A proposta deste trabalho é a análise diplomática de Consultas do Conselho Ultramarino, relativas à Capitania de São Paulo. Entende-se aqui por Diplomática o estudo da criação, forma e transmissão dos documentos, bem como a sua relação com os fatos que os geraram e com o órgão administrativo de onde emanaram. A proposta gerada neste trabalho decorreu da análise de 40 (quarenta) Consultas datadas dos séculos XVII e XVIII. As Consultas, transcritas com base em normas de edição semidiplomática, foram agrupadas de acordo com semelhanças estruturais e tiveram, então, seu discurso analisado do ponto de vista diplomático. A análise determinou estruturas formulares distintas para as Consultas de Mercê, de Partes e de Serviço Real. Assim, com o apoio da teoria diplomática, fica evidenciado que, apesar de todas as Consultas se caracterizarem como documentação opinativa, na qual o Conselho Ultramarino auxilia o rei de Portugal na tomada de decisões administrativas com relação às colônias, a diferenciação de cada uma delas se dá mais pela ação que originou a produção do documento do que pelo assunto nele tratado, de modo que essa ação resulta em diferentes estruturas e em fórmulas lingüisticamente diversificadas. / This paper proposes the diplomatic analysis of \"Consultas\" produced by \"Conselho Ultramarino, and concerning to \"Capitania de São Paulo\". It is understood by Diplomatics the study of creation, form and transmission of records, as well as their relationship with the facts that originated them, and with their creator. The assertions formulated in the paper are substantiated on the analysis of 40 (forty) \"Consultas\" dated from XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries. The transcription of the corpus is based on rules of semidiplomatic edition and it was gathered according to structural similitudes, followed by the analysis of its discourse, under the diplomatic point of view. The analysis lays down distinctive patterns for each kind of \"Consulta\": \"de Merce\", \"de Parte\" and \"de Serviço\". Then, with the support of diplomatic theory, it is possible to assume that although \"Consultas\" are documents that help the king in his resolutions concerning to the colonies, the differences between each one of them derive from the action that originated the writing of the document, rather than from the subject comprised on it, so that the action results on different structures and on different linguistic formulae.

Two images of British India persist in the modern imagination: first, an eighteenth-century world of incipient multiculturalism, of sexual adventure amidst the hazy smoke of hookah pipes; and second, the grandiose imperialism of the Victorian Raj, its vast public buildings and stiff upper lip. No art historian has focused on the intervening decades, however, or considered how the earlier period transitioned into the later. In contrast, Art in India's 'Age of Reform' sets out to develop a distinct historical identity for the decades between the Charter Act of 1813 and the 1858 Government of India Act, arguing that the art produced during this period was implicated in the political process by which the conquests of a trading venture were legislated and 'reformed' to become the colonial possessions of the British Nation. Over two parts, each comprised of two chapters, two overlooked media are connected to 'reforms' that have traditionally been understood as atrophying artistic production in the subcontinent. Part I relates amateur practice to the reform of the Company's civil establishment, using an extensive archive associated with the celebrated amateur Sir Charles D'Oyly (1781-1845) and an art society that he established called the Behar School of Athens (est.1824). It argues that rather than citing the Company's increasing bureaucratisation as the cause of a decline in fine art patronage, it is crucial instead to recognise how amateur practice shaped this bureaucracy's collective identity and ethos. Part II connects the production and consumption of illustrated print culture to the demographic shifts that occurred as a result of the repeal of the Company's monopolistic privileges in 1813 and 1833, focusing specifically on several costume albums published by artists such as John Gantz (1772-1853) and Colesworthy Grant (1813-1880). In doing so, it reveals how print culture provided cultural capital to a transnational middle class developing across the early-Victorian Empire of free trade. Throughout each chapter, the gradual undermining of the East India Company's sovereignty by a centralising British State is framed as a prerequisite to the emergence of the nation-state as the fundamental category of modern social and political organisation. Art in India's 'Age of Reform' therefore seeks not only to uncover the work and biographies of several unstudied artists in nineteenth-century India, but reveals the significance of this overlooked art history to both the development of the modern British State, and the consequent demise of alternative forms of political corporation.

