Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:55:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 114528.pdf: 7346209 bytes, checksum: 0031f9796616359d141e08f162c2d609 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at identifying and analyzing the impact of the state s coastal ecologicaleconomic zoning at a local level planning. Consequently, this study turns to the coastal ecological-economic zoning, which is specified by federal and state laws. The theoretical frameworks of the present study are the guiding concepts of planning, management, public policy, representation, coastal management, coastal areas and zoning. This research investigates the present situation of Coastal Management Plans in Brazilian states. It is important to stress that the data collection involved documentary sources (reports, Development Plans) as well as questionnaires applied to state authorities responsible for the elaboration of Development Plans. Thus, this study not only presents up-to-date information about the situation of the Brazilian Coastal Management, but it also contributes to regional land-use planning regarding local planning action, making its application and compatibility to City Development Plans possible. / Este projeto objetiva identificar e analisar a contribuição do Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro Estadual na esfera local de planejamento. O estudo volta-se, desta forma, ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro, um dos instrumentos que é especificado por Lei Federal e Estadual de gerenciamento costeiro. Para o presente trabalho utilizaram-se como referencial teórico os conceitos norteadores de planejamento, gestão, política pública, participação, gerenciamento costeiro, zona costeira e zoneamento. A pesquisa investiga a situação dos Planos de Gerenciamento Costeiro Estaduais no Brasil. A partir desta investigação, identificaram-se no Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro do Estado de Pernambuco as ações de planejamento, sendo comparadas com as diretrizes e objetivos do Plano Diretor Municipal de Paulista. Destaca-se que as informações necessárias para a elaboração do estudo foram obtidas por meio de fontes documentais (relatórios, planos) e por meio de questionários com os gestores estaduais responsáveis pela elaboração dos Planos. Sendo assim, este estudo permite, além de apresentar dados atualizados da situação do Gerenciamento Costeiro Brasileiro, subsidiar o planejamento territorial regional, no que se refere às ações de planejamento local, possibilitando sua aplicação e compatibilização com os Planos Diretores Municipais frente às experiências empíricas já realizadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JuliaVM_DISSERT.pdf: 4236567 bytes, checksum: be73f658e3777fffb5d25f1a4d23b8d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-06 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This study analyzed measurements of the aeolian transport using vertical sand traps across the field dunes of Jenipabu, in the municipality of Extremoz, Rio Grande do Norte state to the North of Natal city. These measurements were used as parameters for the sand aeolian transport in the region. Before the field trips a map of landscape units was made. Three visits to the field were done in September 2011 (field a - the 13th, field b - the 21st, field c - the 29th), period of the year with the highest wind speed, and another in December 8th, 2011 (field d ) when the wind speed starts to decrease. The sand traps used were of the type "I" with collecting opening of 25 cm from the surface level, and type "S" with collecting opening of 25 cm located 25 cm from the surface level in six collecting points in two of the visits (fields a and d ), and sand traps of the type "T" with the collecting opening of 50 cm from the surface level in the other field trips (fields "b" and "c"). A set of records was also collected by using a portable meteorological station complemented with information such as frequency and intensity of winds, precipitation and relative air humidity in the region, from the Esta??o Meteorol?gica de Natal , located 12 km from the study area. The sediments collected were treated and the data obtained permitted calculating the ratio of sediment transport. In September, the sedimentation ratio varied from 0.01 to 11.39 kg.m-1.h-1 and in December this ratio varied from 0.33 to 1.30 kg.m-1.h-1 in the type T collectors. In type I collectors they ranged from 0.01 to 11.39 kg.m-1.h-1, while the same parameters varied from 0.01 to 0.73 kg.m-1.h-1 in type S collector. Based on the statistical analysis done, we concluded that the sediment transport increased proportionally to the wind speed 25 cm from the surface. However, this is not true above 25 cm from the surface. The transport of sediments is more intense near the surface where sedimentation ratios greater than 10 kg.m-1.h-1 were found, whilst a maximum value of 3 kg.m-1.h-1 was observed 25 cm below the surface. The volume of sediments collected increases with the increasing wind speed at the surface level, whereas this relationship is opposed far away from that surface / O presente estudo fez a an?lise de medidas de transporte e?lico utilizando coletores de areia verticais (Sand Traps) ao longo de um campo de dunas na praia de Jenipabu, munic?pio de Extremoz no estado do Rio Grande do Norte ao Norte da cidade de Natal. Estas medidas foram utilizadas como par?metro de avalia??o da movimenta??o e?lica nesta regi?o. Tr?s visitas a campo foram realizadas no m?s de setembro de 2011 nos dias 13 (campo "a"), 21 (campo "b") e 29 (campo "c"), per?odo do ano com maiores velocidades de vento e uma em dezembro de 2011 no dia 08 (campo "d"), per?odo onde a velocidade do vento come?a a diminuir. Utilizaram-se coletores tipo "I" com abertura de 25 cm a partir do n?vel da superf?cie e "S" com abertura de 25 cm a 25 cm da superf?cie em seis pontos de coleta em duas das visitas ? campo nos dias 13 de setembro (campo "a") e 08 de dezembro (campo "d"), e tipo "T" com abertura de 50 cm a partir do n?vel da superf?cie nas demais visitas 21 e 29 de setembro (campo "b" e "c") ao longo do Campo de Dunas de Jenipabu. Foram tamb?m coletados dados meteorol?gicos com a utiliza??o de esta??o meteorol?gica port?til e complementados com dados da Esta??o Meteorol?gica de Natal que est? localizada a cerca de 12 