A pavement management system (PMS) is a valuable tool and one of the critical elements of the highway transportation infrastructure. Since a vast amount of pavement data is frequently and continuously being collected, updated, and exchanged due to rapidly deteriorating road conditions, increased traffic loads, and shrinking funds, resulting in the rapid accumulation of a large pavement database, knowledge-based expert systems (KBESs) have therefore been developed to solve various transportation problems. This dissertation presents the development of theory and algorithm for a new decision tree induction method, called co-location-based decision tree (CL-DT.) This method will enhance the decision-making abilities of pavement maintenance personnel and their rehabilitation strategies. This idea stems from shortcomings in traditional decision tree induction algorithms, when applied in the pavement treatment strategies. The proposed algorithm utilizes the co-location (co-occurrence) characteristics of spatial attribute data in the pavement database. With the proposed algorithm, one distinct event occurrence can associate with two or multiple attribute values that occur simultaneously in spatial and temporal domains. This research dissertation describes the details of the proposed CL-DT algorithms and steps of realizing the proposed algorithm. First, the dissertation research describes the detailed colocation mining algorithm, including spatial attribute data selection in pavement databases, the determination of candidate co-locations, the determination of table instances of candidate colocations, pruning the non-prevalent co-locations, and induction of co-location rules. In this step, a hybrid constraint, i.e., spatial geometric distance constraint condition and a distinct event-type constraint condition, is developed. The spatial geometric distance constraint condition is a neighborhood relationship-based spatial joins of table instances for many prevalent co-locations with one prevalent co-location; and the distance event-type constraint condition is a Euclidean distance between a set of attributes and its corresponding clusters center of attributes. The dissertation research also developed the spatial feature pruning method using the multi-resolution pruning criterion. The cross-correlation criterion of spatial features is used to remove the nonprevalent co-locations from the candidate prevalent co-location set under a given threshold. The dissertation research focused on the development of the co-location decision tree (CL-DT) algorithm, which includes the non-spatial attribute data selection in the pavement management database, co-location algorithm modeling, node merging criteria, and co-location decision tree induction. In this step, co-location mining rules are used to guide the decision tree generation and induce decision rules. For each step, this dissertation gives detailed flowcharts, such as flowchart of co-location decision tree induction, co-location/co-occurrence decision tree algorithm, algorithm of colocation/co-occurrence decision tree (CL-DT), and outline of steps of SFS (Sequential Feature Selection) algorithm. Finally, this research used a pavement database covering four counties, which are provided by NCDOT (North Carolina Department of Transportation), to verify and test the proposed method. The comparison analyses of different rehabilitation treatments proposed by NCDOT, by the traditional DT induction algorithm and by the proposed new method are conducted. Findings and conclusions include: (1) traditional DT technology can make a consistent decision for road maintenance and rehabilitation strategy under the same road conditions, i.e., less interference from human factors; (2) the traditional DT technology can increase the speed of decision-making because the technology automatically generates a decision-tree and rules if the expert knowledge is given, which saves time and expenses for PMS; (3) integration of the DT and GIS can provide the PMS with the capabilities of graphically displaying treatment decisions, visualizing the attribute and non-attribute data, and linking data and information to the geographical coordinates. However, the traditional DT induction methods are not as quite intelligent as one's expectations. Thus, post-processing and refinement is necessary. Moreover, traditional DT induction methods for pavement M&R strategies only used the non-spatial attribute data. It has been demonstrated from this dissertation research that the spatial data is very useful for the improvement of decision-making processes for pavement treatment strategies. In addition, the decision trees are based on the knowledge acquired from pavement management engineers for strategy selection. Thus, different decision-trees can be built if the requirement changes. / Ph. D.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur samverkan fungerar och upplevs av olika yrkesgrupper från landsting och kommun som arbetar utifrån den så kallade Södertäljemodellen. Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta yrkesverksamma på en rehabiliteringsenhet för individer med psykossjukdomar. Studiens empiri analyseras med hjälp av samverkan som ett teoretiskt begrepp samt organisationsteori. Resultatet visar att samverkan fungerar genom formella och informella möten samt när de professionella behöver beakta andra yrkesgruppers bedömningar i det egna beslutsfattandet. Vidare visar resultatet att informanterna upplever att Södertäljemodellen leder till att yrkesgrupperna får en bättre förståelse för varandras arbetssätt, ett bättre samarbete och att insatser snabbare når patienterna/klienterna. Dock visar resultatet att de problem som informanterna upplever med denna typ av modell för samverkan är att den exempelvis leder till en otydlig arbetsfördelning samt svårigheter i att strukturera arbetsdagen. / The aim of this study is to examine how collaboration works and is experienced by health and social care workers in a psychiatric care unit. We have conducted qualitative interviews with eight professionals at a psychiatric care unit for individuals with mental illness, that work on the basis of Södertäljemodellen. The empirical data is analyzed using collaboration as a theoretical concept along with organization theory. The results show that collaboration works through formal and informal meetings and also when the professionals need to consider assessements made by other professionals in their decision making. Furthermore, the results show that the professionals experience that they have gained a better understanding of each other’s work, better cooperation and that assistance faster reaches the patients/clients. However, the study also sheds light on some of the problems experienced by the professionals, for example, that co-location can contribute to an indistinct division of labor and difficulties with the structure of the workday.