The Real Food Challenge (RFC) is a national student movement that is trying to harness student power to shift $1 billion'roughly 20% of college and university food budgets across the country towards local, ecologically sound, fair, and humane food sources, what they call "real" food, by 2020. The University of Vermont (UVM) was the fifth university in the country to sign the Real Food Campus Commitment, pledging to shift at least 20% of its own food budget towards "real" food by 2020. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the implementation of the Real Food Campus Commitment at UVM. In order to examine the demand for "real" food on the UVM campus I analyzed a survey of 904 undergraduate students that used contingent valuation to evaluate students' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the "real" food attributes. I found that a majority of students are willing to pay a positive premium for "real" food, but that the average premium is quite small. Furthermore, I found that student characteristics and attitudes significantly influence WTP. Specifically, gender, residency, college, and attitudes about price and origin of food are significant predictors of WTP. To evaluate the potential of the RFC to significantly transform the food system I analyzed the activities and components of the RFC using the framework of food democracy. In addition to analyzing the activities and components of the RFC as a national movement, I analyzed the movement as it is being realized on the ground at UVM. My analysis reveals that the RFC has the potential to transform the food system because it promotes all five dimensions of food democracy as both a national movement and as realized on the ground at one university. Both of my analyses suggest that the RFC has significant potential to transform the food system at UVM, but that food systems education for the greater student body will crucial to see that potential fulfilled. This thesis can contribute to the success of the Real Food movement at UVM by identifying areas of weakness and opportunities for improvement in terms of increasing student preference for "real" food and promoting food democracy. Moreover, this thesis may be useful for national RFC staff and other campuses that are implementing the RFC, as it demonstrates how the RFC is being played out on the ground at an institution that is at the forefront of the movement.

Enligt läroplanen ska undervisningen leda till att eleverna kan uttrycka sig i olika former av texter. De texttyper som förespråkas i årskurs 1–3 är faktatext och berättande text. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur lärare arbetar med skrivundervisning genom genrepedagogiska arbetssätt i årskurs två. Föreliggande studie utgår från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. I studien har en metodkombination av observationer och intervjuer använts för att samla in empiri om detta undersökningsområde. Den insamlade empirin har sedan analyserats utifrån cirkelmodellen och en modell för stöttning och utmaning. Studiens resultat har visat att genrepedagogisk undervisning om olika texttyper med fördel bör påbörjas redan under skolans tidigare år. Vidare har studien visat att en framgångsrik undervisning kräver en väl övervägd balans mellan kognitiv utmaning och stöttning från omgivningen. Slutligen konstateras att skrivundervisning genom genrepedagogiska arbetssätt bidrar till att eleverna skriver mer strukturerade och genomtänkta texter. Det genrepedagogiska arbetsättet är utvecklande för alla elever, oavsett kunskapsnivå. / According to the curriculum, teaching is supposed to have the result that pupils can express themselves in different forms of texts. The types of texts recommended for grades 1–3 are factual and narrative texts. The aim of the study is to investigate how teachers work with the teaching of writing through genre-pedagogical methods in grade two. The present study proceeds from a sociocultural perspective. It combines the methods of observations and interviews to collect empirical data in this field of study. The data was then analysed using the circle model and a model for support and challenge. The results of the study show that genre-pedagogical teaching about different types of texts benefit from starting in the earlier years of school. The study further showed that successful teaching requires a well-considered balance between cognitive challenge and support from surrounding people. Finally, it is observed that the teaching of writing through genre-pedagogical methods helps pupils to write more structured and well thought-out texts. The genre-pedagogical method helps all pupils in their development, regardless of the level of their knowledge.

