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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

PROCESSAMENTO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DO COMPÓSITO SUPERCONDUTOR YBa2Cu3O7

Schneider, Thiago Luís 28 March 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Luis Schneider.pdf: 9685610 bytes, checksum: 1d228206aa0873ceb2084087b0fc033f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Abstract Abstract / Resumo Resumo
52

Cristallogenèse et caractérisations physico-chimiques des solutions solides supraconductrices La2-xSrxCuO4 et La1,6-xNd0,4SrxCuO4 / Crystal growth and physico-chemical characterizations of the superconductor solid solutions La2-xSrxCuO4 et La1,6-xNd0,4SrxCuO4

Denis, Sylvain 20 November 2014 (has links)
La découverte de la supraconductivité à haute température dans les cuprates supraconducteurs en 1986 a révolutionné le secteur et remis en cause la théorie conventionnelle (BCS) de la supraconductivité. Malgré des avancées importantes dans la course aux plus hautes températures critiques, à ce jour, aucune théorie ne fournit une interprétation satisfaisante des propriétés de ces matériaux.L’évolution de la température critique en fonction du taux de strontium dans les solutions solides supraconductrices La2-xSrxCuO4 et La1,6 xNd0,4SrxCuO4 forme un dôme supraconducteur pour 0,05 < x < 0,30. Cependant ce dôme montre une anomalie autour de la teneur x = 0,125, où la température critique est abaissée. Grâce aux technologies de plus en plus performantes, de nouvelles analyses physiques pourraient aider à comprendre la supraconductivité dans les cuprates.Pour cela, des monocristaux d’excellente qualité sont nécessaires. La technique de croissance cristalline par la méthode de fusion de la zone solvante est très adaptée à la synthèse de ce type de matériau à fusion non congruente.Une étude préliminaire sur des céramiques a permis de collecter de nombreuses informations. Une analyse par diffraction des rayons X permet de connaitre l’évolution des structures cristallines et des paramètres de mailles en fonction de la teneur en strontium. Les solutions solides La2-xSrxCuO4 cristallisent dans le système orthorhombique Bmab lorsque x < 0,11 et dans le système quadratique I4/mmm pour x > 0,11. En substituant une partie des ions lanthanes par des ions néodymes, la phase orthorhombique est stabilisée et la transition intervient quand x est proche de 0,19. Les températures critiques de ces composés sont déterminées par l’analyse des propriétés magnétiques réalisées à l’aide d’un magnétomètre à SQUID. Ces dernières sont plus complexes pour les solutions solides La1,6 xNd0,4SrxCuO4 en raison du caractère paramagnétiques des ions Nd3+.Les solides cristallisés présentés dans ce travail ont été élaborés dans un four à concentration de rayonnement avec des vitesses de croissance très lentes (1 mm.h-1). Pour atteindre les compositions visées La1,875Sr0,125CuO4 et La1,475Nd0,4Sr0,125CuO4, il est indispensable d’identifier une composition optimale de la pastille solvante. La qualité cristalline des solides cristallisés est observée par l’intermédiaire d’un microscope à lumière polarisée et par la diffraction des rayons X par la méthode de LAUE. La détermination des paramètres de maille, des températures critiques, des analyses élémentaires par microsonde, couplés aux résultats obtenus sur les céramiques permettent d’obtenir la teneur en cation de ces cristaux. / High critical temperature superconductivity discovery in cuprates superconductors in 1986 revolutionized this sector and questioned the BCS theory. In spite of great improvement in critical temperatures, no theory fully explains the properties of these materials. The critical temperature evolution according to strontium’s content in La2-xSrxCuO4 and La1,6 xNd0,4SrxCuO4 superconductor solid solutions show a superconductive dome for 0,05 < x < 0,30. However, around x = 0,125, there is a magnetic anomaly where the critical temperature decreased. With the help of more efficient technologies, new physical analysis might help to give a better interpretation of the superconductivity in the cuprates materials. Therefore single crystals of great quality are needed. The travelling-solvent floating-zone method is particularly compatible with non-congruent fusion materials as cuprates. First, a preliminary study on polycrystalline samples was conducted and gave interesting information about structure and physical properties. X-rays powder diffraction experiments were used to analyze the crystalline structures and the cell parameters of these materials. The La2-xSrxCuO4 solid solutions crystallize in the orthorhombic Bmab system if x < 0,11, and in the tetragonal I4/mmm system if x > 0,11.With the substitution of Lanthanum ions by Neodymium ions, the orthorhombic phase is stabilized and the transition occurs only for x near 0,19. The critical temperatures of these compounds are extracted from the magnetic properties analysis, obtained by a SQUID magnetometer. These properties are more complicated for the La1,6 xNd0,4SrxCuO4 solid solutions because of the paramagnetic nature of Nd3+ ions. In this work, the crystals are synthesized in an optical furnace with small growth rates (1 mm.h-1). For the selected compositions of La1,875Sr0,125CuO4 and La1,475Nd0,4Sr0,125CuO4, the solvent rod must be optimal. Crystalline quality of the crystals is checked by polarized light microscopy and by the LAUE method. Elemental analysis by electron probe micro analysis and the results of the cell parameters and the critical temperatures, compared with those obtained from the polycrystalline materials are used for the composition determination of these crystals.
53

