This diploma thesis deals with the issue of trade unions and collective bargaining in the Czech Republic. It discusses the history of trade unions and their regulation. It then examines in more detail the scope and powers of labor unions, collective bargaining, collective agreements and collective disputes. The practical part of this thesis analyses a practical example, a real dispute dealing with calculated establishment of trade unions and based on surveys it draws the advantages and disadvantages of this institute. It includes general public's point of view on the issue of trade unions and their competencies. In the conclusion the author expresses her opinion on the current state of trade unions in the Czech Republic and outlines their future development.

This essay is about flexibility in relation to employment protection through a gender perspective. It handles the regulations of fixed term employments and how they are regulated in collective agreements in different sectors. The sectors studied are chosen by statistics on male- and female dominated sectors to apply a gender perspective. 90 percent of Swedish workers are covered by collective agreements and many of the studied agreements differ markedly from both the regulation in the Swedish law and from each other. The study shows that depending on which sector you are working in your employment protection will differ. Especially in female dominated sectors the regulations of fixed term employments are even more flexible than the law and the regulations in male dominated sectors. According to the gender structure of the labor market, women have lower status, which could be an explanation to why the regulations tend to be less favorable for women. The result of the study shows that collective agreements in female dominated sectors tend to have regulations according to the Swedish law or less favorable than the law. The male dominated sectors on the other hand tend to have collective agreements that are stricter regulated than the law when it comes to the area of fixed term employments. By that said the regulations of fixed term employments seem through a gender perspective be better for men than for women.

The Phillips curve, which illustrates a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment, has long been a cornerstone of macroeconomic models. However, it often fails to reflect reality and the flattening of the curve is widely discussed. This study addresses the question of whether a weakening of workers’ bargaining power contributed to this phenomenon. The first part of the analysis involves estimating a Kaleckian Phillips curve using Swedish time-series data to assess the impact of workers’ bargaining power on inflation. While the study does not reveal statistically significant results, the investigation offers insights into the complexities and chal- lenges with estimating the Kaleckian Phillips curve. The second part of the analysis compares the slopes of the traditional Phillips curve across OECD countries with varying trade union densities. The estimations show that the relationship between unemployment and inflation is stronger in countries with higher trade union density. This study provides important insights about the relationship between inflation and the trade unions’ bargaining power on the labour market.

Pour comprendre les origines du système français de relations professionnelles, cette thèse revient sur l’un des épisodes majeurs de sa construction : la négociation des conventions collectives du Front populaire. Inscrite dans une perspective de moyenne durée allant du début du siècle jusqu’au vote de la loi de 1950, l’étude porte une attention particulière au contenu des conventions collectives, mais aussi aux pratiques des acteurs du système de relations industrielles. Enfin, elle adopte une perspective comparative, croisant l’étude de divers secteurs et de trois espaces : la Seine, le Nord et la région lyonnaise. En ce qu’il étend les conventions collectives à l’ensemble des secteurs, le Front populaire apparaît bien comme un moment fondateur. Mais les mutations à l’œuvre en 1936 sont également le produit d’un apprentissage qui révèle une implication précoce et croissante de l’Etat et des syndicats et d’une réflexion sur la réforme des relations professionnelles qui se noue autour du rapport Laroque en 1934. Trois registres s’en dégagent. La convention collective doit permettre d’établir un contrôle sur la gestion patronale de l’usine, d’organiser la profession, de pacifier et stabiliser les relations sociales. Loin de correspondre à ces attentes, les conventions du Front populaire sont avant tout des instruments de protection et de hiérarchisation des travailleurs. Toutefois, selon les secteurs, le sens accordé aux conventions collectives, leur contenu ne sont pas les mêmes, ce qui suggère l’importance des dynamiques sectorielles à l’œuvre dans la construction d’un modèle français de relations professionnelles. / To help understand the origins of the French system of industrial relations, this thesis focuses on one major phase of its building, namely the negotiation of collective agreements under the Popular Front. Covering a span of moderate length this study pays special attention not only to the content of collective agreements but also to the practices of parties in the industrial relations system. Last, it takes a comparative approach, cross-checking studies on several sectors in three major industrial areas: the Nord and Seine departments and the Lyon region. Inasmuch as it extends collective agreements to all sectors, the Popular Front must indeed be seen as a founding period. But structural shifts implemented in 1936 are also the result of a developing practice which testifies both that the Government and unions were involved quite early and ever more so, and that thorough consideration was given to ways of reforming industrial relations right after the Laroque report came out in 1934. Three aspects stand out: a collective agreement should permit to exercise control over the business management of a factory, to organize the profession, to pacify and stabilize labour relations. Far from achieving these aims, collective agreements brought into effect by the Popular Front were first and foremost devised to protect the workers and establish a hierarchy among them. Yet, depending on the sector, the meaning granted to these collective agreements and their content may vary, which suggests the important part sector dynamics play when it comes to building a French model of industrial relations.