A exigência em vitaminas do complexo B pode modificar para frangos de corte criados sob condições comerciais (i.e. condições de estresse, presença de doenças, ambiente desfavorável). Esse incremento nos níveis de suplementação vitamínica pode ser necessário para que as aves atinjam elevadas taxas de crescimento, melhorem o aproveitamento dos alimentos e a saúde animal. No presente estudo foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar níveis supranutricionais de suplementação das vitaminas riboflavina, ácido pantotênico, niacina, ácido fólico e vitamina B12 na produção de frangos de corte. Para isto, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em gaiolas para avaliar o efeito dos níveis das vitaminas riboflavina, ácido pantotênico, niacina, ácido fólico e vitamina B12 (controle, três ou seis vezes o controle) e o nível nutricional e energético (regular ou superior) que promoveram as melhores respostas para frangos de corte, sendo no experimento I utilizada dieta vegetal e no experimento II foram incluídas farinhas de origem animal e óleo de soja oxidados na ração. Frangos alimentados com dieta vegetal formulada com densidade nutricional regular apresentaram respostas positivas de ganho de peso (741,1 g vs. 697,3 g) e consumo de ração (920.2 vs. 878.5 g) em relação aos demais tratamentos quando utilizado nível supranutricional seis vezes o controle das vitaminas avaliadas. Por outro lado, os níveis supranutricionais de vitaminas não apresentaram efeitos no desempenho de animais alimentados com ingredientes origem animal e óleo de soja oxidados. Com base nas respostas obtidas nestes experimentos, foram definidos os tratamentos do estudo em aviário experimental, simulando condições comerciais de criação. Utilizou-se dieta vegetal formulada com nível nutricional e energético regular para avaliar o uso de nível de suplementação vitamínica controle e seis vezes o controle em duas condições de estresse, baixa e moderada. Para compor estas condições de estresse foi considerada a combinação de dois fatores: densidade de alojamento (10 aves/m2 ou 11,5 aves/m2) e desafio com vacina contra coccidiose. Aos sete dias de idade, aves sob condição moderada de estresse foram desafiadas com uma dosagem 10 vezes em relação ao recomendado pelo fornecedor de uma vacina contra coccidiose. Após o desafio com a vacina, aves sob moderada condição de estresse apresentaram decréscimo no desempenho em relação as criadas sob baixa condição de estresse. Não houve efeito estatístico do uso de nível supranutricional de vitaminas sobre o desempenho das aves. No entanto, aves alimentadas com superdose de vitaminas seis vezes o controle obtiveram maior rendimento de carcaça em comparação às alimentadas com nível controle (73.16 vs. 72.77%, P = 0.008). Devido ao fato das condições de estresse impostas neste estudo não serem severas como as encontradas no campo, a utilização de nível supranutricional de vitaminas não foi eficiente em recuperar o desempenho das aves. Por outro lado, há um potencial de melhora no rendimento de carcaça com o uso desses níveis. / Vitamin requirements for chickens may increase in adverse conditions, such as stress, diseases, and poor environment. Increased dietary supplementation may be needed for broilers to reach higher growth levels, improve their feed absorption and welfare. Therefore, in the present study, a series of three experiments were designed to evaluate the effect supra-nutritional levels of the vitamins riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, folic acid and vitamin B12 on broiler production. Two experiments were conducted in batteries to assess the supra-nutritional levels of the vitamins mentioned above (control, three- or six-times control), and the dietary nutrient density (low- or high-level) on chickens\' performance. The basal feed differed between experiments: Exp. I - corn and soybean meal-based diet; Exp. II - diet containing oxidized animal by-products and soybean oil. In Exp. I, birds showed greater weight gain (741.1 g vs. 697.3 g) and feed intake (920.2 vs. 878.5 g) when low-density diets with supra-nutritional level six-times control were fed. Nevertheless, there was no effect of supra-nutritional level of the selected B vitamins on performance of chickens in Exp. II. It was therefore decided to study the effects of supra-nutritional levels of the selected B vitamin (control or six- times control) on performance, uniformity, and carcass traits of chickens raised in floor pens under two environmental stress levels (low or moderate). Stocking density (10 birds/m2 or 11.5 birds/m2) and the challenge with coccidiosis vaccine (without or with vaccination) were used as stress agents. At 7d, chicks raised under the moderate condition of stress was challenged with a dosage 10-times higher than the supplier\'s recommendation of a coccidiosis vaccine. The coccidiosis infection impaired the performance of chickens after the challenge. Supra-nutritional level of the B vitamin had no effect on broiler performance. However, the carcass yield was higher when chickens fed super-dose of vitamins six-times control compared to the control treatments (73.16 vs. 72.77%, P = 0.008). Conditions of stress in this study were not severe as in the field and because of this the use of supra-nutritional vitamins had no effect on recovering of chicken performance. Nonetheless, there was a potential improvement in the carcass yield with the use of these levels.