Thermomécanique des milieux continus : modèles théoriques et applications au comportement de l'hydrogel en ingénierie biomédicale / Continuum thermomechanics : theoretical models and applications on hydrogel behaviour in biomedical engineering

Santatriniaina, Nirina 06 October 2015 (has links)
Dans la première partie on propose un outil mathématique pour traiter les conditions aux limites dynamiques d'un problème couplé d'EDP. La simulation avec des conditions aux limites dynamiques nécessite quelques fois une condition de "switch" en temps des conditions aux limites de Dirichlet en Neumann. La méthode numérique (St DN) a été validée avec des mesures expérimentales pour le cas de la contamination croisée en industrie micro-électronique. Cet outil sera utilisé par la suite pour simuler le phénomène de « self-heating » dans les polymères et les hydrogels sous sollicitations dynamiques. Dans la deuxième partie, on s'intéresse à la modélisation du phénomène de self-heating dans les polymères, les hydrogels et les tissus biologiques. D'abord, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la modélisation de la loi constitutive de l'hydrogel de type HEMA-EGDMA. Nous avons utilisé la théorie des invariants polynomiaux pour définir la loi constitutive du matériau. Ensuite, nous avons mis en place un modèle théorique en thermomécanique couplée d'un milieu continu classique pour analyser la production de chaleur dans ce matériau. Deux potentiels thermodynamiques ont été proposés et identifiés avec les mesures expérimentales. Une nouvelle forme d'équation du mouvement non-linéaire et couplée a été obtenue (un système d'équation aux dérivées partielles parabolique et hyperbolique non-linéaire couplé avec des conditions aux limites dynamiques). Dans la troisième partie, une méthode numérique des équations thermomécaniques (couplage parabolique-hyperbolique) pour les modèles a été utilisée. Cette étape nous a permis, entre autres, de résoudre ce système couplé. La méthode est basée sur la méthode des éléments finis. Divers résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur ce phénomène de self-heating sont présentés dans ce travail suivi d'une étude de corrélations des résultats théoriques et expérimentaux. Dans la dernière partie de ce travail, ces divers résultats sont repris et leurs conséquences sur la modélisation du comportement de l'hydrogel naturel utilisé dans le domaine biomédical sont discutées. / In the first part, we propose a mathematical tool for treating the dynamic boundary conditions. The simulation within dynamic boundary condition requires sometimes ''switch'' condition in time of the Dirichlet to Neumann boundary condition (St DN). We propose a numerical method validated with experimental measurements for the case of cross-contamination in microelectronics industry. This tool will be used to compute self-heating in the polymers and hydrogels under dynamic loading. In the second part we focus on modeling the self-heating phenomenon in polymers, hydrogels and biological tissues. We develop constitutive law of the hydrogel type HEMA-EGDMA, focusing on the heat e.ects (dissipation) in this material. Then we set up a theoretical model of coupled thermo-mechanical classic continuum for a better understanding of the heat production in this media. We use polynomial invariants theory to define the constitutive law of the media. Two original thermodynamic potentials are proposed. Original non-linear and coupled governing equations were obtained and identified with the experimental measurements (non-linear parabolic-hyperbolic system with the dynamic boundary condition). In the third part, numerical methods were used to solve thermo-mechanical formalism for the model. This step deals with a numerical method of a coupled partial di.erential equation system of the self-heating (parabolic-hyperbolic coupling). Then, is step allows us, among other things, to propose an appropriate numerical methods to solve this system. The numerical method is based on the finite element methods. Numerous experimental results on the self-heating phenomenon are presented in this work together with correlations studies between the theoretical and experimental results. In the last part of the thesis, these various results will be presented and their impact on the modeling of the behavior of the natural hydrogel used in the biomedical field will be discussed.
54

