As Artificial Intelligence (AI) and automation become more intertwined, understanding their impact on user control is essential. This study investigates dynamic user control in AI-driven automated systems, particularly in work environments. While adaptive automation (AA) has been extensively studied, there's a gap in research on adaptable and hybrid automation, where users control the level of automation (LOA). We bridge this gap with a design-oriented case study structured into three phases, evaluating one adaptable and one hybrid prototype. By understanding real-world perspectives of users and providers of an AI-driven automation system, we address the question: "How can we support users with dynamic control when designing for human-centred automation?”. Our findings are synthesized into insights that suggest a preference for a hybrid approach; one that balances user and AI-system collaboration, providing adaptive and personalized support, without overwhelming adaptability. Overall, our results conclude the importance of human involvement in the automation process, underscoring the need for "human touch” in the design of humancentred automation (HCAI).

<p dir="ltr">Robotic software design and implementation have traditionally relied on human engineers to fine-tune parameters, optimize hardware utilization, and mitigate unprecedented situations. As we face more demanding and complex applications, such as distributed robotic fleets and autonomous driving, explicit fine-tuning of autonomous systems yields diminishing returns. To make autonomous systems smarter, a design-time and run-time framework is required to extract constraints from high-level human decisions, and self-adapt on-the-fly to maintain desired specifications. Specifically, for controllers that govern cyber-physical interactions, making them self-adaptive involves two challenges. Firstly, controller design methods have historically neglected computing hardware constraints that realize real-time execution. Hence, intensive manual tuning is required to materialize a controller prototype with balanced control performance and computing resource consumption. Secondly, precisely modeling the physical system dynamics at edge cases is difficult and costly. However, with modeling discrepancies, controllers fine-tuned at design time may fail at run time, causing safety concerns. While humans are inherently adept at reacting and getting used to unknown system dynamics, how to transfer this knowledge to robots is still unresolved.</p><p dir="ltr">To address the two challenges, we propose a designer-augmenting framework for self-adaptive control systems. Our framework includes a resource/performance co-design tool and a model-free controller self-adaptation method for real-time control systems. Our resource/performance co-design tool automatically exploits the Pareto front of controllers, between real-time computing resource utilization and achievable control performance. The co-design tool simplifies the iterative partitioning and verification of controller performance and distributed resource budget, enabling human engineers to directly interface with high-level design decisions between quality and cost. Our controller self-adaptation method extracts objectives and tolerances from human demonstrations and applies them to real-time controller switching, allowing human experts to design fault mitigation behaviors directly through coaching. The objective extraction and real-time adaptation do not rely on prior knowledge of the plant, making them inherently robust against mismatch between the design reference model and the physical system.</p><p dir="ltr">Only with the prerequisite of real-time schedulability under Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET), will the digital controller deliver the designed dynamics. To determine the real-time schedulability of controllers during the design-time iteration and run-time self-adaptation, we propose a novel estimate of WCET based on the Mixed Weibull distribution of profiling statistics and a linear composition model. Our hybrid approach applies to design-time estimation of arbitrary-scaled controllers, yielding results as accurate as a state-of-the-art method while being more robust under small profiling sample sizes. Finally, we propose a resource consolidator that accounts for real-time schedulable bounds to utilize available computing resources while preventing deadline misses efficiently. Our consolidator, formulated as a vector packing problem, exploits different parallelization techniques on a CPU/FPGA hybrid architecture to obtain the most compact allocation plan for a given controller complexity and throughput. </p><p dir="ltr">By jointly considering all four aspects, our framework automates the co-optimization of controller performance and computing hardware requirements throughout the life cycle of a control system. As a result, the engineering time required to design and deploy a controller is significantly reduced, while the adaptivity of human engineers is extended to fault mitigation at run-time.</p>

Die Konferenz »Entwerfen – Entwickeln – Erleben« bietet ein be­sonderes Podium zum Austausch von Wissenschaftlern und Praxis­vertretern aus den zentralen Bereichen der Produktentwicklung. Der vorliegende Band enthält Beiträge der EEE2014 unter anderem zu Innovationsstudien und Zukunftskonzepten für verschiedenste Bran­chen, zu Design Thinking und Designprozessen von frühen Phasen bis zum Qualitätsmanagement, Methoden und Werkzeugen von Mindcards bis Eye-Tracking sowie zu den Themen User Experience und Nutzererleben, Öko-Design, Universal Design und partizipative Gestaltung. Die Technischen Universität Dresden und technischesdesign.org er­möglichten in Kooperation mit der Gruppe Virtuelle Produktentwick­lung der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft für Produktentwicklung (WiGeP), dem Mathematisch-Physikalischen Salon der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden und der Hochschule für Bildende Küns­te Dresden die fachübergreifende Diskussion des Schwerpunkt-The­mas inmitten der Dresdner Altstadt. In diesem Band sind die Bei­träge zum Technischen Design enthalten, ein weiterer Band (http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-144963, herausgegeben von Ralph Stelzer) fasst die Beiträge zur Konstruktionstechnik und zur Virtuellen Produktentwick­lung zusammen.

