Global ETD Search

21	Utilisation des bassins de rétention d'eaux pluviales dans les emprises routières par les amphibiens Milliard, Laura 13 December 2023 (has links) La restauration et la création de milieux humides sont des stratégies envisagées comme mesures de compensation à la perte de milieux humides naturels. Dans ce contexte, la création de bassins de rétention d'eaux pluviales lors de construction de routes figure parmi ces méthodes potentielles de compensation. L'objectif de mon projet était de quantifier l'utilisation de bassins de rétention par les amphibiens, en comparaison avec des milieux humides de référence. Ces bassins permettent la rétention des eaux de ruissellement provenant de surfaces imperméables qui sont chargées en polluants. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que les amphibiens utilisent davantage les milieux humides éloignés que les milieux humides près des routes et qu'à distance égale à la route, ils utilisent davantage les milieux humides naturels que les bassins de rétention. Nous avons évalué la présence d'adultes à l'aide de points d'écoute de chants d'anoures et le succès reproducteur à l'aide de décomptes de masses d'œufs et de têtards. Ces inventaires ont été effectués dans 20 bassins de rétention construits par le Ministère des Transports du Québec, 20 milieux humides naturels près des routes (< 50 m) et 20 milieux humides éloignés des routes (50 m - 500 m). La qualité des sites a été évaluée en mesurant des caractéristiques locales comme la taille de l'étang, la végétation, les propriétés physico-chimiques, l'hydropériode et des variables à l'échelle du paysage. Nos résultats révèlent que la conductivité et le pH sont plus élevés dans les bassins que dans les milieux humides naturels. Nos analyses n'ont dévoilé aucun effet des variables explicatives sur l'occupation des amphibiens aux stades de têtards et d'adultes d'anoures. Toutefois, l'abondance de masses d'œufs de salamandres fouisseuses diminuait avec l'augmentation de la conductivité et de l'hydropériode. Malgré certaines caractéristiques différentes des milieux naturels, les bassins sont utilisés par plusieurs espèces d'amphibiens pour la reproduction et le développement. La diminution d'application de sels de déglaçage devrait augmenter la qualité des milieux humides en bordure de route pour les communautés d'amphibiens. / Wetland restoration and creation are strategies considered to compensate for the loss of natural wetlands. In this context, the creation of stormwater retention ponds (hereafter, stormwater ponds) during road construction is a potential method of compensation. The objective of our project was to quantify the use of roadside stormwater ponds by amphibians. Roadside stormwater ponds allow for the storage of rainfall and run off. These waters are loaded with pollutants, such as road salts. We hypothesized that amphibian use of natural wetlands is greater than in roadside wetlands, and that at equal distances from the road, amphibians are more likely to use natural wetlands than stormwater ponds. We assessed adult presence using anuran call surveys and reproductive success using egg masses and tadpole counts. These surveys were conducted in 20 roadside stormwater ponds, 20 natural roadside wetlands (< 50 m), and 20 wetlands far from roads (50 m - 500 m). We evaluated site quality based on local characteristics such as pond size, vegetation, water physicochemical properties, hydroperiod, as well as landscape-scale variables. Our results revealed that conductivity and pH were substantially higher in ponds than in natural wetlands. Occupancy of adults and tadpoles did not vary with the pond and landscape-scale variables we considered. However, the abundance of mole salamander egg masses decreased with in creasing water conductivity and pond hydroperiod. Despite certain characteristics that differentiate them from natural environments, roadside stormwater ponds provide breeding and larval development habitat to several amphibian species. However, decreasing de-icing salt applications will increase the quality of stormwater ponds for amphibian communities. Amphibiens -- Effets des routes sur Bassins de retenue des eaux pluviales. Amphibiens -- Œufs. Anoures. Ambystomatidés.