Influência das substâncias húmicas de diferentes massas molares na coagulação, floculação e sedimentação no tratamento de água / Influence of different molecular weight of humic substances in the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation in water treatment

Sandro Xavier de Campos 10 December 2004 (has links)
Neste trabalho estudou-se a influência das substâncias húmicas (SH) extraídas de turfa, com diferentes massas molares, utilizadas para a preparação de águas com cor de 100 uH ± 5 uH, nos ensaios de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação no tratamento de água. Foram realizadas caracterizações das SH por meio das técnicas de ultrafiltração (UF), análise elementar (AE), ultravioleta/visível (UV/Vis), infravermelho (IF), ressonância magnética nuclear de C13 (RMN de C13), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR). Essas caracterizações demonstraram que as frações de menor massa molar (30 - 100 kDa e <30 kDa), obtidas por UF, apresentaram uma maior concentração de grupos contendo oxigênio, enquanto que a fração de maior massa molar (>100 kDa) e a contendo todas as massas molares juntas (filtrada apenas em membrana com tamanho de poro de 0,45 &#956m) apresentaram maior concentração de grupamentos aromáticos. Verificou-se também que nas frações de menor massa molar (30 - 100 kDa e <30 kDa) a porcentagem de ácidos fúlvicos é maior do que a de ácidos húmicos. Nas frações de maior massa molar (> 100kDa e filtrada em membrana com tamanho de poro de 0,45 &#956m) ocorreu o contrário. Os ensaios de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação realizados com águas preparadas com as diferentes frações de diferentes massas molares, mostraram que quanto maior a massa molar, maior é a facilidade de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação, o que proporciona maior eficiência na remoção da cor aparente. Os diagramas de coagulação obtidos para o coagulante sulfato de alumínio (Al2(SO4)3 . 14,3 H2O) mostraram que independente da massa molar, a região de pH ótimo de coagulação esteve entre 6 e 7, sendo que a remoção da cor aparente foi crescente com a diminuição da velocidade de sedimentação (Vs= 3,0, 1,5 e 0,5 cm/min). Com a diminuição da massa molar houve um aumento na dosagem de Al2(SO4)3 . 14,3 H2O necessária para se obter curvas de remoção da cor aparente iguais às obtidas com a água preparada com a fração de maior massa molar (> 100 kDa). Os ensaios de coagulação, floculação, sedimentação e filtração demonstraram boa reprodutibilidade em relação aos resultados de remoção de cor aparente obtidos para a confecção dos diagramas de coagulação. Após a filtração foi verificado que os valores da cor aparente não foram detectados pela técnica de medição da cor utilizada, para todas as águas de estudo, com exceção da água preparada com a fração de menor massa molar (<30 kDa). Conclui-se que, quanto menor a massa molar, maior a porcentagem de ácidos fúlvicos presentes e maior a concentração de grupamentos com oxigênio ligado. Assim, será necessária uma maior dosagem de coagulante Al2(SO4)3 . 14,3 H2O para que ocorra uma remoção eficiente da cor. / The present thesis deals with the influence of humic substances (HS) on coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation tests for water treatment. These substances were extracted from peat, had different molecular weight and were used for the preparation of water with 100 ± 5 uH color. Characterizations of HS were performed by the following techniques ultra filtration (UF), elemental analysis (EA), ultraviolet/ visible (UV/Vis), infrared (IF), C13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR of C13) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Such characterizations showed that fractions of smaller molecular weight (30 - 100 kDa and < 30 kDa) obtained by UF presented a higher concentration of groups containing oxygen, while the fraction with the largest molecular weight (>100 kDa) and the one containing all the molecular weight together (filtered only in membrane with pore size of 0,45 &#956m) presented a higher concentration of aromatic groupings. It was also possible to verify that in the fractions with smaller molecular weight (30 - 100 kDa e <30 kDa) the percentage of fulvic acids was higher than the one of humic acids . However the opposite occurred of larger molecular weight (>100 kDa and filtered in membrane with pore size of 0,45 &#956m). The tests of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation conducted with waters prepared with different fractions of different molecular weight showed that the larger the molecular weight, the easier the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation, resulting in higher efficiency in the removal of the apparent color. The coagulation diagrams obtained for aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3 .14,3 H2O) showed that independently of the molecular weight, the region with optimum pH for coagulation was between 6 and 7 and the removal of the apparent color increased with the decrease in the sedimentation velocity (Vs= 3,0, 1,5 e 0,5 cm/min). Due to the decrease in the molecular weight there was as increase in the dosage of Al2(SO4)3 .14,3 H2O necessary to obtain curves of the removal of the apparent color similar to the ones obtained with the water prepared with the fraction of the largest molecular weight (> 100 kDa). Tests of coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration showed good reproducibility in relation to the results of removal of apparent color, obtained for the construction of coagulation diagrams. After filtration it was possible to verify that the values of apparent color were not detected by the technique of color measurement utilized for all the waters studied, except for the water prepared with the fraction of the smallest molecular weight (< 30 kDa). It was possible concluded that the smaller the molecular weight, the higher the percentage of present fulvic acids and the higher the concentration of groupings with bond oxygen. Thus a higher dosage of coagulant Al2(SO4)3 .14,3 H2O will be necessary for an efficient removal of color.
55