直到今日，兩岸常處於敵對緊張狀態，但並不會遏止台商申請赴大陸投資的意願。原因何在？因大陸人口超過12億，是一個擁有廣大市場與充沛廉價勞動力的國家。換言之，中國大陸是一個充滿無限商機的市場並吸引無數台商以各種不同管道赴大陸投資，且兩岸商業上的往來已處於合則兩利，分則兩害之唇齒依存關係，就算兩岸在政治上乃於敵對狀態，仍阻擋不了台商赴大陸投資意願。 惟大陸方面在政治上是中國共產黨專政，在經濟上試圖引進自由經濟競爭體制，在法制上乃處於從人治到法制的過渡時期，因此，台商赴大陸投資也擔負一定風險，也讓不少人鎩羽而歸。尤其，大陸是以無產階級之工農鬥爭取得政權，對勞工權益保護之重視，從早期人民公社吃大鍋飯，採取固定工制度；到為了改革經濟採取全員勞動合同制，即是在謀取勞動者就業，社會安定與經濟發展的平衡點下所作之折衷。且中共建國初期，非常重視運用法律手段推行集體合同制度，以保護集體合同雙方當事人權益。 隨著時代變遷，大陸已不能自外在世界潮流，必須經由對外貿易交流來滿足其所需並供給其所有，尤其自1979年後提出建立社會主義經濟體制改革，即使市場在國家總體調控下，作合理資源分配，並堅持以公有制為主體，改革國有企業經營體制，且加速引入外資，朝向多元經濟為發展目標。因此，舊有之勞資關係已不符合時代需要，故大陸在1992年4月及1994年7月分別頒佈《中華人民共和國工會法》及《中華人民共和國勞動法》，也替集體合同規定提供較為明確之法律依據，並在1994年12月由大陸國務院之勞動部發佈《集體合同規定》，而此規定是否能給大陸由社會主義勞資關係轉成偏向資本主義勞資關係所帶來之衝擊(如勞資糾紛)提供預防措施？並給予勞動者權益的保障？或只是中共為攏賂勞工所為的政治煙幕？而集體合同制度實施對台商赴大陸投資及台商派駐大陸勞工有何影響，且台商對集體合同制度看法與因應之道，都是我們觀察的重點。 總之，不論大陸從1995年1月1 日開始實施之集體合同制度有否達到當初既定目標，了解大陸集體合同制度已是刻不容緩的重要課題。其次，筆者希望透過本論文介紹，讓有意或已赴大陸工作或經商的國人了解對岸現今集體合同制度實際運作情況，並給予建議，使其對大陸集體合同制度有所認識並提早因應，以免產生嚴重的勞資糾紛而造成巨大損失，這也是本論文最大目的所在。 因此，本論文架構共計七章，簡單敍述如下： 第一章 緒論 首先說明本論文之研究動機與背景，以及筆者在現有資源下所採研究方法與所遭遇到的研究限制，並對研究範圍加以扼要說明。 第二章 大陸地區集體合同制度之基本概念 本章最主要是在介紹，大陸學者對集體合同基本概念了解，其主要為集體合同意義、本質及定位、歷史演進、種類、作用….等概念，以方便讀者了解大陸地區對集體合同看法。 第三章 集體協商 在簽訂集體合同前，勞資雙方要先經過集體協商之法定程序，故，本章針對集體協商之概念、代表、內容、程序…等內涵作一完整介紹。 第四章 集體合同之內涵 在排除與前二章內容重覆部分，本章主要在介紹集體合同效力、行政審核與檢查監督、爭議處理….等內涵介紹。 第五章 集體合同之問題、原因、建議與呼應 本章最主要是在介紹大陸集體合同制度實施後所遭遇到的實際問題與主要原因，及大陸專家學者對集體合同制度改革建議與2004年新修正《集體合同規定》之呼應。 第六章 集體合同流程與現況及對台勞與台商之影響 本章以圖表形式介紹大陸集體合同實施流程，並以問卷調查方式，來探討集體合同制度與大陸台商及台商派駐大陸勞工之關係。 第七章 結論 在最後，綜合整理新舊《集體合同規定》之比較觀察及對赴大陸投資台商及台商派駐大陸勞工之建議，對本論文作一結論。