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur kommunikationen påverkar effektiviteten i produkt-och processutvecklingen i en samlokaliserad miljö. Tidigare studier har visat att det finns fördelar med samlokalisering av produkt- och processutveckling och produktion. Det påstås att det finns en indirekt relation mellan samlokalisering, prestanda och innovation. Men få djupstudier har lyft fram fördelarna med samlokalisering och samtidigt behandlat kommunikationsaspekten. Detta bildade grunden till följande frågeställning Hur påverkar kommunikationen effektiviteten i produkt- och processutveckling i en samlokaliserad miljö? För att undersöka frågeställningen gjordes en kvalitativ fallstudie bestående av tre olika typer av datainsamlingsmetoder; intervjuer i tre omgångar, en kontinuerlig undersökning och ett frågeformulär. Kommunikationsfördelarna som skapades genom att företaget var samlokaliserat bidrog till att problem kunde identifieras tidigare i processen. De gav också möjlighet för produkt och process utvecklingen att få snabbare återkoppling och kortare beslutsvägar. Genom att kommunicera på detta sätt drog man också nytta av erfarenheter och idéer från alla företagets avdelningar. Allt detta bidrog till en effektivare produkt- och processutveckling. / The purpose of this study was to examine how communication patterns affect the efficiency of product- and process development in a co–located environment. Previous studies have shown that there are a number of benefits with co-location of product- and process development and production. It is suggested that there is an indirect relationship between co-location and performance and innovativeness. However, few in depth studies have targeted the actual benefits of co-location and the aspect of communication. This was the foundation for the research question in this study. How do communication patterns affect the efficiency of product- and process development in a co –located environment? To investigate the research question, a qualitative single case study was executed including three types of data collection methods; interviews in three rounds, a continuous study and a questionnaire. The communication related benefits were shown to enable the company to identify issues earlier in the development process. The level of communication also provided the product-and process development with quicker feedback-loops and shorter decision paths. Taking advantage of the experience, ideas and "know-how" from the different departments enabled the company to benefit from all its internal resources. The communicational benefits were shown to have created a more efficient product- and process development at the case company

Offshore wind farm (OWF) construction in the UK is progressing rapidly alongside increasing spatial pressures on marine ecosystems and social and economic activities. A need for increased protection of habitats, species and ecological processes that support environmental and economic benefits is being met by designation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Mitigation and spatial planning solutions are required to enable protection of vital ecological habitats, features and processes and support sustainable economic development. A potential solution is to co-locate OWFs and MPAs. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine if evidence on the environmental effects of existing OWFs and associated effects on fishing activity (as an existing resource use) benefits MPA goals. Through a systematic review and meta-analyses of existing data, knowledge of OWF effects on species abundance and economic effects on fishing were identified as key evidence gaps. The ecological evidence need was approached through a case study of ecological effects of North Hoyle OWF, North Wales, UK, using existing pre and post-construction monitoring data, as well as primary baited remote underwater video data, collected 5 years later (8 years post-construction). Results suggested habitat and species recovered to a stable state that showed some community differences to pre-construction conditions. The presence of OWF monopiles is likely to have increased existing heterogeneity of substratum and increased opportunities for scavenging species. Species benefitting and disadvantaged by habitat provided within the OWF reflected meta-analyses trends. Extended baseline monitoring to provide confident identification of natural levels of variation in sediment and fauna was lacking. Analysis of fishing activity and landings before and after OWF construction in three UK case study regions approached effects on resource users. Fishing activity in the three case study areas showed broad scale similarity to national trends. Small-scale activity patterns indicated greater reductions in mobile (towed) fishing gear effort near to operating OWFs than in static gear activity (using pots or static nets). Semi-structured interviews conducted with fishermen in each region revealed loss of ground and disruption as negative effects from OWFs, in addition to existing pressures. Benefits including habitat creation and species augmentation, as well as reduction of cumulative lost ground, were identified by fishermen from co-location of MPAs and OWFs. Ecological effects of OWFs suggested benefits from habitat creation, species augmentation and potential for protection of sandbank habitats between monopiles. Mitigation requirements were identified to maximise these potential benefits to an MPA network.