Etude d’un procédé de décontamination du 14C par carboxy-gazéification des déchets de graphite nucléaire / Study of a nuclear graphite waste 14C decontamination process by CO2 gasification

Pageot, Justin 18 December 2014 (has links)
Le démantèlement des réacteurs Uranium Naturel Graphite-Gaz (UNGG), tous arrêtés depuis 1994, génèrera 23 000 tonnes de déchets de graphite de Faible Activité et Vie Longue (FAVL), contenant notamment du 14C. Le but de ce travail de thèse est d’étudier un procédé original d’extraction sélective de ce radionucléide par carboxy-gazéification. L’organisation multi-échelle des graphites vierge et irradié a été étudiée par un couplage entre microspectrométrie Raman et microscopie électronique à transmission. Avec la fluence neutronique, la structure se dégrade et la nanostructure peut être fortement modifiée. Dans les cas extrêmes, la nanostructure lamellaire du graphite nucléaire est devenue nanoporeuse. En outre, ces dégâts sont systématiquement hétérogènes. Un effet d’orientation des « cristallites », mis en évidence expérimentalement par implantation ionique, pourrait être une cause de ces hétérogénéités. Cette étude a également montré qu’à partir d’une certaine fluence, l'apparition importante de zones nanoporeuses coïncide avec une augmentation spectaculaire de la concentration en 14C. Ce radionucléide pourrait donc être préférentiellement concentré dans ces zones nanoporeuses qui sont potentiellement plus réactives que les zones restées lamellaires et a priori moins riches en 14C.Ce procédé par carboxy-gazéification a d'abord été testé sur des matériaux « analogues » non radioactifs (graphites broyés mécaniquement). Ces essais ont confirmé, pour des températures entre 950 et 1000 °C, l’élimination sélective et complète des zones nanoporeuses. Des tests ont alors été réalisés sur des déchets de graphite provenant des réacteurs Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux A2 et G2. Les résultats sont prometteurs avec notamment un quart du 14C extrait pour seulement quelques pourcents de perte de masse. Jusqu’à 68 % du 14C a pu être extrait, mais au prix d’une gazéification plus importante. Ce traitement permettrait donc d’extraire sélectivement une part du 14C (mobile ou lié à des zones nanoporeuses) et d’imaginer des scénarios alternatifs de gestion de ces déchets de graphite. / The decommissioning of French gas cooled nuclear reactors (UNGG), all arrested since 1994, will generate 23,000 tons of graphite waste classified Low Level and Long Lived and notably containing 14C. The aim of this thesis is to study a new method for selective extraction of this radionuclide by CO2 gasification.The multiscale organization of virgin and irradiated graphite has been studied by a coupling between microspectrometry Raman and transmission electron microscopy. With the neutron fluence, the structure degrades and the nanostructure can be greatly changed. In extreme cases, the lamellar nanostructure nuclear graphite has become nanoporous. Furthermore, these damages are systematically heterogeneous. An orientation effect of "crystallites", shown experimentally by ion implantation, could be a cause of these heterogeneities.This study also showed that from a specific fluence, there is an important development of nanoporous zones coinciding with a dramatic 14C concentration increase. This radionuclide could be preferentially concentrated in the nanoporous areas which are potentially more reactive than the remaining laminar areas which could be less rich in 14CThis process by CO2 gasification was firstly tested on "analogous" non-radioactive materials (mechanically milled graphite). These tests confirmed, for temperatures between 950 and 1000 °C, the selective and complete elimination of nanoporous areas.Tests were then carried out on graphite waste from Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux A2 and G2 reactors. The results are promising with notably the quarter of 14C inventory extracted for a weight loss of only few percent. Up to 68 % of 14C inventory was extracted, but with an important gasification. Thus, this treatment could allow extracting selectively a share of 14C inventory (mobile or linked to nanoporous areas) and allows imagining alternative scenarios for graphite waste managing.
56

Graphène dans des liquides ioniques : interactions aux interfaces, exfoliation, stabilisation / Graphene in ionic liquids : interactions at interfaces, exfoliation, stabilization