abstract: This dissertation examines cultural representations that attend to the environmental and socio-economic dynamics of contemporary water crises. It focuses on a growing, transnational body of “hydronarratives” – work by writers, filmmakers, and artists in the United States, Canada, and the postcolonial Global South that stress the historical centrality of water to capitalism. These hydronarratives reveal the uneven impacts of droughts, floods, water contamination, and sea level rise on communities marginalized along lines of race, class, and ethnicity. In doing so, they challenge narratives of “progress” conventionally associated with colonial, imperialist, and neoliberal forms of capitalism dependent on the large-scale extraction of natural resources. Until recently, there has been little attention paid to the ways in which literary texts and other cultural productions explore the social and ecological dimensions of water resource systems. In its examination of water, this dissertation is methodologically informed by the interdisciplinary field of the energy humanities, which explores oil and other fossil fuels as cultural objects. The hydronarratives examined in this dissertation view water as a cultural object and its extraction and manipulation, as cultural practices. In doing so, they demonstrate the ways in which power, production, and human-induced environmental change intersect to create social and environmental sacrifice zones. This dissertation takes an interdisciplinary environmental humanities approach, drawing on fields such as indigenous studies, political ecology, energy studies, cultural geography, and economic theory. It seeks to establish a productive convergence between environmental justice studies and what might be termed “Anthropocene studies.” Dominant narratives of the Anthropocene tend to describe the human species as a universalized, undifferentiated whole broadly responsible for the global environmental crisis. However, the hydronarratives examined in this dissertation “decolonize” this narrative by accounting for the ways in which colonialism, capitalism, and other exploitative social systems render certain communities more vulnerable to environmental catastrophe than others. By attending to these issues through problem water, this dissertation has significant implications for future research in contemporary, transnational American and postcolonial literary studies, the environmental humanities, and the energy humanities. It demonstrates the potential for a focus on representations of resources in literary texts and other cultural productions to better grasp the inequitable distribution of environmental risk, and instances of resilience on a rapidly changing planet. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2018

A imagem do \"vazio\" tem persistido em representar os sertões das capitanias do Norte. Trata-se de um vazio de construção histórica e historiográfica. Os estudos e textos de Euclides da Cunha, Capistrano de Abreu e Caio Prado Jr. contemplaram esse estereótipo amplamente divulgado e sedimentado no habitual sertão nordestino, este associado à seca, ao isolamento e à rusticidade do mundo urbano. Fluindo contra essas leituras, a presente tese se esforça em desmistificar os qualificativos de desvalor por desconstruir a ideia de vazio reconstruindo os processos de urbanização e a formação das paisagens dos sertões do Norte na época colonial. Atenta-se para a longa duração com o objetivo de interpretar as políticas da Coroa portuguesa e as atividades do cotidiano materializadas numa hierárquica rede de povoações estruturada por missões, capelas, freguesias, \"lugar de índios\", julgados, vilas e cidade. Põe luz nos atores, na rede de relações e nas hierarquias sociais verificando suas implicações na transformação da paisagem e na urbanização desses sertões. Como aporte teórico-metodológico, entrecruza-se texto (hermenêutica) e imagem (representação) para pensar con los ojos - segundo a poética acepção do historiador de arte argentino Damián Bayón - a fim de preencher as lacunas espaciais que forjaram o suposto \"silêncio\". Vale-se, ainda, da multidisciplinaridade para esclarecer a relação do homem com as zonas interiorizadas, sem esquecer dos programas de georreferenciamento que propiciaram a produção de mapas temáticos exemplares voltados a localizar as povoações no território e interpretar a razão de ser de sua posição geográfica no contexto social e econômico ao qual estavam inseridos. / The image of the \"emptiness\" has persisted in representing the sertões of the captaincies of the North. It is a void of historical and historiographic construction. The studies and texts of Euclides da Cunha, Capistrano de Abreu and Caio Prado Jr. contemplated this stereotype widely disseminated and sedimented in the usual \"sertão nordestino\" associated with the drought, isolation and rusticity of the urban world. Flowing against these readings, the present thesis seek to demystify the qualifiers of devaluation by deconstructing the idea of emptiness reconstructing the processes of urbanization and the formation of the landscapes of the backlands of \"sertões\" (hinterlands) colonial times. Attention is paid to the long duration with the objective of interpreting the policies of the Portuguese Crown and daily activities materialized in a hierarchical network of settlements structured by missions, chapels, parishes, \"lugares de índios\", \"julgados\", towns and cities. It sheds light on the actors, the network of relationships and social hierarchies, verifying their implications for the transformation of the landscape and the urbanization of these sertões. As a theoretical-methodological contribution, text (hermeneutics) and image (representation) are intertwined to \"pensar con los ojos\" (think with the eyes) - according to the poetic meaning of the Argentine art historian Damián Bayón - in order to fill the gaps that forged the supposed \"silence\" . It is also worth mentioning the multidisciplinarity to clarify the relationship between man and the interiorized zones, not forgetting the geo-referencing programs that led to the production of exemplary thematic maps aimed at locating the settlements in the territory and interpreting the rationale of their geographical position in the social and economic context to which they were inserted.

The theology of empire is a critical theme that dates back many centuries. This research work is inspired by that of Eusebius of Caesarea who was emphatic in his support for the Roman Empire under Constantine during the first part of the fourth century of our common era. It could be said that appealing to such a theme in a colonial context marred by gross injustices yet premised on gospel imperatives as they guide the progress of a given church is not only challenging but interesting as well. By using the Diocese of Mashonaland as our referral case, the idea is to interrogate how the influence of Eusebius’ approach to history could be prevalent even in our time. By putting Anglican missionaries on the spotlight, who worked in the Diocese of Mashonaland, from the early 1890s up to 1979, an attempt is made to analyse their activities and attitudes, the way historians favourable to their venture narrated the Church’s progress and related matters. One major question leading all the analyses made in this context is to what extent could we justify the claim that the spirit of Eusebius is behind the Mashonaland Anglican Church narratives and attitudes? This question naturally leads us to bring in other perspectives that are linked to the socio-economic developments of the country, the political dispensations defining issues of governance, and the overall impact these had on racial matters given the critical reference to Christianity and civilisation. Historians and others who help us to appreciate this context are therefore taken to task as to whether they could be trusted unconditionally. The theology of empire is therefore allowed to dictate the way we could interrogate those who opt to ignore gross injustices that the Church in this context did not challenge in any conclusive manner. The history of the Diocese of Mashonaland from this perspective is therefore an interesting narrative. Our work that looks at the period between 1890 and 1979 leaves us with a lot of curious questions that call for further scholarly investigation within the same Mashonaland Anglican context. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Church History)