Vírus da raiva provenientes de 23 morcegos de espécies hematófagas, frugívoras e insetívoras foram caracterizados geneticamente pelo seqüenciamento completo da região que codifica a nucleoproteína N. A análise filogenética das seqüências, incluindo lyssavirus e isolados de morcegos do Chile e Estados Unidos, mostrou que os diferentes isolados do vírus da raiva foram de modo geral segregados em quatro grupos genéticos distintas: morcegos hematófagos, morcegos insetívoros 1, 2 e 3. Os morcegos insetívoros 1 constituiram-se por isolados de Eptesicus furinalis: BR-EF1, BR-EF2, BREF3, BR-EF-4, BR-EA1 e BR-NL2; os morcegos insetívoros 2 consistiram de isolados de Molosssus spp: BR-MM1, BR-MM2 e BR- MA1 e os morcegos insetívoros 3 isolados de Nictinomops laticaudatus: BR-NL1 e BR-NL3. A homologia de nucleotídeos entre cada grupo de morcegos insetívoros 1, 2 e 3 foi maior que 99%, 97% e 99%, respectivamente. O grupo de morcegos hematófagos foi representado pelos isolados de: 3 morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus (BR-DR1, BR-DR2 e BR-DR3); 5 morcegos frugívoros Artibeus lituratus BR-AL1, BR-AL2, BR-AL3, BR-AL4 e Artibeus planirostris BRAP1; 2 morcegos insetívoros (BR-MR1 e BR-EA2) e 2 de espécies não identificadas (BR-BAT1 e BR-BAT2). Entre as amostras seqüenciadas foram selecionadas cinco (BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, BR-DR1) e um isolado de cão (BR-C) para os estudos de patogenicidade em camundongos albinos suíços inoculados pela vias intracerebral (IC) e intramuscular (IM). Todas as amostras quando inoculadas em camundongos pela via IC apresentaram-se patogênicas, provocando a morte dos mesmos num período de 4 a 14 dias pós-inoculação. No entanto, 500DLIC50 das mesmas amostras inoculadas pela via IM levaram a uma mortalidade de camundongos de: 60% (BR-DR1); 50% (BR-C, BR-NL); 40% (BR- AL3); 9,5% (BR-MM1); 5,2% (BR-EF10). As mesmas amostras foram utilizadas para a verificação de proteção cruzada, conferida por vacina comercial de uso animal, de camundongos que receberam uma ou duas doses de vacina pela via subcutânea (SC) e desafiados pelas vias IC e IM. Camundongos inoculados com duas doses de vacina foram protegidos quando desafiados pela via IC, com todas as amostras testadas. Quando os camundongos receberam uma dose da mesma vacina houve proteção parcial daqueles desafiados com as amostras de vírus PV e BR-C. Houve proteção de 100% dos camundongos desafiados pela via IM, com exceção daqueles vacinados com uma dose de vacina e desafiados com a amostra PV que apresentaram um índice de 66% de sobreviventes. Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de existir variantes do vírus da raiva espécies específicas circulando em morcegos. Sugerem ainda, que espécies de morcegos hematófagos, frugívoros e insetívoros compartilham o mesmo polimorfismo de vírus. A vacina comercial contra a raiva contendo vírus inativado e de uso veterinário protegeu os camundongos contra o desafio com as diferentes amostras testadas, sugerindo que as vacinas usualmente utilizadas são efetivas no tratamento profilático da raiva transmitida por morcegos, apesar da marcada diferença de neurovirulência dos diferentes isolados quando inoculados em camundongos pela via IM. / Twenty-three rabies viruses isolated from hematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats were characterized genetically by complete sequencing of the region coding the nucleoprotein N. The phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, including the lyssavirus and the bat isolates from Chile and USA revealed that the isolates were segregated into four distinct genetic lineages: those related to the vampire bats and to the insectivorous bats 1, 2 and 3. The isolates related to the insectivorous bats 1 were from the Eptesicus furinalis: BR-EF1, BR- EF2, BREF3, BR-EF-4, BR-EA1 e BR-NL2; those of the insectivorous bats2 included the isolates from Molosssus spp: BR-MM1, BR-MM2 and BR-MA1 and the group 3, by the isolates from the Nictinomops laticaudatus: BR-NL1 and BR-NL3. The homology among each group of the insectivorous bats 1, 2 and 3 were greater than 99%, 97% and 99%, respectively. The lineage related to vampire bats was represented by three isolates from the D. rotundus (BR-DR1, BR-DR2 e BR-DR3); five from the fruit bats Artibeus lituratus (BR-AL1, BR-AL2, BR-AL3, BR-AL4) and Artibeus planirostris (BRAP1); two from insectivorous bats (BR-MR1 and BR-EA2) and two from unidentified species (BR-BAT1 and BR-BAT2). Among the sequenced amples, five bat isolates (BR-EF1, BR-NL1, BR-AL3, BR-MM1, BR- DR1) and one dog isolate (BR-C) were selected for the study of their pathogenicity in Swiss mice, inoculating through intracerebral (IC) and intramuscular (IM) routes. All the isolates, when inoculated via IC, were pathogenic, provoking death in 4 - 14 post inoculation days. However, mice inoculated with 500ICLD50 of the same isolates through IM route were found with different death rates: 60.0% (BR-DR1); 50.0% (BR-C, BR-NL); 40.0% (BR-AL3); 9.5% (BR-MM1) and 