Les références proviennent du Centre des archives diplomatiques de Nantes (France) / Les Textes arabes de l’Ouargha (Lévi-Provençal, 1922), les Textes arabes de Rabat (Brunot, 1931) et les Textes arabes des Zaër (Loubignac, 1952), relatifs à trois régions marocaines, attirent l’attention par leur organisation méthodique, mais aussi par les thématiques abordées. Les Textes, comportant une préface arabe, une transcription en caractères latins et une traduction annotée, donnent une image du Maroc colonial entre 1912 et 1956. Sur les traces de l’orientaliste William Marçais, les trois auto-traducteurs se sont intéressés à l’ethnographie marocaine dans ses différentes facettes. Pour sonder le travail de ces auto-traducteurs, nous avons étudié leur traduction non seulement d’un point de vue comparatif, mais aussi du point de vue du paratexte. De plus, nous avons fait une étude sociohistorique des traducteurs, qui s’est avérée utile pour mieux comprendre leur idéologie et surtout qui a mis en lumière leur appartenance à la communauté d’érudits. Pour ce faire, notre cadre théorique s’est appuyé sur deux volets : volet archéologique et volet critique afin de dégager les normes sous-jacentes dans les interventions délibérées. La préface et les nombreuses notes démontrent clairement le projet de traduction des trois auto-traducteurs, qui est celui de « solidifier l’édifice » de l’Administration française. Force est toutefois d’admettre que l’analyse de l’auto-traduction n’a pas décelé des interventions marquées des traducteurs et donc l’analyse de la transcription en dialecte marocain a pris une grande place dans notre recherche. Cependant, la lecture de cette transcription, soit la traduction intralinguistique de l’oral à l’écrit, et la connaissance de ses tenants et aboutissants mettent en lumière le rôle joué par les auto-traductions, effectuées par des traducteurs au service de l’IHEM, qui est celui de façonner l’image du Marocain et de consolider le projet colonial français au Maroc. / The Textes arabes de l’Ouargha (Lévi-Provençal, 1922), the Textes arabes de Rabat (Brunot, 1931) and the Textes arabes des Zaër (Loubignac, 1952), dealing with three regions in Morocco, draw attention to their methodological organization, as well as to their themes. The three works, consisting of an Arab version, a transcription using Latin characters and an annotated translation, provide a portrait of colonial Morocco between 1912 and 1956. Following in the footsteps of Orientalist William Marçais, the three self-translators concerned themselves with Moroccan ethnography in all its facets. To examine the works of these self-translators, we studied their translation not only from a comparative perspective, but also from a paratextual standpoint. In addition, we conducted a socio-historical study of these translators that proved useful to better understand their ideology and above all shed light on their membership in the community of scholars. For this purpose, our theoretical framework was based on both an archaeological component and a critical component in order to identify the norms underlying the translators’ intentional interventions. The preface and numerous notes clearly illustrate the different translation projects, namely, to “strengthen the edifice” of the French administration. Admittedly, our analysis of the self-translations did not reveal significant interventions and, thus, the study of the Moroccan dialect transcription became an important part of my research. A reading of each transcription – an intralinguistic translation from the oral to the written – and a grasp of all its aspects demonstrate that the role of each of the three self-translations, done by translators in the service of the IHEM, was to shape the image of Moroccans and consolidate the French colonial project in Morocco.

This thesis examines the influence of the colonial past on contemporary media coverage of France and Britain. It focuses on selected colonies and the frequency of their references on two websites - Skynews.com and France24.fr. Thus the thesis tries to answer the question whether or not the colonial past is still a strong determinant which governs the media's priorities. Imperial history has always been very vivid in these countries, where vast colonial land was possessed. Consequently they must now deal with the impact of their incursions. A strong relationship with former colonies exists and still be seen through the media. In addition, the fact that news media still prefers those states to the information about different former colonies, proves the existence of very strong bonds after the end of decolonial processes. The thesis is divided into two main sections. The first section considers the theoretical frame of analyzed notions (e.g. the geography of communication, colonialism or postcolonialism etc.), colonial history and pursuits the basic facts from media studies. Subsequently, the second section focuses on research results, whereby the principal aim is to confirm the assumption that British and French media prefers to inform more about their own former colonies than colonies of the second great...