[pt] De grande importância para pesquisa científica, o software científico se mostra, por vezes, desafiador no que se refere ao design de interfaces com o usuário. Por outro lado, a gamificação se oferece como potencial solução em questões de experiência com o usuário e interatividade. Nesta tese, desenvolvemos um método para a gamificação de software científico voltado para processos de design colaborativo, orientado por um modelo baseado em jogo, informado por aspectos de uso e desenvolvimento deste tipo de software e, também, por aspectos similares ao jogo na prática científica. / [en] Vastly important to scientific research, scientific software is often challenging regarding the design of its user interfaces. On the other hand, gamification is seen as a potential solution in matters of user experience and interactivity. In this thesis, we develop a method for the gamification of scientific software aimed at collaborative design processes, guided by a game-based model, informed by aspects of use and development of that type of software and, also by game-like aspects of scientific practice.

[pt] Esta tese investiga a ação do designer que atua em contextos sociais de conflito e marginalizados para promover e potenciar processos locais de Inovação Social através de experiências participativas e da estratégia de Design. Por isto, em primeiro lugar, foi desenvolvida uma revisão teórica com relação ao âmbito da contribuição social do Design, às abordagens e práticas mais conhecidas e ao contexto selecionado. Este momento foi preparatório para a fase subsequente de pesquisa que consistiu na implementação de um projeto de Design participativo em uma favela carioca em colaboração com uma ONG local. Ao longo da pesquisa de campo foram coletados dados usando como estratégia a observação participante. Em seguida, os dados foram analisados, sendo identificadas duas macro categorias de investigação, que são fundamentais para o tipo de ação de Design considerada. Trata-se do tempo e dos parceiros de projetos e interesses locais. Ambas foram depois verificadas, compreendidas e detalhadas através de entrevistas com designers e de uma nova fase de revisão teórica. Tudo isso permitiu chegar aos resultados de pesquisa: foram levantadas duas questões que podem influenciar o processo de Design, obstaculizá-lo ou até impedi-lo. Em primeiro lugar, o tempo apresentou-se com um elemento determinante no desenvolvimento de um projeto, capaz de favorecê-lo ou obstaculizá-lo. De fato, podem ocorrer divergências temporais entre o designer e o processo de Design, o contexto e os parceiros de projeto. Em segundo lugar surgiu a influência das forças contextuais exercidas pelos atores locais - e baseadas em interesses e agendas internas - sobre as ações do designer e a sua relação com a estrutura da rede de projeto. Os resultados de pesquisa sugerem que: (1) os fatores contextuais podem influenciar o processo de Design no desenvolvimento de projetos participativos que visam promover processos locais de Inovação Social; (2) a ação do designer em experiências participativas que visam a Inovação Social pode se beneficiar de abordagens que consideram os fatores contextuais; (3) as metodologias e ferramentas desenvolvidas até então para a atuação do designer no âmbito social não são suficientes para a ação. Por fim, a partir disso, a tese promove uma reflexão sobre a proposta de um Design social eficaz e a atual formação em Design neste âmbito. / [en] The thesis investigates the designer s action in conflict and marginalized social contexts aimed at promoting and enhancing local Social Innovation processes through participatory experiences and the Design strategy. Firstly, a theoretical review of the social contribution of Design, of the best-known approaches and practices, and of the selected context was developed. This moment had been preparatory for a subsequent phase of applied research that occurred with the implementation of a participatory Design project inside a Rio de Janeiro slum in collaboration with a local NGO. During field research data were collected through participatory observation. Their later analysis led to identify two key research macro-categories - time, and Design partners and local interests – that were verified and better understood through some interviews with designers and a new phase of theoretical review. All this led to research results: two main issues that may influence, impede or hinder the development of this kind of project were identified. Firstly, time appeared as a fundamental element in project development, able to promote or prevent it. In fact, temporal divergences between the designer and the Design process, between the context and the Design partners may occur. Secondly, the influence of the forces exerted by local actors - and based on interests and inner agendas - on the designer s actions emerged as well as its relation to the project network structure. Research results indicate that: (1) contextual factors may influence the Design process in participatory projects aiming at promoting local Social Innovation processes; (2) the designer s action in participatory experiences may benefit of approaches that consider contextual factors; (3) the methodologies and tools that have been developed to support designer s work in the social field are not enough for action. Finally, this thesis promotes a reflection about the widespread idea of an efficient Social Design practice and about Design education in this area.