This thesis concerns the development of optimisation algorithms to determine the relative co-location, (localisation), of a number of freely-flying 'Smart Dust mote' sensor platform elements using a non-deterministic data-set derived from the duplex wireless transmissions between elements. Smart dust motes are miniaturised, microprocessor based, electronic sensor platforms, frequently used for a wide range of remote environmental monitoring applications; including specific climate synoptic observation research and more general meteorology. For the application proposed in this thesis a cluster of the notional smart dust motes are configured to imitate discrete 'Radio Drop Sonde' elements of the wireless enabled monitoring system in use by meteorological research organisations worldwide. This cluster is modelled in software in order to establish the relative positions during the 'flight' ; the normal mode of deployment for the Drop Sonde is by ejection from an aeroplane into an upper-air zone of interest, such as a storm cloud. Therefore the underlying research question is, how to track a number of these independent, duplex wireless linked, free-flying monitoring devices in 3-dimensions and time (to give the monitored data complete spatio-temporal validity). This represents a significant practical challenge, the solution applied in this thesis was to generate 3-dimensional geometries using the only 'real-time' data available; the Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) data is generated through the 'normal' duplex wireless communications between motes. Individual RSSI values can be considered as a 'representation of the distance magnitude' between wireless devices; when collated into a spatio-temporal data-set it 'encodes' the relative, co-locational, 3-dimensional geometry of all devices in the cluster. The reconstruction, (or decoding), of the 3-dimensional geometries encoded in the spatio-temporal data-set is a complex problem that is addressed through the application of various algorithms. These include, Random Search, and optimisation algorithms, such as the Stochastic Hill-climber, and various forms of Evolutionary Algorithm. It was found that the performance of the geometric reconstruction could be improved through identification of salient aspects of the modelled environment, the result was heuristic operators. In general these led to a decrease in the time taken to reach a convergent solution or a reduction in the number of candidate search space solutions that must be considered. The software model written for this thesis has been implemented to generalise the fundamental characteristics of an optimisation algorithm and to incorporate them into a generic software framework; this then provides the common code to all model algorithms used.