5.2% (BR-EF10). The same isolates were used for the assessment of cross protection conferred by a commercial vaccine of veterinary use. The mice were vaccinated subcutaneously, receiving either one or two shots of vaccine, and challenged through IC and IM routes. Mice receiving two shots were protected against all the isolates, when challenged intracerebrally. Mice receiving one shot were found only partially protected against the challenge with the fixed PV strain and BR-C isolate. Mice challenged intramuscularly showed 100.0% of protection, with the exception of those vaccinated with one dose and challenged with PV strain, which were found with 66.0% of survivors. These results indicate the possibility of the existence of rabies virus variants circulating in different species of bat population. The data also suggest that the vampires, frugivorous and insectivorous bats share the same lineage of rabies viruses. The commercial vaccine has protected the mice against the challenge with different rabies virus isolates, suggesting that the vaccines usually employed in the field are effective, although some marked difference in neurovirulence by IM inoculation was found among the isolates tested.

O experimento foi realizado na unidade de creche do Laboratório de Pesquisa em Suínos (LPS) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ-USP), campus de Pirassununga (SP), sendo utilizados setenta e dois leitões recém desmamados (21 dias), com peso médio de 6,5 kg. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, num arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores: probiótico e desafio, os quais definiram os tratamentos: T 1 - emprego do probiótico, com desafio (CPCD); T 2 - emprego do probiótico, sem o desafio (CPSD); T 3 - ausência do probiótico, com desafio (SPCD); T 4 - ausência do probiótico e sem o desafio (SPSD). As faixas de ganho médio de peso diário consideradas foram: dos 21 aos 35 dias (GMPD 35); dos 35 aos 49 dias (GMPD 49); dos 49 aos 63 dias (GMPD 63) e dos 21 aos 63 dias (GMPD Total). Os leitões foram submetidos ao desafio em sala separada, 14 dias após a distribuição nos tratamentos. O desafio foi realizado com uma amostra de E. coli positiva para as toxinas LT e ST b e para as fímbrias K 88 e F 18. A colheita das fezes foi feita após o desafio, em três períodos (35, 42 e 49 dias de idade dos leitões), para contagem de coliformes fecais, sendo analisadas pelo Laboratório de Sanidade Suína da FMVZ-USP, em São Paulo. A ração oferecida aos leitões foi semelhante à empregada comercialmente nas criações, havendo somente suplementação ou não do probiótico. O experimento avaliou o desempenho dos leitões através do ganho de peso diário (GMPD) e peso (P), acrescido da verificação da consistência das fezes e da contagem de coliformes fecais. Os resultados mostraram interação significativa entre probiótico e desafio quanto ao GMPD 49, indicando nesse período, o ponto de inflexão que caracterizou o início da mudança no comportamento desta variável. Com relação à consistência das fezes, o probiótico agiu reduzindo o percentual de fezes cremosas, confirmando sua ação protetora da mucosa intestinal, reduzindo a perda de líquido e, conseqüentemente, a diarréia. Além de atuar melhorando os parâmetros relativos ao desempenho e à consistência das fezes, a utilização do probiótico promoveu uma alteração na contagem de E. coli, reduzindo-a para um valor inferior, 14 dias após o desafio, reforçando assim a sua ação benéfica junto á manutenção da integridade intestinal / The experiment was conducted in the nursery unit at the Swine Research Laboratory from the FMVZ, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga campus, where we used 72 piglets recently weaned (about 21 days) with the average weight of 6,5 kg. The experiment was outlined in random blocks system, 2 x 2 factorial arrangements, being the factors: probiotic and challenge. The treatment was: T1 ? use of the probiotic, with challenge (CPCD); T2 ? use of the probiotic, without the challenge (CPSD); T3 ? no probiotic, with challenge (SPCD); T4 ? no probiotic and no challenge (SPSD). The intervals of weight daily gain considered were 21 to 35 days (GMPD 35); 35 to 49 days (GMPD 49); 49 to 63 days (GMPD 63) and 21 to 63 days (GMPD Total). The piglets were kept in two different rooms. One of the groups was challenged 14 days after the distribution in the treatments, in a separated room and for the challenge we used a sample of E.coli positive for the toxins LT and ST b and also for the pilli K88 and F18. The samples of feces were collected after the challenge in three periods (35, 42 and 49 days of age of the piglets) and sent to the Swine Health Laboratory at the FMVZ-USP, São Paulo campus, where the count of some species of intestinal bacteria was performed. The feed offered to the piglets was the same used in commercial swine herds. The only difference was the use or not of the probiotic. The experiment evaluated the development of the piglets through the amount of weight (AW) they gained and the average