Plaute est l'un des deux seuls auteurs latins dont des pièces entières aient été conservées : le corpus plautinien reste toutefois un ensemble problématique car les manuscrits ne nous ont transmis, sur les 130 circulant sous le nom de Plaute dans l'Antiquité, que vingt-et-une pièces, identifiées au Ier siècle avant J.-C. par le grammairien Varron comme étant caractéristiques de Plaute. Il n'est pas douteux que ces pièces du corpus plautinien soient des comédies car c'est dans le cadre rituel et ludique propre aux comédies que le poète les a fait représenter. Les pièces elles-mêmes évoquent par ailleurs à plusieurs reprises, dans leur texte, cette appartenance au genre de la comoedia. Il peut alors être intéressant de s'interroger sur ce genre théâtral : Plaute le revendique clairement comme cadre d'inscription de ses pièces, mais le genre comique semble jouer dans ses comédies une fonction supplémentaire. Notre travail cherche à interroger la spécificité du rapport de Plaute à la comédie, et met pour cela en lumière les différents moyens par lesquels la comédie plautinienne se désigne comme théâtre et plus spécifiquement comme comédie. La métathéâtralité, ou le fait de se désigner comme théâtre, apparaît alors comme un procédé ludique, qui cherche à jouer avec le spectateur et à susciter le rire. Notre travail vise également à montrer que certaines comédies de Plaute se constituent spécifiquement comme comédies à travers un jeu sur les genres littéraires de l'épopée et de la tragédie : Plaute proposerait ainsi ce que l'on peut appeler une métapoétique du genre comique. / Plautus is one of the only two Roman playwrights whose plays have been preserved. However, the Plautinian corpus remains a problematic object : among the 130 plays that circulated under Plautus' name in the Antiquity, only 21 have been transmitted to us – those identified by the grammarian Varro in the 1st century BC as characteristic of Plautus. No doubt that these plays belonging to the Plautinian corpus are comedies, for the poet had them performed as comedies in the ritual context of the ludi. Moreover, the text of the plays themselves, on various occasions, mentions them as belonging the the genre of the comoedia. For those reasons, it can be interesting to question the dramatic genre : Plautus claims it as a framework for his plays, but the comic genre seems to play a further part in his comedies. This work aims at questionning Plautus' relationship to comedy : to do so, it lights up the various means through which Plautinian comedy shows itself as theatre in general, and as comedy in particular. Metatheatre – the explicit self-consciousness of being theatre – thus appears as a ludic process which tries to play with the audience and to trigger laughter. This works also aims to demonstrating that some of Plautus' comedies draw their comic specificity from playing on the epic and tragic genres. One could talk about Plautus of a metapoetics of the comic genre.

Orientador: Maria Celeste Tommasello Ramos / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado investiga trechos de duas fases da revista Mulher-Maravilha roteirizadas por George Pérez (1987-1992) e Greg Rucka (2016-2017). O eixo teórico utilizado é o do maravilhoso como gênero narrativo identificado por Marinho. A autora estabelece alguns critérios de inserção de narrativas nesse grupo, sendo um deles o da intertextualidade com outras narrativas maravilhosas. Acreditando que esse seja o principal modo pelo qual Mulher-Maravilha se enquadra nesse gênero, utilizamos os pressupostos Samoyault para explorar a relação da revista com alguns mitos e contos de fadas. Também é feita uma categorização de um dos volumes analisados segundo as funções do conto maravilhoso de Vladimir Propp, outro critério estabelecido por Marinho. As análises são acompanhadas de ponderações a respeito do modo como as esferas mítica e maravilhosa interagem com a super-heroica, bem como uma reflexão que mostra os motivos pelos quais a superaventura em quadrinhos propicia o uso da intertextualidade. A conclusão mostra que a intertextualidade com o maravilhoso é ampla em Mulher-Maravilha, e sempre está atrelada à revisão dos valores presentes nos mitos e contos. Alinha-se, portanto, à tendência presente desde sua criação de usar histórias canônicas de forma revisionista, questionando-as, reinterpretando-as e atualizando seus valores para os novos tempos. / Abstract: This master thesis investigates excerpts of two runs of the Wonder Woman comic book: those written by George Pérez (1987-1992) and Greg Rucka (2016-2017). The theoretical guideline is Marinho’s view of the marvelous as a narrative genre. The author establishes a few criteria for classifying narratives as part of this group, one of them being the intertextuality with other marvelous narratives. This work uses Samoyault’s studies regarding intertextuality to explore how the comic book relates to both myths and fairy tales, as this seems to be the main mode of operation of the marvelous genre in Wonder Woman. One of the volumes of stories is also examined through Propp’s functions of the wonder tale since this method is another of Marinho’s parameters. The analyses are accompanied by discussions on how the mythic and marvelous spheres interact with the superhero one, as well as a reflection about why superhero comics encourage their study through the means of intertextuality. The conclusion shows that the dialogue with marvelous stories is broad in Wonder Woman and that it is always tied to the revision of their values. Therefore, the comic is aligned to a typical tendency of the character since her creation: using canonical stories in a revisionist fashion, questioning and reinterpreting them in a way that updates their values to the new times. / Mestre