Working time is a constantly discussed topic. In Sweden working time is largely controlled by collective agreements. About 90% of all workers are covered by a collective agreement. For those who are parts of a collective agreement, it is important to consider the regulations in both the Swedish Arbetstidslagen (ATL) and the Working Time Directive (the Directive) when making a collective agreement. The purpose of this thesis is to examine various aspects of working time regulation in the form of directives, law and collective agreements. The thesis intends to contribute to knowledge of how the regulations regarding working hours in Sweden meet the requirements of the Directive by the EU. Further, the purpose is to examine how deviations from ATL can be regulated by collective agreements. The legal dogmatic method has been used in combination with an EU legal method. Directive, law, preparatory acts, case law, doctrine and literature were studied to investigate the legal situation. Collective agreements have been used as a source of law as well as empirical material. When studying implementation of the Directive to Swedish law, certain contradictions can be identified. The Swedish model collides with the Directive and the Swedish legislators as well as the Labour court choose to safeguard the Swedish model. Another contradiction is the purpose of the directive, protection of worker's health and safety, it is important and the Court of Justice of EU returns to it in many cases. A counterpart is lacking in ATL, instead, a connection is made to AML. Furthermore, the definition of working time is an issue where differences can be noticed between the Directive and Swedish law. Interpretations of the Court of Justice of EU and ATL defines different interpretations of call time and a new case may affect the travel time. The Court of Justice of EU calls the member countries to have equivalent definitions of working time and it should originate from the Directive. Regarding deviations through collective agreements the study shows that there are difficulties to interpret 3 § ATL, which is giving contradictory instructions regarding deviations. The paragraph and the EU-lock puts a great responsibility on the parties of the labour market to be familiar with both the Swedish law and the Directive. Some regulations are better for workers in ATL than the Directive at first glance, but this can be settled by collective agreements. Practice shows that there may be errors in the preparation of collective agreements.

In view of levelling the playing field between foreign and local employers in the host country, the European Commission proposed in March 2016 to revise the Posting of Workers Directive (PWD) 96/71/EC. The amended PWD (EU) 2018/957, that was adopted mid-2018, introduces some significant changes in order to combat the shortcomings resulting from the original PWD, strengthening the importance of ensuring fair competition (between local and foreign employers) and improving the protection of workers. In a nutshell, the PWD aims at promoting the principle of equal pay for equal work in the same place, especially by extending the so-called hard nucleus of working conditions and introducing a provision for long-term postings. This new legislation will be implemented throughout the EU as of mid-2020. The following article aims to investigate the extent to which the changes demand national implementation from an Austrian point-of-view; the latter could serve as a guidance.

