, also, of the assistance to pregnancy and birth in the state. / RESUMEN: Introducción: el Sistema de la Información sobre Nacidos Vivos (SINASC) tiene el objetivo de monitor las características maternales y neonatales y de la asistencia a la gestación y al parto. Objetivo: analizar la cualidad de los datos del Sistema de Información sobre un estudio ecológico cuyo populación fue constituida por el total de registro sobre nacidos vivos disponibles en el SINASC en el estado en el período en estudio. Fueron utilizados los bancos de datos cedidos por la Secretaria de Estado de Salud de Mato Grosso. La cobertura fue calculada por la razón entre número de nacidos vivos informados y número de nacimientos estimados por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Para estimar la completitud de las variables fue adoptado como indicador el porcentual de ignorados y en blancos, que de acuerdo con escore utilizado fue considerada excelente inferior a 1%, buena entre 1% y 2,99%, regular entre 3% y 6,99% y malo superior a 7%. Resultados: la cobertura del SINASC de MT en 2000 fue de 101,3%, con oscilación en el decurso de la serie histórica y las más malas coberturas en 2006 (87,8%) y 2007 (86,9%). Aún que la cobertura del sistema en 2012 tenga se aproximado de 100%, la misma presentó caída en los tres últimos años analizados. Tuvo heterogeneidad de la cobertura en Regiones de Salud, considerando que solamente tres tuvieron tendencia de decreciente. Cuanto la completitud, se observó que entre los años de 2000 y 2012 la variables maternales edad, raza/color y escolaridad como excelente en prácticamente todo el período, sin embargo, presentó oscilaciones y a partir de 2008 tuvo caída de completitud. La ocupación habitual de la madre fue la variable maternal que recibió la peor clasificación (regular). Con relación a la gestación y al parto, las variables tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto y número de consultas de prenatal fueron clasificadas como excelentes en todo los años estudiados. Cuanto la edad gestacional, se observó aumento de incompletitud entre 2007 y 2011. Las variables con peores clasificaciones fueron número de hijos nacidos vivos y número de pérdida fetal/aborto. Entre las variables del recién nascido, el sexo y el peso al nascer fueron clasificadas como excelentes en toda la serie histórica. Las peores variables fueron el Apgar en el primer y en el quinto minuto. En las Regiones de Salud, la edad materna, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto y sexo del recién nacido tuvieron completitud excelente en todas las regiones y las peores variables fueron ocupación habitual, edad gestacional, número de hijos nacidos vivos, número de pérdidas fetales/abortos, Apgar en primer y quinto minuto. Se verificó que la razón del porcentual de incompletitud fue más pequeño en los nacimientos ocurridos en hospitales. Conclusión: se identificaron potencialidades y problemas relativos a la cobertura y la completitud del SINASC. En general, el sistema en MT tiene cualidad satisfactoria, reafirmando su potencial para el reconocimiento y monitoreo de las condiciones de salud maternas, del recién nacido y, también, de la asistencia y al parto en estado.