km da ?rea de estudo para obter informa??es sobre a frequ?ncia e intensidade dos ventos, precipita??o e umidade relativa do ar da regi?o. Os sedimentos coletados foram tratados e foi calculada a vaz?o de fluxo de sedimentos (taxa de sedimenta??o). Em setembro a taxa sedimenta??o variou de 0,01 at? 11,39 Kg m-1 h-1 e em dezembro entre 0,33 e 1,30 Kg. m-1. h-1 nos coletores tipo "T". Nos coletores tipo "I" esses valores variaram entre 0,01 e 11,39 Kg m-1 h-1, enquanto que nos coletores tipo "S" de 0,01 a 0.73 Kg. m-1. h-1. De acordo com a an?lise estat?stica realisada percebe-se que o transporte de sedimento aumentou proporcionalmente a velocidade do vento em at? 25 cm da superf?cie. Por?m, essa rela??o n?o ? verdadeira acima de 25 cm do n?vel da superf?cie. O transporte de sedimentos ? mais intenso mais pr?ximo ? superf?cie onde foram encontradas taxas de sedimenta??o maiores que 10Kg. m-1. h-1 enquanto que a 25cm de dist?ncia o m?ximo encontrado foi menor que 3Kg. m-1. h-1, a quantidade de sedimento coletados aumenta ? medida que aumenta a velocidade no n?vel da superf?cie, ao se afastar da superf?cie a quantidade de sedimento essa rela??o n?o ? verdadeira

Lagoas costeiras são ecossistemas cruciais para conservação da biodiversidade local e global. O sistema do rio Tramandaí (SRT) apresenta uma série de lagoas costeiras rasas conectadas por canais naturais, e uma saída, via estuário de Tramandaí, para o oceano. Esse sistema é dividido em dois subsistemas, ao norte e ao sul do estuário, resultado de padrões hidrodinâmicos e da influência do vento e que definem características ambientais distintas a esses subsistemas. Um gradiente decrescente, de norte a sul, no estado trófico dessas lagoas já foi verificado. No presente estudo é testada hipótese de variabilidade espacial (lagoas e subsistemas) e temporal (estações do ano) na magnitude de variáveis abióticas e de descritores ecológicos das assembleias de peixes (composição, riqueza, diversidade, dominância) do SRT. Também é avaliada a relação entre variáveis abióticas e descritores das assembleias nesses subsistemas. É comparada a seletividade de captura de um amostrador ativo (rede de arrasto de praia) e de um amostrador passivo (redes de emalhe). Amostragens foram conduzidas de novembro de 2008 a abril de 2010 com rede de arrasto de praia e redes de emalhe, na zona litoral das lagoas Itapeva, Quadros e Malvas no subsistema norte, e nas lagoas Fortaleza, Rondinha e Barros no subsistema sul. Entre abril de 2009 e março de 2010, amostras de água foram coletadas e dez variáveis foram mensuradas em laboratório. Análises de ordenação (NMDS) mostraram clara diferença de composição, abundância numérica (CPUEn) e em biomassa (CPUEb) de espécies entre amostradores. A análises de ANOSIM e SIMPER mostraram baixa similaridade desses parâmetros entre amostradores. Houve diferença no tamanho dos peixes coletados com redes de arrasto e emalhe. Turbidez e DBO5 tiveram médias superiores no subsistema norte, enquanto que condutividade, salinidade, dureza, sólidos totais dissolvidos e transparência de Secchi no subsistema sul. Temporalmente foram verificadas diferenças de temperatura, pH, salinidade, turbidez, dureza, sólidos totais dissolvidos, oxigênio dissolvido, sólidos suspensos e profundidade, mas somente os dados de pH, condutividade, turbidez e DBO5 mostraram interação entre os fatores espaço e tempo. As assembleias das margens rasas da zona litoral foram dominadas por dez espécies, resultando em alta similaridade de composição, CPUEn e CPUEb entre os subsistemas. A riqueza de espécies variou espacial e temporalmente. Diversidade e equitabilidade espacialmente, e CPUEn e CPUEb temporalmente. As assembleias das regiões pelágicas da zona litoral foram dominadas por sete espécies, com dominância numérica das espécies L. anus e A. aff. fasciatus no subsistema norte. A NMDS mostrou similaridades maiores de composição, CPUEn e CPUEb entre amostras de um mesmo subsistema, no entanto, a ANOSIM não apresentou resultados significativos para rejeição das hipóteses nulas. CPUE n e b, diversidade e equitabilidade variaram espacialmente, enquanto a riqueza, temporalmente. A análise de correlação canônica (CCA) mostrou que temperatura, DBO5, sólidos suspensos e dureza responderam por 46% da variabilidade dos dados de abundância numérica das espécies. Os resultados sugerem que amostradores ativos e passivos reproduzem diferentes imagens da assembleia por eles amostrada, indicando que o delineamento amostral para estudos com peixes nesses ecossistemas deve contemplar tais diferenças. As diferenças ambientais dos subsistemas refletem em diferenças na qualidade da água e os resultados obtidos confirmam os pressupostos do gradiente trófico. A estrutura das assembleias de peixes foi mais variável em resposta as condições ambientais em escala espacial, enquanto que temporalmente, houve maior coerência na variabilidade dos dados. As relações das espécies com as variáveis ambientais são discutidas com base no comportamento alimentar e/ou reprodutivo das mesmas e na qualidade do habitat. Tais resultados podem ser úteis como subsídio a elaboração de estudos de manejo costeiro do SRT, sobretudo com relação aos recursos pesqueiros, e na proposição de modelos de estrutura das assembleias de peixes de lagoas costeiras subtropicais. / Coastal lakes ecosystems are crucial for conserving biodiversity both locally and globally. The river Tramandaí system (SRT) comprises a series of shallow coastal lagoons, connected by natural channels, and has an output via Tramandaí estuary into the ocean. This system is divided into two subsystems, north and south of the Tramandaí estuary, as result of hydrodynamic patterns, influence of wind and environmental characteristics that define the subsystems. A trophic gradient decreasing from north to south in those lagoons was identified. In this study is tested the hypothesis of spatial (lagoons and subsystems) and temporal (seasons) variabilities in the amplitude of abiotic variables and descriptors of the fish assemblages (species composition, richness, diversity, dominance) in the SRT. It also assessed the relationship between abiotic variables and descriptors of the fish assemblages in these subsystems. Is compared the selectivity of the active fishing (beach seining) and passive (gill netting) fishing. Sampling was conducted from November 2008 to April 2010 