Today's competitive and changing market, places high demands on companies ability to develop new products and is considered crucial for their survival. 40% of all new products are estimated to fail at launch and only one out of 7-10 products have a successful sale. The product development process includes all different activities that gradually transform a product, from idea to launch. Therefore, one of the biggest challenges in the product development process is to control these functions and integrate them with each other. Through integrated product development, collaboration between different functions can be improved and they can be involved at an earlier stage in the process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of a more integrated work between the different functions in the product development process at a major manufacturing company. This work has been performed through a case study at a larger manufacturing company that has a complex product development process with many activities and several functions involved. To collect the empirical material, qualitative data collection methods in the form of semi-structured interviews and document collection have been used. The empirical material together with previous research in the subject has formed the study's analysis and discussion. Furthermore, the conclusion was based on the result of the discussion and analysis. The study's empirical evidence shows that the functions of the case company are in various degrees involved in the product development process and that some functions are given priority. This lead, among other things, to delayed projects, not fully utilized competence and a lack of holistic view. Furthermore, the different functions within the company have a lack of understanding of each other's work. The company needs to improve communication internally since handover in the product development process often fails. Mail has become a major part of the communication and collocation has improved the function's interaction. The company wants to standardize the activities in the product development process to create a more uniform way of working in the organization. The results of this study indicate that integrated work between the functions has a positive effect on the product development process. However, there are factors that make the integrated work more difficult. By working more integrated within the process, this study suggests that the holistic approach for functions would be improved, priorities would be better and that understanding of others' work would increase. Furthermore, a more integrated way of working would help to minimize time from idea to launch. / Dagens konkurrenskraftiga och föränderliga marknad ställer höga krav på företags förmåga att ta fram nya produkter och det anses vara avgörande för deras överlevnad. Vid lansering uppskattas 40 % av alla nya produkter misslyckas och endast en av 7-10 produkter får en framgångsrik försäljning (Cooper, 2019). Produktutvecklingsprocessen innefattar alla de olika aktiviteter som stegvis omvandlar en produkt, från idé till lansering. En utmaning som större tillverkande företag står inför är att styra och integrera involverade funktioner med varandra i produktutvecklingen. Genom att arbeta med integrerad produktutveckling kan samverkan mellan funktioner förbättras och funktioner kan involveras i ett tidigare skede i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka betydelsen av ett mer integrerat arbete mellan ett större tillverkande företags funktioner i produktutvecklingsprocessen. Det här arbetet har utförts genom en fallstudie på ett större tillverkande företag som har en komplex produktutvecklingsprocess med många aktiviteter och flera funktioner. För att samla in det empiriska materialet har kvalitativa datainsamlingsmetoder i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och dokumentinsamling använts. Fortsatt har det empiriska materialet tillsammans med tidigare forskning inom ämnet bildat studiens analys och diskussion. Vidare togs slutsatsen fram efter avslutad diskussion och analys. I studiens empiri framgår det att fallföretagets funktioner är olika mycket involverade i produktutvecklingsprocessen och att en del funktioner nedprioriteras. Detta leder bland annat till försenade projekt, att kompetens inte tas tillvara och att helhetssynen blir sämre. Vidare har personer från fallföretagets olika funktioner en bristande förståelse för varandras arbete. Företaget behöver bli bättre på att kommunicera internt eftersom överlämningarna i produktutvecklingsprocessen ofta brister. Mail har försvårat den interna kommunikationen medan samlokalisering har förbättrat funktionernas samverkan. Fortsatt vill företaget standardisera aktiviteterna i produktutvecklingsprocessen för att skapa mer enhetlighet i organisationen. Den här studiens resultat påvisar att ett mer integrerat arbete mellan funktionerna har en positiv effekt för arbetet inom produktutvecklingen. Däremot finns det faktorer som försvårar det integrerade arbetet. Genom att arbeta mer integrerat inom processen tyder den här studien på att helhetssynen för funktioner skulle förbättras, prioriteringar skulle bli bättre samt att förståelsen för andras arbeten skulle öka. Ett mer integrerat arbete skulle även kunna minimera fallföretags tid från idé till lansering.