El comercio internacional actualmente es uno de los pilares de la economía mundial brindando ventajas a los países permitiendo que tengan una mayor oferta exportable lo cual se refleja en la mejora de sus ingresos. En el caso Perú y Estados con la implementación y firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio se logro un mayor acceso de productos entre estos lo agrícolas, los que principalmente destacan frente a la competencia. El trabajo de investigación busca determinar el impacto de las medidas no arancelarias en las exportaciones de uvas frescas peruanas hacia Estados Unidos en el marco del APC Perú-EE. UU, durante los años 2008-2020. En los últimos doce años las exportaciones de uvas frescas han crecido de manera constante, por lo cual existen algunos factores que han sido determinantes para este desarrollo. La investigación tiene como fin conocer como las medidas no arancelarias como las MSF, las OTC y los certificados de calidad han influido en estas exportaciones. Para esto se realizará análisis de tipo mixto, estudiando las tres variables mencionadas con dos tipos de enfoque. En primer lugar, el enfoque cualitativo, para el cual se realizaron entrevistas semi estructuradas con expertos en el sector agroexportador, empresas exportadoras de uvas frescas e instituciones gubernamentales. En segundo lugar, para el enfoque cuantitativo se desarrolló un modelo de gravedad utilizando datos obtenidos de BCRP, PROMPERU, entre otros. El resultado de ambos análisis dio como resultado que las medidas no arancelarias en cuestión influyen de manera positiva a las exportaciones de uvas frescas. / International trade is currently one of the pillars of the world economy, providing advantages to countries allowing them to have a greater exportable supply, which is reflected in the improvement of their income. In the case of Peru and the States, with the implementation and signing of the Free Trade Agreement, greater access to products was achieved, including agricultural products, which mainly stand out against the competition. The research work seeks to determine the impact of non-tariff measures on exports of fresh Peruvian grapes to the United States within the framework of the Peru-US APC. UU, during the years 2008-2020. In the last twelve years, exports of fresh grapes have grown steadily, which is why there are some factors that have been determining factors for this development. The purpose of the investigation is to know how non-tariff measures such as SPS, OTC and quality certificates have influenced these exports. For this, a mixed type of analysis will be carried out, studying the three variables mentioned with two types of approach. First, the qualitative approach, for which semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in the agro-export sector, fresh grape export companies and government institutions. Second, for the quantitative approach, a gravity model was developed using data obtained from BCRP, PROMPERU, among others. The result of both analyzes showed that the non-tariff measures in question positively influence exports of fresh grapes. / Tesis

This diploma thesis deals with certification and certification authorities, certification path PKI and principles of its validation and security. Also deals with structure of certificate itself and possible misuse of included information. Moreover, possibility of misues of third party certificates and proclamation of untrusted certificate to client's system.

Confidential information such as passwords, cryptographic keys, certificates, etc. are used every day on various places. Mobile phone can be a good storage for such informations, but is necessary to ensure data security. Main goal of this project is to create a program for Windows Mobile phones which will keep all the informations in one place protected by password. Designed program lets user to store passwords, cryptographic keys, various files, important contacts, credit card numbers, etc. Some of the stored informations can be downloaded from remote server via FTP protocol or from smart card. It is also possible that two clients will synchronize their informations via Network and other usefull functions.

Certificates are the foundation of secure communication over the internet as of today. While certificates can be issued with long validity periods, there is always a risk of having them compromised during their lifetime. A good practice is therefore to use shorter validity periods. However, this limits the certificate lifetime and gives less flexibility in the timing of certificate replacements. In this thesis, we use publicly available network logs from Rapid7's Project Sonar to provide an overview of the current state of certificate usage behavior. Specifically, we look at the Let's Encrypt mass revocation event in March 2020, where millions of certificates were revoked with just five days notice. In general, we show how this kind of datasets can be used, and as a deeper exploration we analyze certificate validity, lifetime and use of certificates with overlapping validity periods, as well as discuss how our findings relate to industry standard and current security trends. Specifically, we isolate automated certificate services such as Let's Encrypt and cPanel to see how their certificates differ in characteristics from other certificates in general. Based on our findings, we propose a set of rules to help improve the trust in certificate usage and strengthen security online, introducing an Always secure policy aligning certificate validity with revocation time limits in order to replace revocation requirements and overcoming the fact that mobile devices today ignore this very important security feature. To round things off, we provide some ideas for further research based on our findings and what we see possible with datasets such as the one researched in this thesis.