daily gain (ADG) of weight, plus the verification of the consistency of the feces and the count of some intestinal bacteria. The results showed a significant interaction between the probiotic and the challenge, as related to GMPD 49, indicating in this period the point of inflexion that characterized the beginning of the change in behavior of this variable. Analyzing the consistency of the feces we have notice that the probiotic has reduced the percentage of creamy feces, confirming its protective action in the intestinal mucus, reducing the loss of liquid and consequently the diarrhea. Together with the positive effect on the performance, the probiotic reduced the abnormal consistency of the feces, specially the creamy ones, as well as decreased the counting of E.coli 14 days after the challenge, keeping the intestinal integrity

Syfte: Tidigare forskning ger uttryck för att fler och fler företag integrerar CSR i sin verksamhet men att utmaningar finns när medarbetare ska engageras. Trots detta saknas en modell som illustrerar dessa utmaningar. Syftet är att utveckla en integrerad modell bestående av både företags och medarbetares utmaningar gällande medarbetares engagemang i företags CSR-arbete. Metod: Studien utgår från ett socialkonstruktivistiskt och hermeneutiskt perspektiv. Genom en abduktiv forskningsansats ställdes empiri från tio kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med medarbetare från fyra större företag mot tidigare forskning om utmaningar. Utifrån de utmaningar som framkom sammanställdes en tredelad modell. Resultat & slutsats: Vår tredelade modell illustrerar utmaningar som har framkommit med medarbetares engagemang i CSR. En första indelning utgår från utmaningar beroende på företag och/eller medarbetare. Den andra indelningen delar in utmaningarna i tre större kategorier utifrån följande gemensamma nämnare; synsätt, information och tillämpning. Avslutningsvis illustrerar modellen att olika utmaningar påverkar varandra. Examensarbetets bidrag: Vi har i detta arbete tagit fram en integrerad modell som omfattar tre dimensioner där vi tydliggör att utmaningar kan vara 1) företagsberoende, individberoende eller både-och 2) indelade i olika kategorier samt 3) relaterade till varandra. Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv är modellen användbar i vidare forskning eftersom modellen både kan modifieras och kompletteras vid behov. Ur ett praktiskt perspektiv kan modellen användas som en övergripande karta och verktyg för företag att agera på olika sätt för att engagera medarbetare. Genom att illustrera om utmaningar relateras till företag eller medarbetare samt att olika utmaningar påverkar varandra menar vi bidrar till helhetsperspektivet och kan förenkla arbetet med CSR inom företag. Praktiska råd till företetagsledare är att bryta ner företags CSR-mål samt att ha information om CSR som en stående punkt på möten. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Fler studier föreslås för att pröva modellens giltighet och relevans. Ett exempel skulle kunna vara att pröva modellens giltighet i andra kontexter såsom mindre företag. Ett annat exempel är att djupare studera företags- och medarbetarberoende i de utmaningar som framkom eller att identifiera nya utmaningar som skulle kunna adderas till modellen. / Aim: Previous studies indicate that a growing number of companies choose to incorporate CSR into their business. However, there are many challenges with engaging employees. Despite this, no model exists illustrating these challenges. The purpose of this study is to create a model illustrating companies and employee challenges with engaging employees in CSR. Method: This study is based on a social constructive and hermeneutic perspective. Empirical findings from ten qualitative interviews with employees from four larger companies were compared to previous research in an abductive approach. Based on challenges found empirically and theoretically, challenges were grouped together resulting in a three-part model. Result & Conclusion: Our three-part model illustrates challenges with engaging employees in CSR. First, it presents challenges related to both company and/or employee. Secondly, it demonstrates challenges in three main categories; viewpoint, information, and application. Finally, it illustrates that these challenges influence and are influenced by each other. Contribution of the thesis: In this thesis, we have developed an integrated model consisting of three dimensions where we demonstrate how challenges can be 1) associated with the company, employee, or both 2) classified in different categories and 3) related to one another. From a theoretical perspective, the model is useful in further research where it can both be modified and added to if needed. From a practical perspective, the model can be used as an overall map and tool for companies to act in different ways when engaging employees. By highlighting if challenges are associated to company or employee, as well as how different challenges relate to one another, we believe that a holistic view can be achieved which further simplifies the CSR-work. Practical advice to managers is to break down the company’s CSR-goal and to have regular information about CSR in meetings. Suggestions for future research: Further research is needed to test the model’s accuracy and relevance. A possible alternative to test the models’ accuracy and relevance is to apply it to different contexts such as smaller companies. Another alternative is to further study how challenges identified in this study relate to company or employee or to identify new challenges that could be included in this model.