This thesis is a serious study of humor – a seemingly contradictory task to wich I was drawn becasue of the possibilty of understanding society and public opinion through satire. More precisely, it explores the use of political satire in the Swedish comic magazines Söndagsnisse–Strix, Lutfisken and Joker during the Second World War. The comic press was an influential public commentator in Sweden whose satirical remarks not only shaped, but also corresponded with, the general understanding of social, political and economic conditions. Since the genre reached its pinnacle at the turn of the 20th century, and later was challenged by the daily press during the 1920s, its activity from the 1930s and onwards tends to be neglected. This thesis argues, however, that even though the number of comic magazines was radically diminished during the 1920s, those that survived continued to be influential by offering a unique type of opinion-forming satire, not least during th second world war when the Swedish government tried to restrict the freedom of the press. By understanding the satire in the comic press, mainly in the form of witty drawings, as a laughing mirror that reflects essential features of the society it comments in the form of parody, it further argues that the comic press offers a valuable insight into how political decisions and developments was understood and presented at the time. The analysis is structured around two main themes. The first one explores how the Swedish coalition-government and its domestic policies during the war was presented in satirical depictions. The study shows that the Swedish prime minister Per Albin Hansson was recurrently criticized, not least for the government's tendency to accommodate German complaints and demands during the beginning of the war, and thus deviating from Sweden's   proclaimed policy of neutrality. Apart from Per Albin Hansson, two of his goverment colleagues, minister of finance Ernst Wigforss and minister of justice KG Westman, was repeatedly criticized and ridiculed for the policies they were in charge of respectively. The government also received criticism for not taking appropiate action against domestic communist and Nazi movements, which were depicted as a menace to the Swedish society. The second part of the thesis explores how the political situation in the Nordic neighboring countries, that unlike Sweden did not manage to avoid the war, was commented and portrayed in satire. The analysis shows that it was common to express sympathy and admiration for their attempts at resisting occupation while at the same time mocking the aggressors. The thesis ends with the note that satire in general, and cartoons in particular, should be considered more often in the study of history and the shaping of public opinion. Unlike an editiorial, that demands time and effort from the reader, a satirical drawing has the potential of shaping peoples understanding of events in the blink of and eye due to its condensed message in the form of a snapshot.

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Abstract 1: Master Thesis - Investigating the relationship between the aesthetics of Black Metal and its ecological and nihilistic implications with contemporary painting, comics and Chaos Magick spiritual practice. Abstract 2: Documentation of solo exhibition titled Zurbaráns' Dream. The works take as a starting point the paintings of Saint Francis by Francisco De Zurbarán. The depictions of Saint Francis within Catholic mythology in the 16th/17th century used symbolic postures and objects to create paintings that were instructional for spiritual transcendence. My paintings are developed from an esoteric fiction manipulated by the process of lucid dreaming. They are inspired by Zurbaráns' 'dream' of using art and iconography as tools for spiritual transcendence.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las herramientas gráficas utilizadas para abordar temas de inclusión y diversidad en cómics de Marvel en los que un personaje reclame el título de un superhéroe ya existente con fines de inclusión. Bajo la hipótesis de que existe un uso recurrente de ciertas imágenes y herramientas gráficas al representar a minorías. Se analizaron cinco cómics bajo una muestra de máxima variabilidad de la diversidad representada: Spider-Man (raza), Captain Marvel (género) y Ms. Marvel (religión/etnia), sumando al personaje más antiguo, Hawkeye, y al más reciente, Captain Britain en Excalibur. Se generaron fichas de análisis centradas en la identificación de los elementos gráficos y narrativos del cómic, determinando las razones de su uso. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a especialistas, un artista actual de Marvel y una profesora universitaria. Se encontró una representación positiva del cuerpo femenino en cuatro de los títulos, aunque siguiendo cánones eurocentristas de belleza. Los cinco cómics de la muestra cuentan con personajes racialmente diversos. Sin embargo, su etnicidad es gráficamente ambigua en dos de ellos. Finalmente, en cuatro de los títulos se discuten de manera profunda las dificultades de las minorías representadas. A pesar de que existen herramientas gráficas y narrativas que son utilizadas de manera consistente, hay problemas en su implementación. Además, se identificó la importancia que tiene el cambio de nombre como herramienta narrativa en el paso de manto. En conclusión, es necesario que la diversidad sea clara gráficamente para que no sea ignorada, fortaleciendo los mensajes de la narrativa. / This research aims to analyze the graphic tools used to address topics related to social issues in Marvel comics in which a character claims the title of an existing superhero for inclusion purposes. Under the hypothesis that there is a recurring use of certain images and graphic tools when representing minorities. Five comics were analyzed under a sample of maximum variability of the represented diversity was used: Spider-Man (race), Captain Marvel (gender) y Ms. Marvel (religion/ethnicity), adding to them the oldest character, Hawkeye, and the most recent, Captain Britain. Using analysis cards, the graphic and narrative elements of the comics were identified and the reasons for its use were determined. In addition, interviews were conducted with specialists, a current Marvel artist and a university professor. A positive representation of the female body was found in four of the titles, although three were following Eurocentric beauty standards. The five comics in the sample feature racially diverse characters. However, their ethnicity is graphically ambiguous in two of them. Finally, in four of the titles the difficulties of the minorities represented are discussed in depth. Even though graphic and narrative tools of consistent use were identified, there are problems in their implementation. In addition, the relevance of the name change as a narrative tool in legacy heroes with shared titles was recognized. In conclusion, diversity needs to be graphically obvious so that it is not ignored, strengthening the messages of the narrative. / Trabajo de investigación