22	Vliv náhrad škod při správě daní na administrativní náklady / The influence of compensations for damages occurring during tax administrative procedure on administrative expenses Divišová, Tereza January 2011 (has links) This diploma thesis deals with compensation for damages occurring during tax administrative procedure due to maladministration or unlawful decisions. The main aim of this thesis was to disclose influence of compensations for damages and administrative expenses of compensation procedure to the state's budget. Thesis concerns legal frame of compensations for damages, the first part of the compensation procedure which is held by the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic, specifically analysis of number of submitted applications for compensation, extent of acknowledged compensations and the most frequent reasons for acknowledgement of compensation. Further thesis deals with court proceedings and recourse against civil servants, which are eligible of causing damages. Significant part of thesis focuses to the estimation of administrative expenses spent in connection with compensation procedure and compares these expenses in years 2010 and 2011 considering the change in organization of state administration since 1. 1. 2011.
23	L'internationalisation des chaînes de valeur dans l'industrie de défense : le cas du naval / Value chains internationalization in the defense industry : focus on the naval industry Hérault, Paul 13 February 2018 (has links) L’internationalisation des chaînes de valeur fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches macroéconomiques ou ciblées sur des secteurs majoritairement civils. En se concentrant sur l’industrie de défense, cette thèse évalue comment ce processus de fragmentation fonctionnelle et géographique peut s’appliquer à un secteur hautement régulé par les Etats et dont les échanges internationaux sont très strictement encadrés.Cette recherche apporte plusieurs estimations du niveau d’internationalisation de l’industrie navale de défense française, à partir de données originales de Naval Group. Si les programmes relatifs à la dissuasion nucléaire sont très peu internationalisés, de nombreux facteurs concourent à l’internationalisation de la filière : exigences de contenu local et transferts de technologie des clients étrangers, intégration de technologies civiles ou duales, stratégies d’internationalisation. Enfin, le recours au concept de modularité permet de montrer que l’évolution du processus productif s’accompagne souvent d’une évolution de l’architecture des produits. / Many research works have already been dedicated to the internationalization of value chains. Whereas this research is often performed through macroeconomics or focused on civilian sectors, this thesis examines how the process of functional and geographic unbundling can apply to such a regulated sector as the defense industry, where exports are strictly controlled by states.Based on original data provided by Naval Group, this dissertation set out several estimates of the internationalization level of French navy programs. Although programs related to nuclear deterrence remain almost exclusively « made in France », many factors contribute to the internationalization of value chains in the naval industry: transfer of technology, local content requirements, integration of commercial or dual-use technologies, internationalization corporate strategies. Referring to the concept of modularity, this thesis reveals that changes in production process can foster innovation in product architecture. Stratégie d'internationalisation Chaînes de valeur mondiales Exportations d'armement Compensations Transfert de technologie Construction navale Industrie navale Navires militaires Sous-Marins Dissuasion nucléaire Stratégie d'acquisition Stratégie d'entreprise Modularité Chaînes d'approvisionnement , internationalization strategy Global value chains Value chains Defence trade Transfer of technology Shipbuilding Naval industry Warships Submarines Nuclear deterrence Procurement strategy Corporate strategy Modularity Supply chain 338.4
24	Analyse des estimations économiques des services écologiques pour faciliter leur intégration dans les processus décisionnels Bergeron, Stéphane 20 April 2018 (has links) L’objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre les valeurs des services écologiques obtenues par différentes méthodes d’estimation et de proposer des critères pour faciliter leur intégration dans les processus décisionnels. Dans le premier chapitre, une comptabilisation des services écologiques rendus par les milieux humides est présentée pour la région de la Minganie au Québec. Cette comptabilisation comporte trois parties, soit la comptabilisation des services écologiques, la comptabilisation du capital naturel et l’estimation de la valeur économique associée à la séquestration du carbone. La capacité d’utiliser ces estimations pour déterminer des valeurs de compensation est discutée. Dans le deuxième chapitre, les trois méthodes d’estimation suivantes sont analysés: les coûts de remplacement, les mesures du bénéfice marginal et les coûts des dommages évités avant de conclure sur l’importance de l’interprétation des différentes valeurs monétaires obtenues par ces méthodes, dans un contexte de prise de décisions. / The purpose of this paper is to understand the values of ecosystem services obtained from different estimation methods