Bordes, Emilie 11 December 2017 (has links)
L'exfoliation en phase liquide du graphite est l'une des méthodes les plus prometteuses pour augmenter la production et la disponibilité commerciale du graphène. Le processus d'exfoliation peut être décrit, de manière conceptuelle, en quatre étapes: le contact du graphite avec le liquide, l'intercalation du solvant entre les feuillets de graphène, la dispersion du matériau à deux dimension et sa stabilisation en phase liquide. Comme les liquides ioniques peuvent être facilement obtenus avec différentes structures moléculaires et donc des propriétés physicochimiques modulables, ils ont été utilisés dans cette thèse comme milieux liquides pour l'exfoliation du graphite. Notre objectif est d'optimiser l'exfoliation du graphite à travers la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et des interactions impliquées dans chaque étape du processus. Les énergies interfaciale graphite-liquide ont été calculées à partir de tensions de surface et d'angles de contact mesurées entre des liquides ioniques et du graphite pour déterminer l'affinité de différents liquides à la surface du graphite. Afin d'étudier cette interface liquide - solide, des simulations en dynamique moléculaire ont été menées pour analyser l'organisation des liquides ioniques à la surface du graphite. De même, l'énergie libre nécessaire pour créer des cavités au sein du liquide ionique a été calculée.Des simulations moléculaires ont également été réalisées pour modéliser l'exfoliation d'un feuillet de graphène à partir de graphite en apportant une vue microscopique de l'intercalation des molécules de solvant. L'énergie nécessaire à l'exfoliation a pu être calculée en présence de différents liquides. Des composés polyaromatiques ont été considérés comme des modèles pour le graphène car ils peuvent être facilement obtenus purs, sans variabilité de structure, défauts ou groupes fonctionnels non contrôlés. Les enthalpies de dissolution du naphtalène, anthracène et pyrène dans différents liquides ioniques ont été mesurées par calorimétrie en solution et liées à leur solubilité. L'organisation des ions autour de ces composés modèles a été étudiée par simulation moléculaire et spectroscopie Infra-Rouge.Après l'exfoliation, les échantillons de graphène en suspension dans différents liquides ioniques ont été caractérisés expérimentalement en termes de taille de feuillets (microscopie électronique à transmission et microscopie à force atomique), nombre de couches de graphène (microscopie à force atomique, spectroscopie Raman), concentration totale (spectroscopie UV-visible) et pureté du matériau exfolié (spectroscopie de photoélectrons~X). Vingt liquides ioniques différents à base de cations imidazolium, pyrrolidinium et ammonium et d'anions bis (trifluorométhylsulfonyl)imide, triflate, dicyanamide, tricyanométhanide et méthylsulfate ont été testés. Les interactions moléculaires permettant d'établir de règles de conception pour les liquides ioniques capables d'exfolier les matériaux carbonés ont été identifiées. Le cation pyrrolidinium a montré des résultats prometteurs dans toutes les étapes du processus d'exfoliation, par rapport au cation imidazolium ou ammonium. La sélection d'un grand anion flexible a réduit l'énergie interfaciale avec le graphite, dispersé les nanocarbones en augmentant l'entropie du système et stabilisé le graphite exfolié en plus grande quantité. Un petit anion tel que le triflate semble être favorable à l'obtention de graphène, même si la taille des couches et leur quantité sont réduites. Un liquide ionique ayant une partie apolaire importante facilitera