<p>Animal behavior observation is a widely used method of detecting when animals are ill or injured, but there are limitations to using behavioral observations. Behavioral observations can be labor-intensive, subjective and unreliable. The development of technologies such as accelerometers, which record acceleration and activity-based data in 3D space, enables faster, more accurate and quantitative methods of detecting changes in animal behavior. Previous research has demonstrated the utility of using accelerometers to detect changes in animals’ health and well-being. However, limited information is available on the use of accelerometers to detect changes in behavior due to heat stress, which is a major poultry welfare concern, or to detect changes in activity levels of turkeys. The overall objective of this study was to determine whether micro-acceleration data loggers (accelerometers) can be used to detect changes in turkeys’ activity levels and to identify changes in turkey behavior that are indicative of changes in turkey well-being. Two trials were conducted. Specific objectives for Trial 1 were to: 1) determine the effects of accelerometers and habituation to accelerometers on turkey gait and welfare, 2) determine age-related changes in gait and welfare, and 3) evaluate the validity of the accelerometers. Thirty-six male commercial turkeys were randomly assigned to one of five groups: accelerometer and habituation period (AH), accelerometer and no habituation (AN), VetRap bandage (no accelerometer) and habituation (VH), bandage (no accelerometer) and no habituation (VN), and nothing on either leg (C). Welfare was assessed prior to video-recording birds as they walked across a Tekscan® pressure pad at 8, 12 and 16 wk to determine effects of treatment on number of steps, cadence, gait time, gait distance, gait velocity, impulse, gait cycle time, maximum force, peak vertical pressure, single support time, contact time, step length, step time, step velocity, stride length, total double support time, and duty factor. Accelerometer validity and reliability were determined by comparing the number of steps detected with the accelerometer to the number of steps determined from video recordings. Several age-related changes in turkey gait were found regardless of habituation, including a slower cadence at 16 wk, shorter gait distance at 8 wk, and slower gait velocity at 16wk. Habituation to the accelerometer and bandage had limited effects on turkey gait: non-habituated turkeys (VN and AN) spent more time standing on two feet (total double support time) compared to C birds, but did not differ from habituated (VH and AH) birds. Accelerometer validity and reliability were affected by both age and treatment. Validity and reliability were lowest for non-habituated birds (AN). Precision and sensitivity of accelerometers decreased with age but were unaffected by treatment. False discovery rate increased, and accuracy and specificity decreased with age. Results demonstrated that micro-data loggers do not adversely affect turkey welfare, but habituation to wearing accelerometers affects accelerometer reliability and validity. Accelerometer validity and turkey gait are also greatly affected by the age of the turkeys. </p> <p> </p> <p>The second experiment used the validated accelerometers to assess changes in walking activity when turkeys were under an immune challenge or mild heat stress. Another objective of Experiment 2 was to identify changes in welfare and behavior associated with mild heat stress and a mild immune challenge. A total of 92 tom turkeys (trial 1: 51 turkeys; trial 2: 41 turkeys) were assigned to 3 different treatments in a crossover design: control (C; no heat stress or immune challenge), heat stress (HS), and immune challenge (IC). HS treatment was induced by slowly heating rooms to a peak temperature before slowly returning the rooms to normal temperatures. IC treatment was induced by a live-virus hemorrhagic enteritis vaccine which was added to the drinking water. Video (walking, sitting, standing, eating, drinking, preening, feather pecking, aggression and heat-stress related behavior) and accelerometer (steps/hr) data were recorded for 5 days at 10, 12, and 14 wk of age in order to gather behavior and walking activity data pre and post treatment, which occurred on day 3 of the 5 day period. Steps/hr decreased with age, treatments HS and IC had lower