with beach seine and gill nets in the littoral zone of lakes Itapeva, Quadros and Malvas in north subsystem, and Fortaleza, Rondinha and Barros lakes, in south subsystem. Between April 2009 and March 2010 water samples were collected and ten variables were measured in the laboratory. Analyses of ordination (NMDS) showed clear differences in composition, numerical abundance (CPUEn) and biomass (CPUEb) of species between samplers. The analysis of similarity (ANOSIM and SIMPER) showed low similarity of these parameters between nets. There was a difference in the size of the fish caught with beach seine and gill nets. Turbidity and BOD5 averages were higher in the northern subsystem, while the conductivity, salinity, hardness, total dissolved solids and Secchi transparency in the south subsystem. Temporally were observed differences in temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, hardness, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, suspended solids and depth, but only the data for pH, conductivity, turbidity, BOD5 showed interaction between the factors space and time. The assemblages of the shallow margins of the coastal zone were dominated by ten species resulting in high similarity of composition, CPUEn and CPUEb between subsystems. Species richness varied spatially and temporally, while diversity and evenness only spatially and CPUEn and CPUEb only temporally. The assemblages of the pelagic regions of the coastal zone were dominated by seven species with numerical dominance of L. anus and A. aff. fasciatus in north subsystem. The NMDS showed greatest similarity in composition, CPUEn and CPUEb between samples of the same subsystem, the ANOSIM however, showed no significant results for rejection of the null hypothesis. CPUE n and b, diversity and equitability varied between lakes and subsystems, while the richness between seasons. The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed that four variables (temperature, BOD, suspended solids and hardness) account for 46% of data variability of species abundance. Samples of the north subsystem were directly influenced by temperature, BOD and suspended solids while the south subsystem by the hardness. The results suggest that active and passive samplers reproduce different images of the assemblage sampled and indicate that the sampling design for studies of these ecosystems should include such differences. The environmental differences in subsystems reflect in water quality differences and the results confirm the assumptions of a trophic gradient decreasing from north to south in the SRT. The structure of the fish assemblages was more variable in response to environmental conditions in spatial scale between subsystems, while there was greater consistency in the temporal variability of the data. The relationships between the species and environmental variables are discussed based on the feeding behavior and / or reproduction of the same and by habitat quality. These results may be useful as an aid to preparing studies of coastal management of SRT, especially with respect to fisheries, and in proposing models of the structure of the fish assemblages of subtropical coastal lagoons.

A complexidade dos problemas socioambientais atuais enfrentados pela humanidade tem demandado abordagens mais participativas de produção científica, como a Ciência Pós-Normal, e de gestão, como a Gestão Baseada em Ecossistemas e a Gestão Costeira Integrada. Todas essas abordagens têm como um de seus princípios a Interdisciplinaridade, reconhecendo que o desenvolvimento de pesquisas científicas que busquem integrar diversas disciplinas, múltiplos sistemas de conhecimento e aproximar ciência e gestão são de fundamental importância em prover soluções às complexas questões postas pela sociedade. Apesar disso, a prática da interdisciplinaridade ainda encontra resistência no meio político-acadêmico onde se insere. Assim, o presente trabalho buscou abordar os desafios e as potencialidades de se desenvolver esse tipo de ciência, com foco em ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, a partir de duas escalas de planejamento e execução científicas (top-down e bottom-up, respectivamente): i) da perspectiva de agências de fomento à pesquisa no Brasil; e ii) da análise de um projeto de pesquisa oceanográfico que objetivou ter uma abordagem interdisciplinar, como estudo de caso. A partir de entrevistas e análises documentais, buscou-se ainda fornecer subsídios ao desenvolvimento de futuros projetos científicos interdisciplinares e aprimoramento da interface ciência-gestão costeira. / The complexity of current socioenvironmental problems faced by humanity has pushed scientific endeavors towards more participative approaches, such as Post-Normal Science, and management, such as Ecosystem Based Management and Integrated Coastal Management. Interdisciplinarity is understood as one of the key elements of these approaches. Thus developing scientific researches that intend to integrate different disciplines, multiple knowledge systems and bring together policy and science is essential to provide answers to the complexities of societal issues. Nevertheless, the development of interdisciplinary research still faces many political and academic obstacles. Therefore, this study presents the challenges and potential of developing integrated science, focusing on coastal and marine ecosystems. We did that from two different planning and execution scales (top-down and bottom-up, respectively): i) from the perspective of research funding agencies; and ii) from the perspective of researchers of an oceanographic research project that intended to work in an interdisciplinarity manner as a study case. From interviews and document analyses, we provide contributions to the development of future interdisciplinary scientific research projects and to the improvement of science-policy interfaces in coastal zones.