and to provide guidance to facilitate their use for landscape management decisions. In the first chapter, we present an accounting for the ecosystems rendered by wetlands in Minganie, Québec. The accounting is divided in three categories: ecosystem services, natural capital and carbon sequestration. We proceed to analyse how these values may be used in the field and suggest that further analysis of the underlying estimation methods would help in identifying their areas of applicability. The second chapter takes a closer look at three estimations methods: replacement cost, marginal benefit methods and damage avoided costs. From this analysis it is concluded that a careful interpretation of monetary values is needed to properly guide their use in the decision making process. HB 31.5 UL 2014 Méthode des coûts proportionnels
25	Methodological investigations on vegetation typology and phytogeography of rain forests of tropical Africa Senterre, Bruno B.M.L. 17 June 2005 (has links) I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata. II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park. The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum. Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand. III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria. Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc. With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine. Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon. plant diversity foothills refuge glacial refuge environmental stability conservation rarefaction curves individuals-area curves species-area curves compensations écologiques Guinée Equatoriale Monte Alén Monts de Cristal Réserve de Ndoté rainforest transgression Monte Alén Cristal mountains strate forestière sous-bois ensemble structural groupe écologique modèles architecturaux guilde types fonctionnels synusie genres monotypiques genres paucispecifiques diversité végétale courbes aire-espèces courbes individus-espèces courbes de raréfaction courbes aire-constance aire minimale morpho-espèces pléistocène constancy-area curves minimal area structural ensemble understorey ecological group synusia oligotypic genus Réserve de Biosphère du Dja Cameroun Quaternaire glaciation refuge glaciaire refuge de pied de massifs montagneux stabilité environnementale conservation transgression forestière phytosociology plant community phytogeography open classification non-zonal nested plots forest types IndVal morphospecies pleistocene littoral forest rain forest afromontane submontane altitudinal belt glaciation Quaternary Equatorial Guinea ecological equalization continentality continentalité étage d’altitude forêt littorale forêt dense humide afromontagnard submontagnard IndVal types forestiers phytosociologie phytogéographie classification ouverte azonal relevés emboîtés multistrates monotypic genus architectural model guild plant functional type Ndoté Reserve Cameroon Dja Biosphere Reserve forest stratum forest layer understory
26	Recherches méthodologiques pour la typologie de la végétation et la phytogéographie des forêts denses d'Afrique tropicale Senterre, Bruno 17 June 2005 (has links) I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.<p><p>II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.<p><p>The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.<p><p>Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.<p><p>III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.<p><p>Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.<p><p>With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.<p><p>Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.<p> / Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished Sciences exactes et naturelles Agronomie générale Phytogeography -- Africa, Sub-Saharan Forest surveys -- Africa, Sub-Saharan Phytogéographie -- Afrique noire Inventaires forestiers -- Afrique noire submontane afromontane rain forest littoral forest pleistocene morphospecies IndVal forest types nested plots non-zonal open classification phytogeography plant community phytosociology transgression forestière conservation stabilité environnementale refuge de pied de massifs montagneux refuge glaciaire glaciation Quaternaire Cameroun Réserve de Biosphère du Dja oligotypic genus synusia ecological group understorey structural ensemble minimal area constancy-area curves pléistocène morpho-espèces aire minimale courbes aire-constance courbes de raréfaction courbes individus-espèces courbes aire-espèces diversité végétale genres paucispecifiques genres monotypiques synusie types fonctionnels guilde modèles architecturaux groupe écologique ensemble structural sous-bois strate forestière Cristal mountains Monte Alén rainforest transgression Réserve de Ndoté Monts de Cristal Guinée Equatoriale compensations écologiques species-area curves individuals-area curves rarefaction curves environmental stability glacial refuge foothills refuge plant diversity altitudinal belt Quaternary Equatorial Guinea ecological equalization continentality continentalité étage d’altitude forêt littorale forêt dense humide afromontagnard submontagnard types forestiers phytosociologie phytogéographie classification ouverte azonal relevés emboîtés multistrates monotypic genus architectural model guild plant functional type Ndoté Reserve Cameroon Dja Biosphere Reserve forest stratum forest layer understory

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