Virtual surgery planning systems have demonstrated great potential to help surgeons achieve a better functional and aesthetic outcome for the patient, and at the same time reduce time in the operating room resulting in considerable cost savings. However, the two-dimensional tools employed in these systems today, such as a mouse and a conventional graphical display, are difficult to use for interaction with three-dimensional anatomical images. Therefore surgeons often outsource virtual planning which increases cost and lead time to surgery. Haptics relates to the sense of touch and haptic technology encompasses algorithms, software, and hardware designed to engage the sense of touch. To demonstrate how haptic technology in combination with stereo visualization can make cranio-maxillofacial surgery planning more efficient and easier to use, we describe our haptics-assisted surgery planning (HASP) system. HASP supports in-house virtual planning of reconstructions in complex trauma cases, and reconstructions with a fibula osteocutaneous free flap including bone, vessels, and soft-tissue in oncology cases. An integrated stable six degrees-of-freedom haptic attraction force model, snap-to-fit, supports semi-automatic alignment of virtual bone fragments in trauma cases. HASP has potential beyond this thesis as a teaching tool and also as a development platform for future research. In addition to HASP, we describe a surgical bone saw simulator with a novel hybrid haptic interface that combines kinesthetic and vibrotactile feedback to display both low frequency contact forces and realistic high frequency vibrations when a virtual saw blade comes in contact with a virtual bone model.  We also show that visuo-haptic co-location shortens the completion time, but does not improve the accuracy, in interaction tasks performed on two different visuo-haptic displays: one based on a holographic optical element and one based on a half-transparent mirror.  Finally, we describe two prototype hand-worn haptic interfaces that potentially may expand the interaction capabilities of the HASP system. In particular we evaluate two different types of piezo-electric motors, one walking quasi-static motor and one traveling-wave ultrasonic motor for actuating the interfaces.

Eriksson, E. (2020). En kvalitativ studie baserad på intervjuer somhar bearbetats genom fenomenologisk metod för att finnafenomenet hur ett positivt samarbetsklimat kan skapas mellanarkitekt och konstruktör i Sverige.Introduktion: Under ett byggprojekt bildas en tillfällig organisationsom gemensamt ska genomföra byggprojektet under en begränsadtid. De vanligaste problemen i ett projekt uppstår vanligtvis iprojekteringen av byggnaden när alla handlingar och planer skabestämmas. I denna process är både arkitekt och konstruktör medför att föra projektet framåt. I denna del av projektet anseskommunikationsbrist vara en stor anledning till problemet. För attunderlätta situationen och förbättra kommunikationen behövs ettpositivt samarbetsklimat som gör att de problem som uppkommermellan arkitekt och konstruktör inte kommer att påverkasamarbetet och kommunikationen negativt.Syfte: Undersöka och beskriva hur ett positivt samarbetsklimat kanse ut med fokus på planering och genomförande avkommunikation mellan arkitekt och konstruktör i Sverige.Forskningsfråga: Hur kan planering samt genomförande avkommunikation skapa ett positivt samarbetsklimat mellan arkitektoch konstruktör i Sverige?Avgränsningar: Undersökningen kommer inte att undersökakonflikthantering, branschkulturer, ledarskap ellerkommunikation i form av kroppsspråk eller underliggandebudskap.Metod: Kvalitativ studie baserad på intervjuer som avkodas medfenomenologisk innehållsanalys.Urval: Kriterierna var att de arbetar som arkitekt eller konstruktör.Erfarenhetsmässigt skulle arkitekterna ha arbetat medkonstruktörer och konstruktörerna med arkitekter.Resultat: Studien har funnit några huvudfynd. De viktigastefaktorerna som spelar in på att planera och genomförakommunikation för att skapa ett positivt samarbetsklimat är godarelationer, integrerad planering och samlokalisering förKonstruktörerna. För arkitekterna är det viktigaste integreradplanering och goda relationer.Slutsatsen: För konstruktörerna är integrerad planering, godarelationer och samlokalisering de viktigaste faktorerna. Deviktigaste faktorerna för arkitekterna är integrerad planering ochgoda relationer.