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a análise do processo de gestão costeira no Brasil, ao acompanhar e analisar a implementação de um projeto local de gestão costeira integrada - o projeto Ecomanage, que está sendo desenvolvido na região estuarina de Santos - São Vicente, SP (em fase final) e que pretende fornecer ferramentas gerenciais práticas e eficientes para auxiliar na tomada de decisão. A gestão costeira integrada, atual paradígima da gestão costeira mundial e cujos princípios foram incorporados pelo Programa Nacional de Gerenciamento Costeiro do Brasil, é um processo interativo que vai se redefinindo ao longo do tempo e de acordo com a experiência. Para tal, é necessário que se concretizem avaliações quanto às dificuldades e oportunidades encontradas, de maneira a que os seus procedimentos sejam retificados de acordo e suas metas sejam cumpridas para se concretizar o seu objetivo maior, o de promover o desenvolvimento sustentável das zonas costeiras. Na avaliação efetuada do projeto Ecomanage verificou-se que a sua implementação foi fortemente influenciada por condicionantes de natureza político-institucional, técnico-administrativo e sócio-cultural, em muito comuns aos que têm sido apontados para o gerenciamento consteiro nacional e também mundial. No entanto, apesar das dificuldades, foi possível estabelecer uma importante colaboração com atores locais da região, tendo sido, inclusive, firmado parcerias com atores governamentais que irão possibilitar continuar o trabalho iniciado pelo projeto. / The present work intends to promote the debate about coastal management in Brazil by analyzing the implementation of a local project of integrated coastal management - the Ecomanage project, that is being developed in the Santos - São Vicente estuarine system, SP, Brazil, (in its final phase), which main goals are to provide effective and practical management tools to assist in decision-making. Integrated coastal management is the actual paradigm in coastal management and its principles have been incorporated to Brazil\'s National Coastal Management Programme. Being an iterative process that redefines itself as it is developed and practice is acquired, evaluation of its main difficulties and opportunities is essential to guide its procedures in order to achive its main objective, the sustainable development of coastal zones. The evaluation made to project Ecomanage showed that there were important political, institutional, technical and socio-cultural obstacles to its implementation and that these were at a large extent similar to those that have been identified in coastal management practiced in Brazil and in the world. Nevertheless, important cooperation relationships with local parties could still be established and partnerships carry on the work initiated by the Ecomanage project in the region.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Física, Química e Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-03-12T12:27:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tiago_gandra.pdf: 4024866 bytes, checksum: 3540cf3f3ea76e36028fd0985ef4ab5e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-17T18:40:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tiago_gandra.pdf: 4024866 bytes, checksum: 3540cf3f3ea76e36028fd0985ef4ab5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-17T18:40:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_tiago_gandra.pdf: 4024866 bytes, checksum: 3540cf3f3ea76e36028fd0985ef4ab5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho trata de dois instrumentos de suporte à gestão ambiental previstos no Plano Nacional de Gerenciamento Costeiro (PNGC) - o Sistema de Informações Geográficas Costeiras (SIGERCO) e o Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico Costeiro (ZEEC) - utilizando o Município de Rio Grande (RS) como estudo de caso. Ele consiste na organização e integração de dados no SIGERCO de maneira que este possa auxiliar no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia simples, flexível e replicável para a elaboração do ZEEC. Existe uma forte demanda para que os municípios costeiros elaborem seus ZEEC, mas as experiências anteriores utilizaram metodologias e resultados que não seguem os critérios e classes definidos pelo PNGC. Para a construção do ZEEC é necessária a definição da Unidade Ambiental de Gestão (UAG’s) adequada. Para tal, foram compilados diversos tipos de divisão territorial já realizadas na região. Para a definição das UAG’s foi escolhida a abordagem geomorfológica, baseando-se em experiências anteriores registradas na bibliografia. Os critérios definidos pelo PNGC para o ZEEC são subjetivos, possibilitando uma enorme gama de zoneamentos distintos, dependente dos pesos atribuídos a cada critério e da definição de quebras de classe. Foram avaliados e comparados quatro experimentos de ZEEC segundo as diretrizes do PNGC, bem como um ZEEC obtido com os critérios utilizados em Santa Catarina e o zoneamento aprovado no Plano Ambiental Municipal (PLAM) de Rio Grande. O SIGERCO produzido para o município pode representar um salto na compreensão e difusão de conhecimentos científicos para a tomada de decisões, desde que seja disponibilizado via internet e esteja em constante ampliação e atualização. A metodologia proposta nesta dissertação exige poucos dados para a elaboração do ZEEC (geomorfologia, vegetação, usos dos solos e censo do IBGE), o que possibilita a rápida elaboração ou adequação dos ZEEC’s. A subjetividade da metodologia proposta deve ser o espaço de flexibilidade para a decisão, que deverá ser tomada através de consultas públicas a todos os atores sociais. Apesar de não seguir os critérios e classes propostos, o ZEEM aprovado no PLAM de Rio Grande não apresentou grandes diferenças espaciais de proposição de usos quando comparado ao ZEEC proposto. Portanto, o ZEEM atual deve ser testado na prática, implementado e revisado periodicamente, o que seria uma boa oportunidade a adequação aos critérios propostos no PNGC. / This work dealt with two instruments created by the Brazilian Government to support the environmental management in the context of the Brazilian National Plan for Coastal Management (PNGC), using the city of Rio Grande (RS) as a case study. Such instruments were the Geographical Information System of the Coastal Zone (SIGERCO) and the Coastal Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEEC). It consisted of the organization and integration of data in the SIGERCO in a manner that can assist the development of a simple methodology for the elaboration of the ZEEC. There is strong demand that coastal cities elaborate their ZEEC; however, previous experiences have used methodologies and results that do not follow the criteria and classification defined in the PNGC. For ZEEC construction, the definition of Environmental Management Units (EMU’s) is