Alors que le corps des gens du peuple a inspiré beaucoup d'approches sociologiques et anthropologiques, notre recherche s’est focalisée sur les images du corps des personnages issus de l’aristocratie données par les dramaturgies comiques et tragi-comiques du XVIIe siècle français. Si la présence souvent héroïsée de cette catégorie sociale est de mise dans le genre dit « noble » de la tragédie, elle est, et selon une longue tradition aristotélicienne, bannie du genre comique considéré comme plus susceptible à accueillir le médiocre, voire le laid, physique et moral et de considérer les choses du corps.Basée sur un corpus d’une soixantaine de comédies et tragi-comédies datant de 1629 à 1690, notre étude des représentations des nobles a permis de dégager une esthétique toute particulière de leurs aspects physiques et de nous interroger sur la compatibilité entre ces personnages d'"honnêtes hommes" à ce point idéalisés et le rire. Cependant, pour mieux dire la présence plaisante du corps noble sur scène, nous avons recouru à une notion moins franche que celle de comique, celle de la drôlerie, qui réside entre l’agrément de la célébration des beautés des aristocrates concernés par l’action et la conscience plaisante des excès de cette perfection, entre la déconcertante inventivité, voire la grandeur, des nobles qui se déguisent et les éclats de rire qu'inspirent certains de leurs défauts/défaillances corporels, naturels ou acquis, entre le spectacle amusé de leur sensualité peu contrariée ou désinvolte, l’exultation suscitée par leur libertinage militant, qui fait réfléchir, et une sorte de malaise devant le cynisme de quelques-uns, entre l'admiration des talents de comédiens permettant les bons tours, grâce à une belle dextérité gestuelle, et la jubilation qu’inspire la réussite des protagonistes bien nés. Affleure souvent une certaine gravité des enjeux, quand il s'agit des désirs de liberté qu’expriment les corps sur scène, surtout lorsqu'on a affaire à des femmes, quand sont représentés des excès violents ou encore des comportements hypocrites. Autant d'impressions fort riches qu'amplifie la mise en espace et en voix par des comédiens qui laissent aussi entendre une sorte de mystère des mots. Toutes les nuances de la drôlerie, d'un comique qu'on perçoit comme un peu étrange, semblent avoir été expérimentées par nos poètes dramatiques pour faire accéder les nobles à la scène comique et, un temps, au genre mêlé de la tragi-comédie." / While the body of the common people has inspired many sociological and anthropological approaches, our research has focused on the study of the body image of aristocratic characters in french seventeenth century comic and tragic dramaturgies.Although the often heroic presence of this social category is part of the so-called "noble" genre of tragedy, it is, and according to a long Aristotelian tradition, banned from the comic genre considered more susceptible to the mediocre, even the ugly, physical and moral, and to consider things of the body. Based on a corpus of sixty comedies and tragicomedies dating from 1629 to 1690, our study of the physical images of the nobles then leads to a particular aesthetic that makes us question the compatibility between the often idealizing representation of the "honest men" and laughter. However, to highlight the pleasant presence of the noble body on stage, we referred to a more subtle notion than the comic, that of the drollery which lies between the approval of the celebration of the beauties of the aristocrats concerned by the action and the pleasant awareness of the excesses of this perfection, between the disconcerting inventiveness, even the grandeur, of the nobles who disguise themselves and the bursts of laughter inspired by some of their bodily or natural defects or failures, between the amused spectacle of their sensuality little annoyed or casual, the exultation aroused by their militant libertinism, which makes you think, and a kind of unease in front of the cynicism of the few, between the admiration of the talents of actors allowing good tricks, thanks to a beautiful gestural dexterity, and the jubilation inspired by the success of well-born protagonists. The stakes become even higher when it comes to the desire for freedom that the bodies express on stage, especially those of women when violent excesses or hypocritical behavior are represented. So many rich impressions that amplifies the setting in space and in voice by actors who also let hear a kind of mystery of the words. All the shades of drollery, of a comic that we perceive as a little strange, seem to have been experienced by our dramatic poets to bring the nobles to the comic scene and, at one time, to the mixed genre of tragi-comedy.