El objeto de estudio del presente trabajo es la empresa Fora S. A. C., empresa dedicada a revisiones técnicas, donde al realizar los análisis tanto externo como interno se logró identificar el problema esencial de la compañía. De esta manera, se diagnosticó que existía un inadecuado método en solicitar cierta cantidad de certificados vehiculares al momento de realizar las compras por parte del área Logística. Por esta razón, esta investigación se basa en identificación de las variables que influyen en la compra de estos certificados y en emplear la mejor técnica de ciencia de datos que permita anticipar la compra y disminuir las consecuencias negativas en el inventario y en lo económico de la empresa. Para lo cual, se empleó la metodología de ciencia de datos mediante un análisis el explicativo y exploratorio; asimismo, la creación de la base de datos utilizada en el trabajo se empleó a través de fuentes internas y externas a la empresa, lo que permite responder a las preguntas de Data Science formuladas en el proyecto. También, es importante mencionar que se realizó un análisis estadístico cuantitativo, esto con la finalidad de encontrar las correlaciones entre todas las variables. De las cuales, se lograron hallar notables descubrimientos que sin duda aportarán valor a la organización y permitirá que el área logre los objetivos, debido a que se proponen diversas soluciones y sugerencias que se deberán tomar para emplear de mejor manera la decisión de compra y reducir al mínimo las consecuencias que afectan a la compañía. / The object of study of this work is the company Fora S. A. C., a company dedicated to technical reviews, where by performing both external and internal analyzes it was possible to identify the essential problem of the company. In this way, it was diagnosed that there was an inadequate method in requesting a certain amount of vehicle certificates at the time of making purchases by the Logistics area. For this reason, this research is based on the identification of the variables that influence the purchase of these certificates and on using the best data science technique that allows anticipating the purchase and reducing the negative consequences on the inventory and on the economy of the company. business. For which, the data science methodology was used through an explanatory and exploratory analysis; Likewise, the creation of the database used in the work was used through internal and external sources to the company, which allows answering the Data Science questions formulated in the project. Also, it is important to mention that a quantitative statistical analysis was carried out in order to find the correlations between all the variables. Of which, notable discoveries were found that will undoubtedly add value to the organization and allow the area to achieve its objectives, because various solutions and suggestions are proposed that should be taken to better use the purchase decision and reduce the consequences that affect the company to a minimum. / Trabajo de investigación

The internet is one of the most widely used mediums for communication in modern society and it has become an everyday necessity for many. It is therefore of utmost importance that it remains as secure as possible. SSL and TLS are the backbones of internet security and an integral part of these technologies are the certificates used. Certificate authorities (CAs) can issue certificates that validate that domains are who they claim to be. If a user trusts a CA they can in turn also trust domains that have been validated by them. CAs can in turn trust other CAs and this, in turn, creates a chain of trust called a certificate chain. In this thesis, the structure of these certificate chains is analysed and a longitudinal dataset is created. The analysis looks at how the certificate chains have changed over time and puts extra focus on the domains of big tech companies. The dataset created can also be used for further analysis in the future and will be a useful tool in the examination of historical certificate chains. Our findings show that the certificate chains of the domains studied do change over time; both their structure and the lengths of them vary noticeably. Most of the observed domains show a decrease in average chain length between the years of 2013 and 2020 and the structure of the chains vary significantly over the years.