La littérature contient une abondance d’information sur les approches de design impliquant les utilisateurs. Bien que les chercheurs soulèvent de nombreux avantages concernant ces approches, on en sait peu sur ce que les concepteurs des entreprises en pensent. Ce projet a pour but de connaître les perceptions des concepteurs de produits quant aux outils de design participatif puis, d’identifier les opportunités et limites qu’ils évoquent à ce sujet, et finalement, de faire des suggestions d’outils qui faciliteraient l’introduction du design participatif dans un processus de design existant. Après avoir fait un survol du domaine du design participatif et de ses outils, six cas sont étudiés au moyen d’entrevues semi-dirigées conduites auprès de concepteurs de produits. Les données sont analysées à l’aide de cartes cognitives. En ce qui concerne les outils de design participatif, les participants rencontrés perçoivent un accès direct aux besoins des utilisateurs et la possibilité de minimiser les erreurs en début de processus donc, d’éviter les modifications coûteuses qu’elles auraient entraînées. Les obstacles perçus par les concepteurs sont principalement liés à la résistance au changement, à la crainte de laisser créer ou décider les utilisateurs, ainsi qu’au manque de temps et de ressources de l’équipe. Finalement, sur la base des informations collectées, nous suggérons quatre outils de design participatif qui semblent plus intéressants : l’enquête contextuelle, les sondes, les tests de prototypes et l’approche « lead user ». Pour faire suite à ce travail, il serait intéressant d’élaborer un protocole de recherche plus exhaustif pour augmenter la portée des résultats, ou encore, d’appliquer le design participatif, dans une entreprise, afin d’explorer la satisfaction des gens quant aux produits conçus, les effets collatéraux sur les équipes impliquées, l’évolution des prototypes ou le déroulement des ateliers. / Many approaches were developed to foster user involvement in design activities and the amount of data pertaining to this field is substantial. However, we know little about what designers think about these methods. This research aims at knowing how designers perceive the methods used in participatory design including the opportunities and limits they identify regarding these approaches and finally, suggest a set of tools to implement user participation in a design process. After presenting an overview of the participatory design domain and its tools, six cases are studied using semi-structured interviews with designers. Data is analysed using mind maps. Concerning participatory design tools, the designers perceive, a possible means to minimise errors in the front end of the design process thus avoiding costly changes in the end. The limits they perceive come from resistance to change and reluctance to share the creative and decisive parts of the process with users. Moreover, the lack of time and resources are reported to be a limitation by many. Finally, based on the information collected, four methods are chosen as being more interesting: contextual inquiry, probes, prototype testing and the lead user approach. Continuing this work would imply creating a more exhaustive research protocol involving more participants to extend the scope of the results or, applying participatory design and looking into people’s satisfaction towards the resulting products, collateral effects on the teams involved, prototype evolution through the process or workshops progress.

No description available.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude de propriétés dynamiques et de méthodes de conception et synthèse des algorithmes de contrôle-commande des systèmes dans le cas où les fonctions de mesures, actionnements et contrôles sont distribuées sur des organes de calcul pouvant être partagés avec d’autres applications et connectés sur un réseau de communication numérique. En conséquence, les boucles de contrôle sont en compétition avec d’autres applications pour accéder aux ressources de calcul et de communication de capacité limitée et gérées par des politiques spécifiques. Ceci provoque l’apparition de délais et de perte d’informations transmises entre les différents nœuds qui peuvent dégrader les performances des systèmes et conduire à leur instabilité.Dans une première partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié l’analyse des performances de certains systèmes ainsi que la conception de contrôleurs robustes en fonction de la qualité de service fournie par le réseau. Cette étude a permis de spécifier les règles de conception de contrôleurs.Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons présenté une approche de conception conjointe intégrant les résultats obtenus dans les deux domaines: la synthèse et la conception des algorithmes de contrôle et l’ordonnancement de tâches temps réel qui partagent des ressources limitées. La technique proposée repose sur le changement de la période d’activation de l’algorithme de contrôle, et en conséquence le modèle du système devient un modèle échantillonné à taux variable. Les résultats proposés, en considérant l’algèbre de Lie des matrices d’évolution, permettent de calculer des contrôleurs adaptifs aux périodes qui stabilisent tous le système / The main contributions of this thesis are related to the analysis, synthesis and design of control systems sharing communication and computational resources. The research focuses on control systems where the feedback loops are closed over communication networks which transmit the information provided to its nodes by sensors, actuators and controllers. The shared resource in this scenario is the network. Some of the results are valid when the resource is a processor locally placed respect to several controller executing their algorithms on it. In any of the preceding scenarios, the control loops must contend for the shared resource. The limited capacity of the resource can cause delays and packet losses when information is transmitted. These effects can degrade the control system performance and even destabilize it.The first part of this thesis contributes to the performance analysis of specific classes of systems and to the design of robust controllers for network characteristics modeled by Quality of Service parameters. A series of methods to assist the control systems engineer are provided.In the second part, a contribution to the CoDesign approach is made via the integration of control system synthesis and design techniques with rules allowing to define the communication policy to manage real-time tasks sharing a limited resource. Putting in correspondence a scheduling of instances of the controller tasks with their sampling periods, the proposed policy results in discrete-time varying systems. The stabilization problem of these systems is solved with methods based on the solvability of Lie-algebras. Specifically, the proposed methodology provides adaptive controllers