This study investigates the question of investigative capacity of South African Police Service general detectives at the local station level with regard to fraud investigation. The research presented in this thesis is based on a qualitative thematic analysis of the systemic investigative capacity of the detectives handling fraud and related offences. Fraud related crimes are consistently dismissed and perceived as less serious than violent crime, yet the impact of fraud affects individuals, organisations, and society. This study includes interviews with n = 15 (83%) participants out of 18 (100%) using a semi-structured interview schedule for data collection. The available literature indicates the increasing incidents of general fraud being inadequately investigated at the local police stations because of investigative incapacity. The complexities of any criminal investigation require sufficient resources to achieve the highest level of investigative performance. In this regard, criminals are gradually outwitting the conventional methods of fraud investigation, especially in terms of technological advancements. The study’s findings reveal how general detectives are systematically tested to their capacity in relation to fraud investigation – inter alia, participants identified the following challenges to meeting investigative objectives: ambiguous general fraud investigation directives, poor training, limited resources, abuse of available resources, unreasonably high workloads, and human resource shortages. These institutional factors need consideration to allow progress in criminal investigation procedures. This study creates the context for the recommendation that a series of systemic reforms be introduced, based on a professional model, pertaining specifically to fraud investigation at the local police station level. This means some of the distinct investigative practices that are effective be inverted and strengthened in recognition of the scope and complexity of general fraud, and the influence this complexity has on investigative methodology. For example, setting up proper and recognised station-level fraud units to handle incoming “general fraud” cases, staffed with trained detectives, who have access to adequate resources. This would create an opportunity to address institutional issues around training to rectify general detectives’ core skill deficiencies prior to them being assigned to criminal cases. Training should include case management, investigative procedures, and the use of technology (to effectively combat digital fraud). Moreover, it is vital to maintain an oversight over the fraud mandates which differentiate the scope of practice between vii specialist and general detectives, with a thorough understanding of what constitutes general fraud and complex, organised fraud. It is furthermore suggested that local and international best practice trends be implemented by general detectives in their fraud investigations. / Thutopatlisiso eno e sekaseka ntlha ya bokgoni jwa go batlisisa jwa matseka a kakaretso a Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Aforikaborwa kwa legatong la seteišene sa selegae malebana le dipatlisiso tsa boferefere. Patlisiso e e tlhagisitsweng mo thesising eno e theilwe mo tshekatshekong e e supang, e tlhatlhoba le go kwala ditiragalo tsa bokgoni jwa go dira dipatlisiso jwa matseka a a dirang ka ditlolomolao tsa boferefere le tse di amanang le tseo. Bosenyi jo bo amanang le boferefere gantsi bo kgaphelwa thoko mme bo tsewa e le bosenyi jo bo sa tsenelelang go tshwana le bosenyi jwa tirisodikgoka, fela ditlamorago tsa boferefere di ama batho, ditheo le setšhaba. Thutopatlisiso eno e akaretsa dipotsolotso le banni le seabe ba le n = 15 (83%) go tswa go ba le 18 (100%), go dirisiwa sejule ya dipotsolotso e e batlileng e rulagane go kokoanya tshedimosetso. Dikwalo tse di gona di supa koketsego ya ditiragalo tsa go se batlisisiwe go go lekaneng ga boferefere jwa kakaretso kwa diteišeneng tsa selegae tsa sepodisi ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya bokgoni jwa go batlisisa. Marara a patlisiso epe fela ya bosenyi a tlhoka ditlamelo tse di lekaneng go fitlhelela tiragatso e e kwa godimo ya patlisiso. Mo ntlheng eno, disenyi di tlhalefetse mekgwa ya tlwaelo ya dipatlisiso tsa boferefere, bogolo segolo mo ntlheng ya tswelelopele ya thekenoloji. Diphitlhelelo tsa thutopatlisiso di bontsha ka moo bokgoni jwa matseka bo lebaganang le teko e e boitshegang ka gona malebana le dipatlisiso tsa boferefere – gareng ga tse dingwe, banni le seabe ba supile dikgwetlho tse di latelang malebana le go fitlhelela maitlhomo a dipatlisiso: dikaelo tse di sa tlhamalalang ka kakaretso malebana le dipatlisiso tsa boferefere, katiso e e bokoa, ditlamelo tse di tlhaelang, tiriso e e botlhaswa ya ditlamelo tse di gona, selekano sa tiro se se kwa godimo moo go sa amogelesegeng mmogo le tlhaelo ya