necessary. Therefore, diverse types of territorial division already elaborated in the city area were compiled. Geomorphology was chosen for defining the geographical limits of the EMUs, based on previous experiences in literature. The criteria defined by the PNGC for the ZEEC are subjective, making an enormous gamma of distinct zonings possible, depending on the weights attributed to each criterion and the chosen class breaks. In this work, four ZEEC experiments were evaluated and compared, as well as a ZEEC following the State of Santa Catarina zoning and the zoning approved in the Municipal Environmental Plan (PLAM) of Rio Grande. The SIGERCO organized for this city can represent a large improvement in comprehension and diffusion of scientific knowledge to decision-makers. However, it has to be available on the internet, and constantly updated. The ZEEC methodology proposed in this work demands few data for its elaboration, consisting basically of geomorphological and land-use maps and socio-economic data collected by IBGE. This makes possible the fast adequacy of zonings already elaborated and the construction of new ones for the entire Brazilian coast. Moreover, the establishment of criteria weights and class breaks must be carried out through public consultations, involving decision-makers, scientific community and organized civil society. Although it did not follow the established methodology, the ZEEM approved in the PLAM did not present large spatial differences in the uses proposition when compared to the ZEEC. Therefore, the ZEEM must be tested in the real world and periodically be revised. This would be a good opportunity for adjusting it to the criteria considered in the National Plan for Coastal Management.

Havsnivåhöjning och kraftigare stormar är två konsekvenser av klimatförändringarna som i sin tur leder till ökad erosion och översvämning. När kustområdena omvandlas, och i värsta fall försvinner, påverkas människors möjligheter att bo och leva där. För att minska risken att sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska värden går förlorade krävs att vi planerar skyddsåtgärder för havsnivåhöjning, erosion och översvämning samt planerar för hur vi kan anpassa oss efter dessa föränderliga förutsättningar.  Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur svenska kommuner planerar för klimatanpassning idag och hur planerad reträtt skulle kunna användas som strategi i Sverige. Flexmark, en idé som tagits fram i ett projekt lett av SGI, inkluderades i studien för att ta reda på om den kan underlätta planeringen för klimatanpassning i Sverige. För att genomföra undersökningen valdes de skånska kommunerna Ystad, Trelleborg och Lomma ut samt Länsstyrelsen Skåne och Region Skåne för djupare studie. I studien undersöktes plandokument rörande klimatanpassning framtagna av kommunerna, regionen och länsstyrelsen. En intervjustudie med informanter från samtliga organisationer kompletterade studien. Resultatet visade att de valda kommunerna jobbar med klimatanpassning men än så länge inte med planerad reträtt. Osäkerhet kring vad som är möjligt enligt PBL, motstånd hos kommuninvånare samt frågan om vem som skulle ansvara för och finansiera reträtten angavs som några av de aspekter som gör strategin svår att införa.  Naturbaserade lösningar och vallar är klimatanpassningsåtgärder som används inom kommunerna idag. Majoriteten av de intervjuade anser att planerad reträtt kommer behövas i svensk planering i framtiden men att det idag inte finns möjlighet eller vilja att utföra en sådan åtgärd. För att ge inspiration till hur reträtt kan planeras och hanteras presenteras tre internationella exempel som en referensram för vad som varit framgångsfaktorer för lyckade reträtter i andra länder. De internationella fallen tillsammans med intervjuerna och dokumentstudien analyseras för att undersöka hur planerad reträtt skulle kunna användas som strategi i Sverige. Idéen om flexmark fick ett generellt positivt mottagande bland informanterna i intervjustudien och skulle med fördel kunna användas som verktyg inom strategin planerad reträtt.  Tillvägagångssätt för planerad reträtt i en svensk kontext analyserades utifrån styrningsmodellerna hierarkisk styrning, samarbetsstyrning samt självstyrning som presenterar olika alternativ för initiativ, styrning och finansiering av planerad reträtt. Samarbetsstyrd planerad reträtt, med initiativtagande och styrning på lokal nivå samt rätt till ekonomisk stöttning från nationell nivå, är enligt forskarna i den här studien, den strategi som lämpar sig bäst inom svensk planering. För att planerad reträtt ska få ett lyckat resultat krävs att berörda parter involveras tidigt och att kontinuerlig dialog förs mellan dem under processen. / Sea level rise and increased intensity of storms are two consequences of climate change which in turn lead to increased erosion and flooding. When coastal areas are transformed, and in the worst case disappear, many people's everyday life will be affected. To reduce the risk of social, economic and ecological values ​​being lost, we need to plan for protection against sea level rise, erosion and flooding and plan for how we can adapt to these changing conditions. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish municipalities plan for climate change adaptation today and how planned retreats could be used as a strategy in Sweden. Flexmark, an idea developed in a project led by SGI, was included in the study to find out if it can facilitate planning for climate change adaptation in Sweden. To carry out the investigation, Skånes’s municipalities Ystad, Trelleborg and Lomma were selected, as well as the County Administrative Board of Skåne and Region Skåne for deeper study. The study examined planning documents concerning climate change adaptation produced by the municipalities, the region and the county administrative board. An interview study with informants from all organizations supplemented the study. The results showed that the selected municipalities are working with climate change adaptation but so far not with planned retreats. Uncertainties regarding what is possible according to the Planning and Building Act, opposition from municipal residents and the matter of who would be responsible for and finance the retreat were stated as some of the aspects that make the strategy difficult to implement. Nature-based solutions