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-15T21:23:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Alessandro B Trindade.pdf: 1833454 bytes, checksum: 132beb74daa71e138bbfcdc0dcf5b174 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-16T15:00:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Alessandro B Trindade.pdf: 1833454 bytes, checksum: 132beb74daa71e138bbfcdc0dcf5b174 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-16T15:02:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Alessandro B Trindade.pdf: 1833454 bytes, checksum: 132beb74daa71e138bbfcdc0dcf5b174 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T15:02:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-Alessandro B Trindade.pdf: 1833454 bytes, checksum: 132beb74daa71e138bbfcdc0dcf5b174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / Não Informada / When performing hardware/software co-design for embedded systems, does emerge the problem of allocating properly which functions of the system should be implemented in hardware (HW) or in software (SW). This problem is known as HW/SW partitioning and in the last ten years, a significant research effort has been carried out in this area. In this proposed project, we present two new approaches to solve the HW/SW partitioning problem by using SMT-based verification techniques, and comparing the results using the traditional technique of Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and a modern method of optimization by Genetic Algorithm (GA). The goal is to show with experimental results that model checking techniques can be effective, in particular cases, to find the optimal solution of the HW/SW partitioning problem using a state-of-the-art model checker based on Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers, when compared to the traditional techniques. / Quando se realiza um coprojeto de hardware/software para sistemas embarcados, emerge o problema de se decidir qual função do sistema deve ser implementada em hardware (HW) ou em software (SW). Este tipo de problema recebe o nome de particionamento de HW/SW. Na última década, um esforço significante de pesquisa tem sido empregado nesta área. Neste trabalho, são apresentadas duas novas abordagens para resolver o problema de particionamento de HW/SW usando técnicas de verificação formal baseadas nas teorias do módulo da satisfabilidade (SMT). São comparados os resultados obtidos com a tradicional técnica de programação linear inteira (ILP) e com o método moderno de otimização por algoritmo genético (GA). O objetivo é demonstrar, com os resultados empíricos, que as técnicas de verificação de modelos podem ser efetivas, em casos particulares, para encontrar a solução ótima do problema de particionamento de HW/SW usando um verificador de modelos baseado no solucionador SMT, quando comparado com técnicas tradicionais.

Les travaux présentés dans ce document sont orientés vers la vérification formelle de propriétés de sûreté dans le cadre de la conception des systèmes enfouis. Nous nous plaçons dans le formalisme du modèle polyédrique, combinaison des systèmes d'équations récurrentes affines avec les polyèdes entiers. Ce modèle permet de faire de la synthèse de haut niveau pour générer des architectures parallèles à partir de la description d'un système régulier dont les dimensions sont définies par des paramètres symboliques. Nous nous intéressons à la vérification de propriétés de sûreté portant sur des signaux booléens de contrôle, générés ou introduits manuellement lors de la synthèse. Les propriétés sur de tels signaux seront appelées propriétés de contrôle. Nous montrons dans ce document que le modèle polyédrique est adapté pour la vérification formelle de propriétés de contrôle.<br /> Dans ce travail, nous développons une "logique polyédrique" qui nous permet de spécifier et prouver des propriétés dans le modèle polyédrique. La syntaxe et la sémantique des formules logiques s'appuient sur celles d'un langage de description de systèmes d'équations récurrentes affines sur des domaines polyédriques. Les règles de déduction sont de différents types : des règles "classiques" sur les connecteurs logiques, des règles de réécriture et des règles induites par des calculs dans le modèle. Nous développons des algorithmes pour automatiser la construction des preuves, ainsi que des techniques heuristiques permettant d'accélérer cette construction. Ces algorithmes nous permettent de prouver des propriétés simples, comme par exemple la propriété qu'un signal vaut toujours vrai pour un ensemble de processeurs et une durée déterminés. Nous présentons ensuite et commençons à développer des pistes afin d'enrichir notre logique pour exprimer des propriétés plus complexes, comme par exemple des propriétés d'exclusion mutuelle. Nous présentons quelques tactiques de preuve pour ces propriétés plus riches.