step counts compared to control groups, and each day proved to have a different step count regardless of whether a treatment was imposed. On the day of the imposed treatments, steps/hr were lower for both HS and IC turkeys. Welfare analysis indicated that tail and wing feather condition was worse at 14 wk compared to 10 and 12 wk. Behaviorally, the amount of time spent sitting increased as birds aged. Treatment also affected behavior: HS and IC turkeys performed less standing and walking compared to C birds on the day of the imposed treatment. Turkeys under a heat stress treatment performed more aggressive interactions and were observed performing heat-stress related behavior, including panting and sitting with their wings spread apart. </p> <p> </p> <p>Results from both trials indicated that accelerometers can be useful tools to assess walking activity of turkeys and that accelerometers have the potential to detect changes in behavior that may be associated with conditions that negatively impact turkey welfare. The process of wearing an accelerometer on the leg did not adversely affect turkey welfare, but habituation is important to ensure that accelerometers are accurately and reliably recording turkeys’ steps. In addition, it was determined that changes in behavior, such as decreased walking and standing, can be indicative of potential welfare issues, such as heat stress and an immune challenge in turkeys. Further research is needed to explore the best step threshold for particular turkey ages in order to get the most accurate data in future analysis of walking activity. Furthermore, sex differences were not a factor in these studies as only male turkeys were used which may differ from females in terms of gait and behavior under heat stress and an immune challenge. It may also be beneficial to further explore turkey gait as there were discrepancies in the literature and this study concerning age related differences in gait (duty factor). Future research should focus on the early detection potential accelerometers can provide to the turkey industry for welfare concerns. As shown by our results, walking activity decreases under both a mild heat stress and immune challenge, so future studies should now determine if this decrease in activity level is detectable before overt visual behavioral signs. If accelerometers can detect signs of stress more objectively, accurately, and quicker than visual inspection, then both farmers and researchers could benefit from utilizing these devices to improve animal welfare in the future.</p>

Quels sont les défis urbains auxquels New York, Chicago, Los Angeles et Paris sont confrontés en matière de développement durable ? L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à dresser un état des lieux des politiques de développement durable mises en place dans des villes aux typologies différentes, qui sont confrontées aux mêmes problématiques. L’analyse des tenants et des aboutissants des actions en faveur du développement durable urbain s’envisage sous trois aspects de la gouvernance impliquant différents acteurs dans ce défi : administrations municipales, sociétés privées et habitants. Nous analyserons les processus lancés par chacun de ces groupes, exposerons les atouts qui font la force des différentes aires urbaines à l’étude, de même que leurs faiblesses et les axes d’amélioration possibles. Cette étude conclut que les quatre villes ont des divergences de priorités sur le développement durable, le diagramme représentatif du concept n’est jamais équilibré : l’un des trois piliers prend en général le dessus. / What are the urban challenges New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and Paris are facing regarding sustainable development? This thesis consists in examining the sustainable development policies that have been put in place in four cities with different typologies, but that are confronting the same issues. Analyzing the actions taken in support of sustainable development must be considered through three aspects representing three different groups implied in this challenge: municipal authorities, private companies and the people. We will analyze the different processes launched by each of these groups; we will discuss the assets of the four cities, as well as their weaknesses and possible improvements. The four cities have diverging priorities regarding sustainable development and the concept is never perfectly balanced between ecology, sociology and economy. One of these themes generally takes over.