l'insertion et la dispersion du nanomatériau de carbone. Pour la stabilisation du graphite, les interactions alkyle-π et π- π sont décisives. / The liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite is one of the most promising methods to increase production and commercial availability of graphene. The exfoliation process can be conceptually described in four steps: the contact of the graphite with liquid, the intercalation of the solvent between layers, the dispersion of the two dimensional material, and its stabilization in the liquid-phase. Because ionic liquids can be easily obtained with chosen molecular structures and tunable physicochemical properties, they were used in this study as liquid media for the exfoliation of graphite. Our aim is to optimize the exfoliation of graphite through the understanding of the molecular mechanisms and of the interactions involved in each step of the process.The liquid-graphite interfacial energies from measured surface tensions and contact angles, between ionic liquids and pristine graphite surface, were used to determine the affinity of different liquids at the surface of graphite. In order to investigate this interface, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to analyse the ordering of ionic liquids at the surface of graphite. The free energies necessary to create cavities inside the bulk ionic liquid have also been studied.Molecular simulations were also used to study the exfoliation of one graphene layer from a stack of graphite and hence provide a microscopic view of the intercalation of solvent molecules. The energies involved in the process have been calculated.Polyaromatic compounds were regarded as models for graphene as they can be easily obtained pure, without structure variability, defects or uncontrolled functional groups. Enthalpies of dissolution of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene, anthracene and pyrene) in different ionic liquids were measured by solution calorimetry and related with their solubility. The ordering of the ions around this model compounds were studied by molecular simulation and spectroscopy Infra-Red.After exfoliation, samples of suspended graphene in different ionic liquids have been characterized experimentally in terms of flake size (using transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy), number of layers (atomic force microscopy, spectroscopy Raman), total concentration (UV-visible spectroscopy) and purity of the exfoliated material (X-ray photoelectron spectrometry).Twenty different ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyrrolidinium and ammonium cations and on bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, triflate, dicyanamide, tricyanomethanide, and methyl sulfate have been tested. The molecular interactions have been identified thus allowing the establishment of design rules for ionic liquids capable of exfoliating carbon materials. The pyrrolidinium cation has shown promising results in all the steps of exfoliation process, compared to the imidazolium or ammonium cation. Selecting a large and flexible anion reduced the interfacial energy with graphite, dispersed the nanocarbons by increasing the entropy of the system and stabilized the exfoliated graphite in larger quantity. A small anion such as triflate appears to be favorable for obtaining graphene, whereas the size of the layers and their quantity is reduced. An ionic liquid having an important apolar portion will facilitate the insertion and dispersion of graphene layers. For the stabilization of graphite, the alkyl-π et π -π interactions are decisive.
57