In this master’s thesis, which takes the format of an introductory chapter, publishable paper, and conclusion, I examined camp programs for Indigenous youth that are run by Christian organizations in Canada, with the goals of bringing attention to this phenomenon and provoking dialogue on possibilities (or impossibilities) of reconciliation in these contexts. I employed an exploratory case study methodology, using semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and internet-mediated document analysis, to address the following research questions: i) What are the key characteristics of summer camps for Indigenous youth run by Christian organizations in Canada?; ii) To what extent are Indigenous staff members or volunteers and Indigenous cultures included at summer camps for Indigenous youth that are run by Christian organizations in Canada?; and iii) What does or could reconciliation look like in the context of these camps?, and present results and conclusions based on the collected data. This work is particularly timely and significant in light of the work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2015) and broader work for decolonization and improved relationships between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Student Number: 0307561M Master of Arts School of Literature and Language Studies Faculty of Humanities / In this study I will interrogate some of the issues and contradictions raised by Alexander McCall Smith’s Botswana novels. These texts feature a black African woman protagonist in a developing society, and have achieved huge popular and commercial success, but they are written by a white European man. I will examine briefly whether the books can be considered as ‘African Literature,’ and how the author has negotiated the interface between history and literature to convince readers and critics in ‘the West’ that he is portraying ‘the real Africa.’ I will investigate the strategies used by the author to create this ‘authentic’, ‘traditional’ effect, how he writes convincingly as, about and on behalf of women, and the use he makes of the detective fiction mode. Ultimately I will consider whether these novels represent a restorative ‘writing back’ or whether they constitute a continuing appropriation of African history, culture and identity, a further re-invention of Africa by and for ‘the West’.

Den här uppsatsen undersöker gestaltningar av rumslighet i Yxta Maya Murrays roman Locas och i Helena María Viramontes novell ”The Cariboo Cafe”. Utifrån en lefebvriansk förståelse av det sociala rummets produktion görs en feministisk, postkolonial läsning av rummets betydelse i texterna. Med utgångspunkt i detta teoretiska ramverk diskuteras tematiseringen av plats, rum och identitet i berättelserna. Vidare används en narratologisk analys av texternas användning av deixis och fokalisering för att visa hur språket fungerar som en granskande skildring av olika platsers och rums villkor. En sådan läsning tillåter texterna att träda fram som avslöjare av specifika maktordningar och som kritik mot dessa. / This essay examines the spatial descriptions in Yxta Maya Murray’s novel Locas and in Helena María Viramontes’ short story “The Cariboo Café”. Based on Henri Lefebvre’s understanding of the production of social space, a post-colonial, feminist reading of the texts’ spaces is executed. Rooted in this theoretical framework, the texts’ thematization of space, place and identity is discussed. Furthermore, a narratological analysis is added to the investigation through a scrutiny of the usage of deixis and focalization. It is shown how the usage of language in the texts functions to further expose different bodies’ divergent access to different spaces. This reading permits the texts to appear both as revealers of specific power systems, and as critics of them.