En Afrique orientale allemande, le kiswahili servait à la fois de langue d’instruction dans les écoles gérées par le gouvernement, et de langue de travail dans l’administration coloniale. Cette thèse examine diverses sources primaires et secondaires pour déterminer comment cette pratique administrative fut instituée et dans quel contexte. Il s’intéresse également aux enjeux et postures relatifs à son implémentation, de même qu’à ses conséquences à court, moyen et long terme pour la colonie allemande et pour l’identité et la conscience propre de ce peuple colonisé qui subirait la domination britannique avant d’accéder à l’indépendance en tant que Tanganyika, puis Tanzanie. / In German East Africa, Kiswahili was used as the language of instruction in government-run schools and as the language of administration. This article examines various archival, primary, and secondary sources to determine how this administrative practice came to pass; the background against which such a decision was taken or practice was institutionalized; the issues, attitudes, and problems that surrounded that practice; and what consequences it had in the short, medium, and long term for both the German colony and the consciousness and identity of the colonized people who would go on to experience British rule and then independence as the countries of Tanganyika and Tanzania.

This thesis explores the relationship between colonialism and the environment through a study of hurricanes in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Because hurricanes do not discriminate between international borders, they reveal much about the influences of political, economic, and social structures on vulnerability to hurricanes, hurricane preparation, and hurricane relief efforts. The Caribbean is a region that has been disproportionately impacted by hurricanes. It is also a region that has been wholly shaped by colonization. Prior to Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Caribbean, natives on islands like Puerto Rico and Cuba built and structured their societies around hurricanes and other catastrophes. Different aspects of colonialism altered the relationship between Puerto Ricans and Cubans and their respective environments. Though Puerto Rico and Cuba share incredibly similar histories, competing trajectories have emerged on both islands as they have undergone processes of decolonization and independence. An examination of Cuban and Puerto Rican history prior to Hurricane Irma and Hurricane María in 2017 provides a deeper understanding of the divergent histories of both islands. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the legacy of colonialism continues to impact the identities and security of Cuba and Puerto Rico today.

<p>By applying discourse analysis to six interviews with officials and development workers at the Swedish solidarity organisation AGS, this thesis analyses power in development cooperation, and the construction and function of discourses surrounding the field. It discusses rhetorical and strategic shifts from development aid to partnership and solidarity. By exploring how the informants speak of priorities, privilege and difference in relation to ideas of race or ethnicity, and class, the objective is to show how the solidarity position and development context is discursively created. What differs between solidarity, partnership and development aid? In what ways are the White Western Development Worker image constructed and challenged? The thesis discusses contemporary postcolonial relations between and within African and Swedish societies. It examines difficulties regarding gender mainstreaming efforts as an example of how Swedish development workers and officials discursively construct and deconstruct images of Selves and African Others.</p>

<p>In this study we have tried to explore what happens when individuals find themselves in a new environment in which the ever-existence of different cultures. The essence of this study is how identity - culture and creativity happens when different cultures meet and what the identity of the role in this dynamic process is.</p><p>We have chosen to do the survey at the Swedish Migration Board, as authority it is a place where many cultures meet and where different people are in interaction with each other every day. The study is empirically based, where we have interviewed twelve informants who, among other things, held various positions in the Immigration Service in the West. There are the informants statements that we have analyzed with a number of theoretical points that we have had as a tool for this study.</p><p>The theoretical starting points are colonialism/postcolonialism, creolizing/Creole, ethnicity, stereotyping, intersectionality, identity and culture. Based on these theories, we have been able to think about why our world can still have an element of colonialism and how creolizing not only can occur during colonialism.</p><p>With the concept intersectionality, we have been able to access more than one factor that affects the individual at the meeting with others. We have also been able to access and illustrate how humans can have multiple identities, cultures, and that culture is not a fixed and a uniform phenomenon.</p><p> </p>

By applying discourse analysis to six interviews with officials and development workers at the Swedish solidarity organisation AGS, this thesis analyses power in development cooperation, and the construction and function of discourses surrounding the field. It discusses rhetorical and strategic shifts from development aid to partnership and solidarity. By exploring how the informants speak of priorities, privilege and difference in relation to ideas of race or ethnicity, and class, the objective is to show how the solidarity position and development context is discursively created. What differs between solidarity, partnership and development aid? In what ways are the White Western Development Worker image constructed and challenged? The thesis discusses contemporary postcolonial relations between and within African and Swedish societies. It examines difficulties regarding gender mainstreaming efforts as an example of how Swedish development workers and officials discursively construct and deconstruct images of Selves and African Others.