AFRIKAANS : Vakbondverteenwoordigers se rol en invloedsmag het die laaste dekade in die werkplek toegeneem. In hierdie navorsing is daar bepaal watter invloed die vakbondverteenwoordiger op die bestuur van die skool het. Die menings van skoolhoofde en vakbondverteenwoordigers in dieselfde skool is getoets. Deur middel van kwalitatiewe navorsing is 'n groep skoolhoofde, wat die bestuurspan van hul skole verteenwoordig, se menings verkry oor die invloed van vakbondverteenwoordigers op die bestuur van die skool. Aspekte soos beplanning, aanstellings, stakings en ander bestuurselemente is in die onderhoude ontleed. ʼn Verskeidenheid van reaksies is van die respondente verkry oor die vakbondverteenwoordigers se leierskapsrolle, die verkiesing en opleiding van verteenwoordigers asook hulle rol en funksie as maatskaplike ontwikkelaars. Die menings van vakbondverteenwoordigers by dieselfde skole is ook verkry oor beplanning, aanstellings, stakings en ander bestuurselemente. Die verteenwoordigers van verskeie artikel 21-skole het hulle eie funksies ten opsigte van sosiale dialoog beoordeel. Die inligting van elke skoolhoof en die ooreenstemmende vakbondverteenwoordiger kon met mekaar vergelyk word om die geldigheid en betroubaarheid van die navorsing te bevestig. Die rol en funksie van die vakbondverteenwoordiger oor die wêreld heen het ʼn nuwe kleur begin kry. Waar vakbondverteenwoordigers in die verlede die draers was van inligting vanaf die hoofkantoor, het hul rol verander na dié van sosiale dialoog. Die verteenwoordiger bevind hom/haar in die rol van bestuurder, beplanner en leier. Hierdie rol van die vakbondverteenwoordiger beïnvloed die bestuur van die skool. Die vakbondverteenwoordiger se invloed kan tweeledig opgesom word: hy/sy kan die stimuleerder wees, wat die bestuur van die skool help om doelwitte te bereik, of die verteenwoordiger kan die inhibeerder wees wat die bestuur van die skool rem. By die Internasionale Arbeidskongres in Lima, Peru, in 2006 is die nuwe era en rigting van die vakbondverteenwoordiger deur verskeie bekende arbeidskonsultante uitgewys. Van die aspekte, soos om deel te word van bestuur en sosiale dialoog, is aan die orde van dié era. Die vakbondverteenwoordiger het invloed op die bestuur van die skool en kan die sosiale dialoog van mede-personeel, ouers en leerders beïnvloed. ENGLISH : The role and extent of the influence of shop stewards in the workplace has increased over the past decade. This research study has attempted to determine what influence is exercised over a school’s management by the Shop steward. The opinions of the heads of schools and those of the shop stewards at the same schools were surveyed. By means of qualitative research methods, the opinions of a group of headmasters representing the management teams of their schools were obtained in regard to the influence of shop stewards on the school. Aspects such as planning, appointments, strikes and other management elements were analysed in interviews. Diverse opinions were expressed by the respondents about the leadership roles of the shop stewards, the election and training of representatives and their role and function as social developers. The shop stewards at the same schools were also asked for their views about planning, appointments, strikes and other elements of management. The representatives of several Section 21 schools evaluated their own functions in respect of social dialogue. Information obtained from each headmaster and their respective shop stewards could be compared to confirm the validity and trustworthiness of the research. The roles and functions of shop stewards are changing all over the world. Where shop stewards were formerly transmitters of information received from head office, their role has evolved into one of social dialogue. The shop steward now finds him-/herself in the role of manager, planner and leader. The shop steward’s role affects the management of the school. This influence is twofold: he/she can be a stimulator, helping the school’s management to achieve objectives, or an inhibitor who has a retardant effect on the school’s management. At the International Labour Congress in Lima, Peru, in 2006, the new era and direction of the shop steward were highlighted by several eminent consultants. Aspects such as active participation in management and social dialogue are predominant in this era. The shop steward influences the management of the school and can affect the social dialogue of fellow staff members, parents and learners. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Education Management and Policy Studies / unrestricted

This essay stresses the questions regarding whether or not the Swedish implementation of the European Union’s directive 2003/88/EG should be considered sufficient enough to fulfil the purpose of the scope of the directive. The essay will also consider the gender equality perspective regarding how different solutions concerning the organization of working time within two different collective agreements can give workers more or less favourable opportunities, amongst men and women.  The study of the Swedish legislation in relation to the directive shows that the way the directive has been implemented into the Swedish judicial system must be interpreted so that it is compatible with the purpose set out by the European Union. Despite this, the study spots an issue. The issue regarding how the regulations in both the directive, but also throughout the Swedish law are enunciated. The way the regulations are phrased bring on questions considering how far the European Union should be allowed to go regarding their right to control the Member States when it comes to legislation within their own countries. This raise the question regarding the interpretation of the autonomy of the Member States. The study also shows that the regulations within the collective agreements does not, alone, indicate a difference regarding more or less favourable conditions for men or women. Despite this, the study did show a difference regarding how the collective agreements emphasize different characteristics of the regulations as the most important ones. Which collective agreement provides the most favourable conditions regarding the promotion of equal rights for men and women must therefore be answered by every single individual themselves. Based on how they define gender equality and how the characteristics of the different agreements promote those aspects of gender equality.