Solid State Material Systems for Light Emission and Light Detection

Robin, Ivan-Christophe 06 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
A large variety of material systems for light emission and detection were studied: from very small band gap semiconductors for infra-red (IR) detectors to wide band gap semiconductors for ultra violet (UV) emission as well as CdSe/ZnSe QDs for single photon emitters and rare earth doped oxides for laser fabrication. The growth and characterization aspects were tackled. This work will focus on the relations between the growth procedures and the optical properties. The information that can be gained from optical studies as well as the limitations of those ones will be explained in each case. Following that, a number of projects will be presented. The main one will be based on how to circumvent the problems linked with p-type doping of wide bandgap semiconductors. This project, based on field effect hole injection in wide band-gap semiconductors addresses the major challenge of fabricating efficient deep UV emitters.
58

"Den dyrkade Lasse och stackars lilla Lotta" : en syntaktisk-semantisk studie av personbeskrivande adjektiv och adverb i populära ungdomsböcker / "Wonderful Lasse and poor little Lotta" : a syntactic-semantic study of adjectives and adverbs in popular books for girls and boys

Hene, Birgitta January 1984 (has links)
The main aim of this study is to examine how characterizations of persons in books for children and adolescents relate to traditional sex role patterns and to determine if there is any difference in this respect between books for girls and books for boys as well as between popular books and quality books.Eight books for girls, eight books for boys, and four books for both girls and boys are examined. From these books 8,268 adjectives, adverbs, and participles which characterize persons or aspects of persons were excerpted. These excerpts have been categorized with regard to syntactic function into attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives, and adverbials, and with regard to meaning as to membership in semantic fields on different levels.The most frequent syntactic category in the material is "predicative" (42.8%), followed by "attributive" (33.4%). Female characters are more often described by predicative adjectives than are male characters, while the opposite is true of attributive adjectives. The choice of syntactic category seems to be determined more by what property or state the lexical item refers to, however, than by the sex of the character described.The semantic fields with the largest number of excerpts are MENTAL PROPERTIES AND STATES (32.9%), SOCIABILITY (15.0%), DRESS AND APPEARANCE (14.7%), and PACE AND MOVEMENTS (11.4%). These fields also dominate within the different categories of books and the descriptions of female and male characters respectively.Traditional sex role patterns are most obvious in characterizations of role characters with respect to their role in society and their relation to other people. Female characters are, e.g., almost exclusively described with respect to their private lives, while male characters are described in terms of their position in society. In the books for boys male characters are attributed a negative or rejecting attitude to their environment, while female characters are attributed a more positive or accepting attitude.The most traditional impression of the opposite sex is conveyed by the books for boys-to the extent that any such impression is conveyed at all by these books. The books for boys have very few female characters and very few descriptions of them. In general, male characters dominate in the books and it is clearly shown that to be a boy or man is more highly regarded than to be a girl or woman.No general differences between popular books and quality literature emerged from the analyses performed. Traditional sex role patterns are equally pronounced in the two types of books, even if there are differences between individual books. / digitalisering@umu
59

Elaboration de couches minces atténuantes en silicium poreux : Application aux transducteurs ultrasonores capacitifs micro-usinés / Development of thin attenuating porous silicon layers : application to the capacitive micromachine ultrasonic