Orientador: Alvaro Luiz Hattnher / Banca: Márcio Roberto do Prado / Banca: Giséle Manganelli Fernandes / Resumo: Desde os anos 2000 os filmes de super-herói alcançaram grande sucesso, tanto de crítica quanto de bilheteria, devido à sua dependência nas adaptações de histórias em quadrinhos. Maior exemplo desse sucesso é o Marvel Cinematic Universe [Universo Cinematográfico Marvel], obra do Marvel Studios, já na marca de vinte e três longas-metragens, que tem o mérito de ter conseguido adaptar para o cinema (com a adição de séries de TV, web series, novelizações, parques temáticos e histórias em quadrinhos) o universo compartilhado criado por Stan Lee nos quadrinhos da editora Marvel Comics nos anos 1960, além de ter criado uma nova forma de produzir adaptações. Essencial para o êxito desse universo compartilhado foi o engajamento da parcela do público leitora do material adaptado, e sua ideia sobre autenticidade e fidelidade a respeito dele. Esse envolvimento dos fãs, e sua subsequente aprovação das adaptações permitiu, também, o oferecimento de um método diferenciado e eficiente de marketing para o restante do público: o vigésimo-segundo filme lançado pelo estúdio, Vingadores: Ultimato (2019), penúltimo filme da série de filmes que ficou conhecida como Saga do Infinito, iniciada em 2008 com o lançamento de Homem de Ferro, se tornou a maior bilheteria de todos os tempos, levando às salas de cinema fãs de longa data dos quadrinhos adaptados, espectadores ocasionais e pessoas que nunca se interessaram pelo gênero super-herói, mas que foram conferir o que faz desses filmes algo tão... / Abstract: Since the 2000s, superhero films have achieved both critical and box office success due to their reliance on comic book adaptations. The greatest example of this success is Marvel Cinematic Universe, a work of Marvel Studios, with already twenty-three feature films, which has the merit of being able to adapt to the cinema (with the addition of TV series, web series, novelizations, theme parks, and comics) the shared universe created by Stan Lee in the Marvel Comics in the 1960s, and created a new way of producing adaptations. Essential to the triumph of this shared universe was the engagement of the portion of readers of the adapted material, and their idea of authenticity and fidelity about it. This fan involvement, and their subsequent approval of the adaptations, also allowed for a differentiated and efficient marketing method to be offered to the rest of the audience: the twenty-second film released by the studio, Avengers: Endgame (2019), the second-to-last movie in the movie series known as The Infinity Saga, which began in 2008 with the release of Iron Man, has become the biggest box office of all time, bringing to the theaters long-time fans of adapted comics, occasional viewers, and people who have never been interested in the superhero genre but who have been checking out what makes these movies so appealing. To better understand how this fan engagement with MCU adaptations has influenced not only the shared universe and its expansion, but the setting of ... / Mestre

abstract: The world of speculative fiction infuses the soul with the hope of the imaginary. My dissertation examines Afrofuturistic liminal imaginary space and the ways it is experienced as life-giving spaces. The imaginary and the aesthetics it births are formularies for art forms that speak to the hope of a transformed future. Speculative fiction, although in the realm of the imaginary, is an enlivened approach to express in the present collective possibilities and hopes of the people within those very imagined futures. During the past three decades, particularly, Black speculative fiction has been increasingly at the core of the new cultural productions of literature, film, horror, comics, fantasy, and music which tell the story of African descendant people. Afrofuturism is an analytic for exploration of the liberative revisioning of Black humanity in the face of persistent practices of structural injustice. My project presents the phenomenological exploration of Black Speculative Thought (ST) as it comes alive through artistic liminal spaces of Afrofuturist comic and science fiction conventions. I argue that Black imaginary liminal spaces such as Comicon Culture offer respite, renewal, and locales for creative resistance to thwart persistent alienation and nihilism of Black humanity. Furthermore, it is within these spaces where intersubjective agency can be taken up as a countermeasure to the existential realities and dominant hegemonic existences of everyday life. I examine the process, events, and experience of Black imaginary as it comes alive as potentiated hope for alternative futures. My intention is to marshal the theoretical specters of Critical Afrofuturism, Africana Philosophy, and Womanist Thought in this task. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Women and Gender Studies 2019

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