and dikes are climate change adaptation measures used in municipalities today. The majority of the interviewees believe that planned retreats will be needed in Swedish planning in the future, but today there is no opportunity or willingness to carry out such a measure. To provide inspiration for how retreats can be planned and managed, three international examples are presented as a reference framework for what have been key factors for successful retreats in other countries. The international cases together with the interviews and the document study are analyzed to investigate how planned retreats could be used as a strategy in Sweden. The responses to ​​flexmark were generally positive among the informants and the idea could be used as a tool within the strategy planned retreat. Approaches of planned retreat in a Swedish context were analyzed based on the governance modes hierarchical governance, co-governance and self-governance, which present various alternatives for initiative, governance and financing of planned retreats. Cooperative planned retreat, initiated and governed at local level with financial support from national level, is according to the researchers of this study, the strategy that is best suited in Swedish planning. In order for a planned retreat to generate a successful result, it is necessary that all affected parties are involved early and that a continuous dialogue is conducted between them during the process.

The City of Cape Town's (CoCT) wastewater management system discharges effluent from households, industries and other sources into the Atlantic Ocean through deep-water marine outfalls in Green Point, Camps Bay and Hout Bay. At total capacity, these three outfalls discharge 55.3 megalitres (Ml) into marine receiving environments daily. With minimal pre-treatment that amounts to screening and sieving, this results in microbial and chemical pollution of the sea (including chemicals of emerging concern), marine organisms, recreational beaches, and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). This research focuses on contestations over evidence of that pollution in Hout Bay. The study documents the work of independent scientists seeking to provide evidence of coastal pollution obtained via microbial and chemical analyses of water (coastal and inland) and marine organisms (Mytilus galloprovincialis) samples. It also presents accounts of pollution obtained via ethnographic research with local residents, fishers, frequent water users and river activists who have observed and experienced poor coastal water quality. However, the form of evidence that is considered and informs decision-making processes by the CoCT has consistently sought to invalidate these forms of evidence, from both independent scientists and the public. Debates around knowledge of water and contests over evidence that highlight the entanglements of science, politics, and ways of knowing make visible a consistent pattern in coastal water-quality governance by the City, which results in inaction regarding the ever-growing issue of coastal pollution in Cape Town.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las playas son espacios costeros que desarrollan numerosas funciones ambientales. Éstas proporcionan importantes beneficios a la sociedad y a las comunidades costeras, entre las que destacan la función ecológica, el suministro de protección para los territorios costeros y el hecho de que constituyen un recurso básico de la industria turística. De forma ligada al cambio climático, así como a acciones humanas que alteran el dinamismo natural de la costa, las playas están experimentando procesos erosivos cada vez más dañinos que afectan a su integridad física y al mantenimiento de sus funciones. La gestión de las playas en muchas ocasiones no se encuentra adaptada a las particularidades de los diferentes segmentos costeros. La toma de decisiones no se sustenta en información suficiente sobre las características, el dinamismo y el estado actual de las playas, dando lugar a soluciones cortoplacistas o ineficaces. Las características geomorfológicas son esenciales en el desarrollo de sus funciones al condicionar sus dimensiones físicas y su comportamiento frente a la acción del mar. Por ello, su caracterización de forma detallada y actualizada es necesaria para llevar a cabo acciones eficientes, permitiendo virar hacia una gestión costera más ecosistémica y sostenible. Las técnicas de teledetección presentan una gran capacidad para la adquisición de datos de la superficie terrestre. En concreto, los satélites Sentinel-2 y Landsat (5, 7 y 8) permiten disponer de forma gratuita imágenes de resolución media con cobertura mundial y alta frecuencia de revisitado. Los algoritmos de extracción de la línea de costa desarrollados recientemente por el Grupo de Cartografia GeoAmbiental y Teledetección (CGAT - UPV) permiten definir sobre estas imágenes la posición de la línea de costa, constituyendo datos potencialmente útiles para describir la morfología de las playas y su dinamismo. Universalizar su aplicación requiere su testeo y validación en diferentes tipos de costa. Para ello, el proceso de extracción ha sido adaptado para su explotación en entornos mareales, y las líneas de costa resultantes han sido evaluadas ante diferentes condiciones oceanográficas ofreciendo una precisión cercana a los 5 m RECM (raíz del error cuadrático medio). Teniendo en cuenta las necesidades de información para la gestión existentes, a partir de estas líneas de costa se propone derivar indicadores que permitan caracterizar la geomorfología de las playas y monitorizar sus cambios. Para ello, las metodologías propuestas aseguran una gestión eficiente de grandes volúmenes de líneas de costa, siendo así capaces de caracterizar las playas cubriendo grandes territorios y periodos de tiempo. Así se derivan el ancho de playa y el tamaño de los granos de sedimento como indicadores objetivos y fácilmente comprensibles de la geomorfología de la playa. La modelización espacio-temporal del estado y los cambios de la línea de costa y de la anchura posibilita monitorizar la respuesta de las playas a temporales y a actuaciones antrópicas, permitiendo analizar los cambios ocurridos cada pocos días hasta cubrir décadas. Su cobertura espacial junto a la integración con otras bases de datos cartográficas permite caracterizar la influencia de la