En stor bidragande faktor till miljöproblem som global uppvärmning och icke förnybar resursförbrukning är aktiviteter inom fastighetsbranschen. Det beräknas att 40% av all världens koldioxidutsläpp produceras av byggnader samtidigt ses miljöcertifiering av fastigheter som en del av lösningen för att sänka mängden koldioxid och nå hållbar utveckling. Miljöcertifieringar för med sig en rad fördelar, bland annat en minskad användning av naturresurser och ett högre fastighetsvärde. Trots de fördelar som miljöcertifiering för med sig är knappt 1% av det svenska fastighetsbeståndet certifierat. Studiens syfte är att bidra till kunskap rörande vilka barriärer som föreligger samt hur de kan mildras på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Denna studie bidrar med unikt material eftersom tidigare forskning är bristfällig på den svensk fastighetsmarknaden. Studien är av mixad metod och använder sig av en kvantitativ online-enkätundersökning samt en intervjustudie om 3 respondenter från den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Enkätundersökningen utgick från tidigare internationell forskning och intervjustudien möjliggjorde en mer djupgående analys kring den svenska marknaden. De svenska aktörerna i studien ansåg att Brist på efterfrågan hos konsumenter, Höga Kostnader, Låg miljömedvetenhet hos konsumenter och Brist på statliga incitament var barriärer på den svenska fastighetsmarknaden. Brist på tid och extra administrativt arbete identifierades som nya barriärer som inte har blivit belysts i tidigare forskning. Studien visar även på att barriärer kan mitigeras genom företagsstrategier där svenska aktörer automatiserar och standardiserar sina arbetssätt utifrån de krav som miljöcertifikat ställer. / A major contributing factor to environmental problems such as global warming and non-renewable resource consumption are activities in the real estate industry. It is estimated that 40% of all the world's carbon dioxide emissions are produced by real estate and green certificates are seen as part of the solution to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide and achieve sustainable development. Green certifications have several benefits, including a reduced use of natural resources and a higher property value. Despite the benefits that green certification brings, just under 1% of the Swedish property portfolio is certified. The purpose of the study is to contribute to knowledge regarding what barriers exist and how they can be mitigated in the Swedish real estate market. This study contributes unique material because previous research is deficient in the Swedish real estate market. The study is of a mixed method and uses a quantitative online survey and an interview study of 3 respondents from the Swedish real estate market. The questionnaire was based on previous international research and the interview study enabled a more in-depth analysis of the Swedish market. The Swedish actors in the study considered that Lack of consumer demand, High Costs, Low environmental awareness among consumers and Lack of government incentives were barriers in the Swedish real estate market. Lack of time and extra administrative work were identified as new barriers that have not been highlighted in previous research. The study also shows that barriers can be mitigated through company strategies where Swedish actors automate and standardize their ways of working based on the requirements set by green certificates.

[pt] A redução da poluição e das emissões de gases de efeito estufa tem sido o foco de um grande esforço global. Nesse contexto, Certificados de Energia Renovável (RECs) são de grande importância para incentivar mudanças na matriz energética, visando à adoção de práticas sustentáveis. Dado o crescimento deste mercado e as características dos RECs, uma das potenciais ferramentas impulsionadoras da sua adoção é o protocolo de rede blockchain. Nesta pesquisa, analisamos três modelos autônomos de emissão e venda na blockchain de tokens baseados em RECs em condições de incerteza para um gerador de energia renovável. Nos três modelos, o gerador tem a opção de investir agora ou daqui a um ano para ter o direito de emitir RECs e ofertá-los através de leilões de venda trimestrais. No primeiro, assumimos que o preço do token é fixo, seguindo o conceito de uma stable coin. No segundo, consideramos que o preço segue uma função inversa da demanda sujeita a choques estocásticos. Finalmente, no terceiro, a demanda por RECs é incerta e busca-se maximizar o lucro do gerador. Realizamos uma aplicação numérica para verificarmos a validade dos modelos e concluímos, considerando os parâmetros adotados, que o gerador deverá investir no segundo modelo, pois foi o que apresentou maior VPL ( 60.992,70 Reais). Contudo, se a volatilidade da demanda for inferior a 20,00 por cento, o modelo ótimo para o gerador é o primeiro modelo. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é analisar a dinâmica do desempenho de produtos digitais sob incerteza. / [en] Reducing pollution and greenhouse gas emissions has been the focus of a major global effort. In this context, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) are important as they provide incentives for changes in the energy matrix, towards the adoption of sustainable practices. Given the growth of this market and the characteristics of RECs, one of the potential drivers of their adoption is the blockchain network protocol. In this research, we analyze three autonomous models for issuing and selling in the blockchain of REC based tokens for the renewable energy generator. In all three models, the generator has the option to invest now or in one year for the right to issue RECs and offer them through quarterly sales auctions. In the first model, we assume that the token price is fixed following a stable coin concept. In the second model, we consider that the price follows an inverse demand function subject to stochastic shocks. Finally, in the third model, the demand for RECs is uncertain and the purpose is to maximize the generator s profit. Through a numerical application, we verify the validity of the models and conclude, considering the parameters adopted, that the generator should invest in the second model, since it was the one with the highest NPV (60,992.70 real). However, if the demand volatility is less than 20.00 percent, the optimal model for the generator is the first model. The main contribution of this work is to analyze the performance dynamics of digital products under uncertainty.