badiri. Dintlha tseno tsa mo setheong di tlhoka go lebelelwa go kgontsha gore go nne le tswelelopele mo ditsamaisong tsa dipatlisiso tsa bosenyi. Thutopatlisiso eno e tlhoma bokao jwa dikatlenegiso tsa gore go itsesewe diphetogo tsa thulaganyo di le mmalwa, di theilwe mo sekaong sa porofešenale, se se totileng dipatlisiso tsa boferefere kwa legatong la seteišene sa selegae sa sepodisi. viii Seno se kaya gore ditiragatso dingwe tsa dipatlisiso tse di dirang sentle di rulaganngwe sešwa le go maatlafadiwa go lebeletswe bogolo le marara a boferefere ka kakaretso, mmogo le tshusumetso ya marara ano mo mokgweng wa dipatlisiso. Seno se kaya, go naya sekai, go tlhoma diyuniti tsa boferefere tse di siameng le tse di lemogwang kwa legatong la seteišene go samagana le dikgetse tse di tsenang tsa "boferefere jwa kakaretso", di na le matseka a a katisitsweng, a a kgonang go fitlhelela ditlamelo tse di maleba. Seno se tlaa dira tšhono ya go samagana le dintlha tsa setheo malebana le katiso go lolamisa tlhaelo ya bokgoni jwa botlhokwa jwa matseka a kakaretso pele ga ba ka rebolelwa dikgetse tsa bosenyi. Katiso e tshwanetse go akaretsa tsamaiso ya dikgetse, tsamaiso ya dipatlisiso le tiriso ya thekenoloji (go lwantsha boferefere jwa dijitale ka nonofo). Mo godimo ga moo, go botlhokwa go nna le tlhokomelo ya dithomo tsa boferefere e e farologanyang tiro ya matseka a baitseanape le a kakaretso, go tlhaloganngwa sentle pharologano magareng ga boferefere jwa kakaretso le boferefere jo bo marara jo bo rulaganeng. Gape go tshitshinngwa gore matseka a kakaretso a diragatse mekgwa ya tiragatso e e gaisang ya selegae le ya boditšhabatšhaba mo dipatlisisong tsa ona tsa boferefere. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

Co-location of offshore wind turbines at sites being developed for tidal stream arrays has been proposed as a method to increase capacity and potentially reduce the cost of electricity compared to operating either technology independently. This research evaluates the cost of energy based on capital expenditure and energy yield. It is found that, within the space required around a single 3 MW wind turbine, co-location provides a 10-16% cost saving compared to operating the same size tidal-only array without a wind turbine. Furthermore, for the same cost of electricity, a co-located farm could generate 20% more yield than a tidal-only array. These results are based on analysis of a case-study site in the Pentland Firth. Wind energy is assessed using an eddy viscosity wake model in OpenWind, with a 3 MW rated power curve and thrust coefficient from a Vestas V90 turbine. Three years of wind resource data is from the UK Met Office UK Variable (UKV) 1.5 km numerical model and corrected against a 400 m Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model run over the site. Tidal stream energy is modelled using a semi-empirical superposition of self-similar plane wakes, with a generic 1 MW rated power curve and thrust based on a full-scale, fixed-pitch turbine. Coincident tidal resource data is from the Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM) at 7.5 km resolution and correlated with a 150 m ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC). Wave parameters are corrected from ERA-Interim data with six months of wave buoy data. Multiple tidal turbine array layouts are considered, with maximum tidal energy generated for a staggered array with spacing of 20 tidal turbine diameters, Dt , streamwise and 1.5Dt cross-stream. However, cheapest cost of electricity from the tidal-only array, was found for a single row of turbines, due to minimal wake effects. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to validate the superposition wake model for use with large, shared support structures. Two rotors mounted either side of a central tower generate a peak wake velocity deficit 70% greater than predicted by superposition. This was due to high local blockage and a complex near-wake structure, with a corresponding increase in tower drag of 9%. Further experiments evaluated the impact of oblique inflow on turbines yawed at +/-15 degrees. These results validated a theoretical cosine correction for thrust coefficient and characterised the centreline wake drift with downstream distance. Extreme environmental loads for a shared support structure, compared to structures for wind-only and tidal-only, have also been modelled. A non-linear wave model was used to represent a single wave form with 1% occurrence for each hour of time-series data. Overturning moment about the base of a shared support, with one wind and two tidal turbines, was found to be 4.5% larger than for a wind-only turbine in strong current and with turbines in different operational states. Peak loads across the tidal array were found to vary by 2.5% and so little load reduction benefit could be gained by locating a shared support in a more sheltered area of the array.