geomorfología de la playa en el desempeño de sus funciones, permitiendo un análisis holístico de la costa a escala regional. Las metodologías desarrolladas en esta tesis y los indicadores derivados desde la teledetección brindan apoyo para dotar de criterios y priorizar las acciones de los gestores. Se contribuye así a llenar el espacio existente entre la disponibilidad de técnicas para obtener información remota y su aplicación en los procesos de toma de decisiones sobre la costa. / [CA] Les platges són espais costaners que desenvolupen nombroses funcions ambientals. Aquestes proporcionen importants beneficis a la societat i comunitats costaneres, entre les quals destaquen la funció ecològica, el subministrament de protecció per als territoris costaners i el fet que constitueixen un recurs bàsic de la indústria turística. De forma lligada al canvi climàtic, així com a accions humanes que alteren el dinamisme natural de la costa, les platges estan experimentant processos erosius cada vegada més nocius que afecten la seua integritat física i al manteniment de les seues funcions. La gestió de les platges en moltes ocasions no es troba adaptada a les particularitats dels diferents segments costaners. La presa de decisions no es sustenta en informació suficient sobre les característiques, el dinamisme i l'estat actual de les platges, donant lloc a solucions curtterministes o ineficaces. Les característiques geomorfològiques són essencials en el desenvolupament de les seues funcions en condicionar les seues dimensions físiques i el seu comportament enfront de l'acció de la mar. Per això, la seua caracterització de manera detallada i actualitzada és necessària per a dur a terme accions eficients, permetent virar cap a una gestió costanera més ecosistèmica i sostenible. Les tècniques de teledetecció presenten una gran capacitat per a l'adquisició de dades de la superfície terrestre. En concret, els satèl·lits Sentinel-2 i Landsat (5, 7 i 8) permeten disposar de manera gratuïta d'imatges de resolució mitjana amb cobertura mundial i alta freqüència de captura d'informació a un mateix punt. Els algorismes d'extracció de la línia de costa desenvolupats recentment pel Grup de Cartografia Geo-Ambiental i Teledetecció (CGAT - UPV) permeten definir sobre aquestes imatges la posició de la línia de costa, constituint dades potencialment útils per descriure la morfologia de les platges i el seu dinamisme. Universalitzar la seua aplicació requereix el seu testatge i validació en diferents tipus de costa. Per a això, el procés d'extracció ha sigut adaptat per a la seua explotació en entorns mareals, i les línies de costa resultants han sigut avaluades davant diferents condicions oceanogràfiques oferint una precisió pròxima als 5 m RMSE (arrel de l'error quadràtic mitjà). Tenint en compte les necessitats d'informació per a la gestió existents, a partir d'aquestes línies de costa es proposa derivar indicadors que permeten caracteritzar la geomorfologia de les platges i monitorar els seus canvis. Per a això, les metodologies proposades asseguren una gestió eficient de grans volums de línies de costa, sent així capaces de caracteritzar les platges cobrint grans territoris i períodes de temps. Així es deriven l'ample de platja i la grandària dels grans de sediment com a indicadors objectius i fàcilment comprensibles de la geomorfologia de la platja. La modelització espai-temporal de l'estat i els canvis de la línia de costa i de l'amplària possibilita monitorar la resposta de les platges a temporals i a actuacions antròpiques, permetent analitzar els canvis ocorreguts cada pocs dies fins a cobrir dècades. La seua cobertura espacial al costat de la integració amb altres bases de dades cartogràfiques permet caracteritzar la influència de la geomorfologia de la platja en l'acompliment de les seues funcions, permetent una anàlisi holística de la costa a escala regional. Les metodologies desenvolupades en aquesta tesi i els indicadors derivats des de la teledetecció brinden suport per a dotar de criteris i prioritzar les accions dels gestors. Es contribueix així a omplir l'espai existent entre la disponibilitat de tècniques per a obtenir informació remota i la seua aplicació en els processos de presa de decisions sobre la costa. / [EN] Beaches are coastal spaces that perform numerous environmental functions. They provide important benefits to society and coastal communities, including the ecological function, the provision of protection for coastal territories, and constitute a basic resource for the tourism industry. Due to climate change and human actions that alter the natural dynamism of the coast, beaches are experiencing increasingly harmful erosive processes that affect their physical integrity and the maintenance of their ecological functions. Beach management is often not adapted to the particularities of the different coastal segments. Decision-making is not based on sufficient information about characteristics, dynamism, and current state of beaches, resulting in short or ineffective solutions. Geomorphological characteristics are essential in the development of beach functions as they condition their physical dimensions and their behavior in response to the action of the sea. Therefore, their detailed and updated characterization is necessary to carry out efficient actions, allowing a more ecosystemic and sustainable coastal management. Remote sensing techniques have a great capacity for acquiring data from the land surface. In particular, Sentinel-2 and Landsat (5, 7, and 8) satellites freely provide medium resolution images with global coverage and high-revisit frequency. The algorithms for extracting the water/land interface recently developed by the Geo-Environmental Cartography and Remote Sensing Group (CGAT - UPV) allow defining the position of the shoreline on these images, constituting potentially useful data to describe beach morphology and dynamics. Universalizing their application requires testing and validation at different coastal types. For this purpose, the extraction process has been adapted for exploitation in tidal environments, and the resulting shorelines have been assessed under different oceanographic conditions offering an accuracy close to 5 m RMSE (Root-Mean-Square Error). From these shorelines, and taking into account the existing information needs for management, it is proposed to derive indicators