Cette thèse vise à comprendre les postures de résistances et de fuites que les esclaves africains ont constamment opposées au système colonial esclavagiste. Faute de témoignages directs, du fait de l’absence d’équivalent français aux slave narratives anglophones, nous avons tenté d’exhumer ces paroles étouffées en analysant leurs reconstitutions dans les textes d’auteurs français du XVIIIe siècle qui les ont recueillies et mises en scène, entre 1730 et 1792. Nous avons essayé de comprendre les multiples formes de résistances actives auxquelles ont participé ces sujets historiques, qui ne sont souvent représentés par l’historiographie que comme des victimes passives.Notre travail étant d’ordre littéraire, nous avons problématisé les structures et les formes de l’énonciation présentes dans ces textes secondaires et apparemment dérivés, appartenant à une grande variété de genres. Qu’est-ce qui parvient à y filtrer des voix du marronnage, à travers leurs multiples modalités de transmission, traduction, trahison ? De quels types de résistances à l’oppression esclavagiste et coloniale portent témoignage ces textes écrits en français à l’époque des Lumières ? En quoi les outils de l’analyse littéraire peuvent-ils nous aider à éclairer leurs enjeux historiques, politiques et culturels ? Ces questions sont abordées à travers une analyse fine de quelques récits de rebellions, de prises de paroles, de détournements, de fuites, et autres formes de résistances relevant du marronnage, tels que ces récits apparaissent dans la langue des colons. En conclusion, nous tentons de relier ces textes anciens à certaines écritures récentes de littérature caribéenne. / This dissertation, entitled Maroons’ Voices in 18th-Century French Literature, attempts to understand the various modes of resistance and escape which African slaves have constantly opposed to the colonial system of slavery. In the absence of slave narratives in French, our goal was to hear their lost voices through a close analysis of their echoes within texts written by a number of French authors who staged them, with many diffractions and deformations. Emphasis is put on the agency expressed in these countless forms of resistance, by populations who are too often misrepresented as passive victims.This study being literary in nature, it focuses on the structures and forms of enunciations encountered in these apparently derivative works written between 1730 and 1792, in order to frame the refracted presence of maroons’ voices through their transmission, translation, and deformations. What types of resistance to colonial oppression filter through these indirect and often ambivalent forms of literary testimony? How can a literary sensitivity help us grasp their historical, political and cultural stakes? Such questions are discussed through a series of close readings of selected narratives of escape, denunciations, struggles, rebellion and vengeance, taken from a variety of literary genres, all written in the colonizers’ language. In conclusion, these texts written 300 years ago are revisited in the light of recent developments in Caribbean writings.

Éditer l’œuvre d’un poète « indigène », à l’heure de l’Algérie française, nécessite un changement des schèmes de perception de la société française, mais plus encore, écrire en français une œuvre qui se veut affranchie et libératrice demande un effort et sans doute un choix politique particuliers. Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’œuvre de Kateb Yacine qui s’énonce dans et par l’histoire, s’inscrit dans un champ littéraire et intellectuel français en restructuration. Les maisons d’édition optent pour des stratégies éditoriales influencées par des intellectuels désireux de changer la société et créateurs de nouvelles philosophies de vie : le Personnalisme, l’Existentialisme. Des figures cristallisent cette puissance fondatrice : Mounier, Sartre, Jeanson, Senghor, Césaire, Fanon. Le rôle et l’évolution de la revue Esprit, média et réceptacle intellectuel, sont exemplaires et participent grandement à faire évoluer les politiques et la société française. Les liens qui unissent Esprit et la maison du Seuil favorisent à diffuser ces idées. La lutte anti-colonialiste, qui trouve ses sources dans les idées philosophiques et, en fin de compte, dans l’expérience de la Résistance, oriente le champ intellectuel et pousse à des positionnements intellectuels tranchés. Cette histoire conditionne la réception de son œuvre aujourd’hui. La lecture de l’œuvre, particulièrement Nedjma, se fait au carrefour d’enjeux culturels et politiques : illustration de la francophonie, reconnaissance d’une partie de la jeunesse française issue de l’immigration maghrébine. Elle apparaît dans les programmes du Français. / Editing the work of a “native” poet , when Algeria was a French colony, requires a change in the perception habits of the French society, but furthermore, writing in French a piece which is intended to be emancipated and liberating demands a particular effort and definitely a particular political choice. In the aftermath of World War II, Kateb Yacine’s work which enunciates itself in and by history, is in line with a French literary and intellectual field in reconstruction. Publishing companies choose editorial strategies influenced by intellectuals desirous to change the society and creators of new life philosophies: Personalism, Existentialism. Some writers crystallize this founding power: Mounier, Sartre, Jeanson, Senghor, Césaire, Fanon. The role and the evolution of the magazine Esprit, an intellectual media and receptacle, are exemplary and take great part in the evolution of French society and politics. The union between Esprit and Seuil editions helps spreading these ideas. The fight against colonialism, which finds its sources in philosophical ideas, and, ultimately, in the experience of the Resistance, directs the intellectual field and compels clear-cut intellectual positions. This history conditions the reception of his work today. The reading of the work, particularly Nedjma, cannot be separated from political and cultural issues: illustration of the French-speaking world, acknowledgement of a part of the French young people coming from the North African immigration. It appears in the programming of French lessons.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo estudar a obra Ninguém matou Suhura da escritora Lília Momplé, analisando as questões em torno da opressão estabelecida pelo regime colonialista português em Moçambique. Para tanto, três eixos centrais nortearam a análise crítica desenvolvida, a saber, um primeiro eixo que se organiza em torno da força de trabalho; um segundo eixo voltado para uma falsa organização de um projeto educacional para o país; e, um terceiro, que diz respeito às relações dialéticas estabelecidas entre as personagens em seus diferentes segmentos sociais. / This thesis aims to study the work Ninguém matou Suhura of Lília Momplé writer, examining issues around the oppression established by the Portuguese colonial regime in Mozambique. For this, three central axes guided the developed critical analysis, namely a first axis that is organized around the work force; a second axis facing a false organization of an educational project for the country; and a third, which relates to the dialectical relations between the characters in their different social segments.