Lascaud, Julie 11 December 2017 (has links)
Les transducteurs ultrasonores capacitifs micro-usinés (CMUT) représentent aujourd’hui une réelle alternative aux technologies piézoélectriques dans le domaine de l’imagerie échographique médicale. Au cours des années, les procédés de fabrication des transducteurs se sont enrichis en vue d’améliorer leurs performances. A contrario le choix du substrat, généralement en silicium, a été peu étudié. Il est cependant reconnu que le support contribue à la signature acoustique du dispositif ultrasonore. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été d’intégrer une couche de silicium poreux afin d’absorber une partie des ondes élastiques qui se propagent dans le substrat et interfèrent avec le signal acoustique émis. Nous montrons alors qu’il été possible de réaliser une couche de silicium poreux en face arrière de composants, sur plaquettes 6 pouces, sans dégrader leurs performances. Finalement, par l’intermédiaire de caractérisations acoustiques et des signatures impulsionnelles des transducteurs, nous révélons le potentiel prometteur de ce matériaux pour la réalisation de milieu arrière atténuant dédié à la transduction ultrasonore. / Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT) have emerged as a potential alternative to traditional piezoelectric transducers for ultrasound imaging. Along the years, CMUT processes have been evolved to enhance the device performances. In the meantime, no particular attention was paid on the silicon substrate, even if it is well-known that it could contribute to the transducer efficiency. The aim of this PhD thesis was to use porous silicon as a backing material for ultrasonic transducers to absorb a piece of the acoustic wave propagating in the substrate and which induce crosstalks in the acoustic signal. We show that porous silicon layer can be obtained on the rear side of already processed wafers without any damage on the performances of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers. Finally, by means of acoustic characterizations and the transducer electroacoustic responses, we reveal the potential interest of porous silicon as backing material for ultrasonic transducers.
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Identifying and evaluating aging signatures in light emitting diode lighting systems / Identification et évaluation des signatures du vieillissement de LEd's de puissance destinées à l'éclairage

Leng, Sovannarith 20 February 2017 (has links)
Dans ce travail, les dégradations des diodes électroluminescentes (DEL) ont été étudiées en identifiant et en évaluant leurs signatures électriques et photométriques en vieillissement accéléré sous stress thermique et électrique. Un prototype de banc de test expérimental a été développé et construit spécifiquement pour cette étude ce qui nous a permis de tester 128 échantillons en appliquant différentes conditions de stress thermiques et électriques. Quatre types différents de DEL ont été étudié avec des caractéristiques techniques similaires (température de couleur, courant nominal, mono-puce,...) mais avec des technologies différentes couvrant les principaux acteurs du marché (Cree, Osram, Philips et Seoul Semiconductor). Les échantillons ont d'abord été caractérisés à leur état initial, puis soumis à des conditions de stress électrique (à 350mA ou 1050mA) et thermique (fixé à 50°C). Les mécanismes de défaillance ont été analysés en étudiant l'évolution des signatures électriques et photométriques. Ces caractérisations ont permis d'évaluer et de déterminer l'origine des dégradations à différents niveaux : puce semi-conductrice, interconnexions, phosphore ou encapsulation du dispositif. Les caractérisations électriques nous ont permis d'identifier les mécanismes de dégradation de la puce semi-conductrice et de déterminer la nature des dégradations au niveau du contact ohmique du dispositif (sous fort courant injecté). Les caractérisations photométriques complètent cette étude en évaluant les dégradations associées à l'optique (encapsulation et packaging). / In this work, the degradation of light emitting diodes (LEDs) is studied by identifying and evaluating their aging signature during the stress time. The custom-made experimental test bench is built for realization of the test measurement. Through this experimental test bench, it allows to test a large amount of LED samples and enable to select different temperature condition and different current stress level. There are four different types of LED with similar characteristic in term of their color temperature, IF, VF, power (1W) and as monochip, but different technology coming from Cree, Osram, Philips and Seoul Semiconductor. The devices are firstly characterized their electrical and photometrical characteristic at their initial state, then they are submitted to different current stress condition at low current stress (350mA) and high current stress (1000mA) while the thermal stress is fixed at one temperature (50°C). The study of these devices failure mechanism is archived by using the primary method based on the electrical and photometrical characterization of the devices that allows to evaluate their degradation at different locations of the device components such as semiconductor chip, interconnection and device's package. The electrical characteristic of the device's I-V curve: at low injected current level and reverse bias allow us to identify the degradation characteristic of device's semiconductor chip, at high injected current level allows us to determine the degradation of device's ohmic contact and photometric characteristic allows us to evaluate the degradation of device's package system.

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