to characterize the geomorphology of the beaches and to monitor their changes. To this end, the proposed methodologies ensure the efficient management of large volumes of shorelines, being able to characterize the beaches along broad coastal segments and periods. Thus, beach width and sediment grain size are derived as objective and easily understandable indicators of the beach geomorphology. Spatial-temporal modeling of the state and changes of shoreline position and beach width makes it possible to monitor the response to storms and anthropogenic actions, allowing to analyze changes that occur every few days or over decades. The large spatial coverage together with the integration with other cartographic databases allows characterizing the influence of beach geomorphology in the performance of its functions, offering a holistic view of the coast from a regional scale. The methodologies developed in this thesis and the indicators derived from remote sensing provide support and criteria for prioritizing the actions of managers. This contributes to fill the gap between the availability of techniques to obtain remote information and its application in the coastal decision-making process. / This research integrates findings and results obtained within the framework of the contract FPU15/04501 granted to the author by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports, which has allowed this doctoral thesis to become a reality. The research has been supported by the funds of the project RESETOCOAST, by the Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (chapters 2 to 5), and the project MONOBESAT PID2019-111435RB-I00 by the Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities (chapter 6). About my stay in Portugal, it was possible with the funds of the Erasmus+ program. The contribution of Ó. Ferreira was funded by EW-COAST (PTDC/CTA-OHR/28657/2017) and by FCT and Univ. Algarve through the grant UID/MAR/00350/2013, while S. Costas’ was funded by IF/01047/2014. The following institutions have provided free access to essential data for the development of the publications that constitute this thesis: ESA and USGS for the satellite imagery; Puertos del Estado, and the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute in collaboration with CIMA for supplying oceanographic data; Ministry MITECO and DGSCM for data regarding beach sedimentology and nourishments. / Cabezas Rabadán, C. (2021). Beach Morphology and its Dynamism from Remote Sensing for Coastal Management Support [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/165076 / Compendio

This PhD thesis in environmental science aims to contribute to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the relation between participation and legitimacy in multi-level environmental governance. It is widely assumed that actor involvement has great potential to improve the legitimacy of nature conservation through long-term acceptance and target achievement. However, local resource conflicts problematize the way a relation between participation and legitimacy is depicted on other administrative levels. Studies exploring the effect that participation has on legitimacy are relatively rare, especially in multi-level arrangements of coastal conservation. In this thesis the relation between participation and legitimacy on the local level is examined, as well as how this relation is conditioned by multi-level governance and power. The relation is empirical studied with two local implementation processes of the Helsinki Convention’s network of marine protected areas (HELCOM MPAs). The cases are located in Sweden. Sweden and the Baltic Sea region are in the forefront of participation in nature conservation, and therefore act as a strong case for the exploration of institutional participation. However, despite apparent political will and international support, the efficiency of actor involvement for nature conservation has been questioned, also for the HELCOM MPA and especially on the local level. Based on the results of this study, I question the assumption that weak legitimacy predominantly is an issue of insufficient information sharing. The findings show that involving actors to legitimize the adoption of strict adherence to a pre-established model of conservation likely fails to create long term support for conservation. Instead, relocation of power to the affected actors seems essential in order to make participation establish legitimacy. It appears important to create room for local influence in the design, management and implementation of a particular conservation area in the particular place/context. In both examined cases, there are elements of participation that support legitimacy, for example the development of a shared vision. There are also elements that hamper legitimacy, such as, for example, the high expectations different actors have on participation to reach consensus on protective values. These unmet expectations seem to fuel conflicts of interests among actors on different levels. / Världens hav är i kris. Med ett stort internationellt tryck för att skydda dem har den svenska regeringen satt ambitiösa mål för etablering av marina reservat. Beslutsfattare och forskare har höga förväntningar på att lokalt deltagande underlättar etableringen. Men utan verkliga möjligheter för lokalt deltagande att påverka besluten så verkar förväntningarna orealistiska, med allvarliga konsekvenser för legitimitet av miljöskydd. Avhandlingen undersöker relationen mellan deltagande och legitimitet i svensk östersjöförvaltning genom att studera samrådsprocesserna för Gräsö marina naturreservat och St Anna-Missjö marina skyddsområde. Studien visar på både positiva och negativa samband mellan deltagande och legitimitet, beroende på kvalitén av deltagande. Olika lokala aktörer är djupt engagerade i resursfrågor och vill ha möjlighet att diskutera dessa med staten. Lokala aktörer uttrycker besvikelse och frustration om samråden har en begränsad inverkan på faktiska beslut. Besvikelsen kan underminera stödet för naturskydd och försämra relationen mellan stat och lokala aktörer i längden. I ett av de undersökta fallen var de lokala aktörerna engagerade i att formulera en gemensam vision för området tillsammans med myndigheterna, något som annars är ovanligt. Det visade sig ha en mycket positiv effekt på samrådsprocessen och legitimiteten av naturskyddet.