Bakgrund: Allt fler arbetsgivare inför individbaserad lönesättning för att kunna attrahera, knyta an och utveckla rätt kompetens och därigenom hantera de alltmer komplexa produktionsprocesserna och den växande konkurrenssituationen. Individuell lönesättning antas stimulera medarbetarnas arbetsmotivation vilket i sin tur bidrar till ökad arbetsprestation och förbättrat resultat för företaget. Systemet förutsätter dock att medarbetarna upplever lönesättningen som rättvis för att den individbaserade lönen ska få den avsedda effekten. Motivation och rättvisa är emellertid subjektivt, inrymmer flera element och tenderar ge lönen en relativ betydelse vilket gör utformningen av ett individbaserat lönesystem komplext. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera förhållningssätt hos aktörerna: företag, fack och medarbetare gällande individuell lönesättning, rättvisa och motivation. För att därigenom kunna jämföra och koppla samman aktörernas förhållningssätt och peka ut faktorer som kan främja arbetet med att utforma ett lönesättningssystem med inslag av individbaserad lönesättning som ska fungera motiverande, upplevas rättvis och bidra till ökad prestation. Metod: Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där empirin har samlats in genom intervjuer, enkäter samt analys av sekundärdata. Studien har ett fallföretag som utgångspunkt där informanter och respondenter har utgjorts av representanter från fack och företag samt anställda inom företaget. Datainsamlingsmetoderna och datainsamlingskällorna hanterades genom triangulering. Slutsatser: Studien visar att alla aktörer har ett positivt förhållningssätt till individbaserad lönesättning samt att det finns ett flertal gemensamma nämnare aktörerna emellan. Bland annat tycker alla aktörer att kompetens ska utgöra den främsta bedömningsgrunden, att högre lön är motiverande samt att ett transparent och tydligt lönesystem med lönekriterier som alla känner till och förstår är en förutsättning för att lönesättningen ska upplevas som rättvis och motiverande. Därtill pekas den lönesättande chefen ut som central för upplevelsen av rättvisa vid lönesättning samt att alla medarbetare ska få inflytande och likvärdiga förutsättningar att kompetensutvecklas och därigenom kunna höja lönen. / Background: More and more employers are introducing performance-based wage-setting in order toattract, connect and develop competence and in addition handle the increasingly complex production processes and the growing competitive situation. Performance-based setting is assumed to stimulate employees´ work motivation, which in turn contributes to increased work performance and improved results for the company. However, the system presupposes that employees perceive wage setting as fair in order for the performance-based salary to have the intended effect. Motivation and justice are subjective, contain several elements and tend to give the salary a relative significance, which makes the design of an performance-based salary system complex. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to describe and analyse the attitudes of the actors: companies, unions and employees regarding performance-based wage setting, justice and motivation. In order to thereby be able to compare and connect the actors' attitudes and point out factors that can promote the work of designing a wage setting system with elements of performance-based wage setting that must function motivatingly, be perceived as fair and contribute to increased performance. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method where the empirical data has been collected through interviews, questionnaires and analysis of secondary data. The study has a case company as a starting point where informants and respondents have consisted of representatives from the union and the company as well as employees within the company. The data collection methods and data collection sources were handled by triangulation. Conclusions: The study shows that all actors have a positive approach to performance-based wage setting and that there are several common denominators between the actors. Among other things, all actors think that competence should be the main basis for assessment, that higher pay is motivating and that a transparent and clear salary system with defined criteria that everyone have knowledge about and understand is a prerequisite for a salary setting to be perceived as fair and motivating. In addition, the payroll manager is pointed out as central to the experience of justice in wage setting and that all employees should have influence and equal opportunities to develop skills and thereby be able to raise salaries.