O objetivo desta dissertação é realizar uma leitura da obra Como se o mundo não tivesse leste (1977), de Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, com foco especial na configuração do espaço, procurando compreender a relação que se estabelece entre a ordem colonial, com seu sistema legal, e o universo comunitário que a invasão colonial busca romper.No capítulo 1, examinamos alguns dados biográficos do autor e seu projeto artístico, bem como o contexto histórico dessa produção. Também, analisamos a estória As águas de Capembáua com ênfase nos espaços da onganda e da fazenda. No capítulo 2, concentramos a análise em João Carlos, natural do Chinguar, no Bié, observando os espaços do sambo e da sanzala. No capítulo 3, focamos em Como se o mundo não tivesse leste, o contraponto entre a geografia do sul de Angola e a cosmogonia (terra, homem, antepassado) aos espaços da loja e do posto administrativo colonial. Nos três capítulos, procuramos apontar a presença da dualidade jurídica ( direito costumeiro e legislação colonial), bem como a técnica narrativa do autor, cuja característica central é reorganizar, por meio do narrador, as diferentes versões de cada uma das três estórias. / The objective of this dissertation is to perform a reading of the work \" Como se o mundo não tivesse leste\" (1977), by Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, with special focus on the configuration space, seeking to understand the relationship that is established between the colonial order, with its legal system, and the community universe that seeks to break the colonial invasion. In chapter 1, we review some biographical details of the author and his art project as well as the historical context of this production. Also, we analyze the story \"As águas de Capembaúa\" with emphasis on spaces of onganda and farm. In chapter 2, the analysis focused on \"João Carlos, natural Chinguar, no Bié\" noting the spaces sambo and sanzala. In chapter 3, we focus on \"Como se o mundo não tivesse leste\" counterpoint the geography of southern Angola and cosmogony (earth/land, man, ancestor) to the space of the store and the colonial administrative post. In all chapters, we point to the presence of legal duality (customary law and colonial law), and the author\'s narrative technique, whose central feature is to reorganize, through the narrator, the different versions of each of the three stories.

O Estado Independente do Congo foi reconhecido internacionalmente em 1885 como resultado da ação de representantes europeus em obter tratados de cessão de soberania junto às autoridades e chefes africanos da região da bacia do Congo. No entanto, a implantação de uma missão civilizadora, em consonância com os interesses comerciais do monarca belga Leopoldo II, não se deu sem conflitos, embates e resistências. A crueldade e a arbitrariedade que marcaram tal processo ecoaram na opinião pública internacional, gerando movimentos de denúncias sobre as violências que vitimaram as populações africanas. Este trabalho busca analisar as reações e acomodações ocorridas a partir da situação colonial que se impôs frente a um contexto no qual se faziam presentes múltiplas e variadas formas de organização política das sociedades africanas da região. / The Congo Free State was internationally recognized in 1885 as a result of the action of European representatives in obtaining sovereignty transfer treaties with the African authorities and leaders of the Congo Basin region. However, the implementation of a \"civilizing mission\" aligned to the commercial interests of the Belgian king Leopold II, has not been without conflicts, struggles and resistances. The cruelty and arbitrariness that have marked this process echoed on the international public opinion, generating movements of complaints about violence toward the African populations. This work seeks to analyze the reactions and accommodations that followed the colonial situation that was imposed in a context in which were present multiple and varied forms of political organization of African societies in the region.