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-02T11:55:47Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerson Frances do Amaral - 2013.pdf: 4732700 bytes, checksum: 5e8365f82ebcf84a1f5139da4f258753 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.BUP: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.IFO: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-10-02T17:03:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerson Frances do Amaral - 2013.pdf: 4732700 bytes, checksum: 5e8365f82ebcf84a1f5139da4f258753 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.BUP: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.IFO: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-02T17:03:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Dissertação - Gerson Frances do Amaral - 2013.pdf: 4732700 bytes, checksum: 5e8365f82ebcf84a1f5139da4f258753 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.BUP: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) VIDEO_TS.IFO: 12288 bytes, checksum: af9c1cdabc941d08c38531ebb63abbb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-26 / This work suggests interpretative possibilities to the trumpet part of the piece “Challenge XIV” for Trumpet and Piano (or Strings) Opus 31 14 bis. The choice of this piece was made due to its relevance of a repertoire of Brazilian music for trumpet and also for its originality on interpretation and performance. This research was developed from a revision of a directed bibliography and also from an analisys of the performance elements: articulation, dynamics, tempo and phrasing. / Este trabalho sugere possibilidades interpretativas para a parte do trompete na obra Desafio XIV para Trompete e Piano (ou Cordas) Opus 31 14 bis. A escolha dessa obra se deu tanto por sua relevância como música brasileira do repertório para trompete, como pelo ineditismo de sua interpretação e performance. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir de uma revisão da bibliografia direcionada e também consta de uma análise dos elementos da performance: articulação, dinâmica, andamento e fraseado.

The proportion of older adults living with cognitive impairments is increasing rapidly. This shift will likely increase mortality rates, reduce perceived quality of life, and cause economic burden to patients and health care systems. Currently evidence of highly effective and noninvasive interventions that prevent or slow the onset of cognitive impairment are limited. This study aims to better understand what drives cognitive aging variability among musicians versus non-musicians. Music playing has been shown to improve brain and cognitive functions by engaging networks of brain areas, simultaneously involving cortical mechanisms associated with executive, high-level cognitive and motor functions, and multiple sensory systems. Literature suggests strong correlations between cognition and music ability. However, studies in the past have not concretely operationalized music training. Here we test the general hypothesis that music training improves neural mechanisms associated with core cognitive functions (e.g. working-memory and attention). A multi-source study was designed to control level of music involvement and genre by examining professional, classically trained orchestral musicians, establishing cognitive and neuropsychological profiles in an effort to better understand the potential for music training to protect older adults from cognitive decline. Specific hypotheses involved attentional inhibition theory and increased ability of musicians to perform attention and working memory tasks. Twenty-nine professional musicians were recruited who completed five neuropsychological exams. The scalp electrophysiological signals from 14 channels were recorded wirelessly while each musician performed a modified delayed match-to-sample task, imagination of music playing, and resting states. Musicians completed neuropsychological screening (MoCA) a music and life span questionnaire as well. Musicians tested above normative ranges in cognitive ability indicated through MoCA. Musicians’ scores were compared with average or normative scores of participants at similar ages in previous studies using the same measures and current musicians performed significantly faster and more accurately on four of five neuropsychological measures. Regression and ANCOVA showed strong positive correlations between theta oscillation in bilateral frontal sites (F3, F4) and both number of years of private music lessons and number of hours of music practice. Correlations between EEG recordings taken during music imagination exercise at posterior (01, 02) sites and the number of years of private music lessons participants took, the age participant started to take music lessons and the number of years they played their musical instrument were found. Current new findings reveal that professional musician’s cognitive scores and neural activity are associated with superior cognitive ability via enhancement of neural mechanisms of current target material and inhibition of distractions. Music training is apromising noninvasive method to control cognitive challenge, which merits further research to determine how it can be used as a beneficial cognitive training method for aging individuals. Future studies should examine neuro-cognitive differences between professional musicians and individuals with lower levels of music involvement to examine dose effects of music or the amount of music needed to protect aging adults from cognitive decline.