La thématique de la gouvernance et du développement en vue de la concorde en République du Bénin (1960-2010) nous permet de comprendre que les échecs à l’union ou à l’unité en République du Bénin sont déjà des entorses à l’unification. Les Béninois n’ont jamais réussi à être sincères les uns vis à vis des autres. Les jeux de trahison qui ont existé entre eux depuis les temps royaux où les affres de guerres ont marqué négativement toutes les parties belligérantes ont perduré jusqu’aux temps modernes. Et, c’est l’absence de ce pardon réciproque pour une sincère réconciliation qui occasionne les crocs en jambes à la gouvernance concertée et concordante dans notre pays. Cette situation est source d’instabilité politique et sociale. Elle a développé des comportements tribalistes et ethniques qui se mutent en individualisme outré chez les concitoyens quoiqu’en soient les types de régimes politiques que nous engrangeons. Or, aucune économie ne peut être prospère si elle ne tient contre du vrai sens de l’équité. C’est ce qui occasionne le sous- développement de la République du Bénin. Les théories classiques de l’économie (« croissance d’abord, redistribution ensuite » de Lewis) échouent dans notre cas. Celles dites extrémistes (« redistribution d’abord, croissance ensuite ») échouent de même que celles relevant des modèles réformistes (« redistribution et distribution ou satisfaction des besoins humains essentiels »). Il faut donc décrire des perspectives d’amélioration de la qualité des ressources humaines, de l’économie, de la forme de gouvernance … en vue de la concorde pour l’échéance présidentielle de 2011-2016 et des suites possibles de gouvernance en République du Bénin. / The theme of governance and development for harmony in the Republic of Benin (1960-2010) allows us to understand that failures to the union or unit in Benin are already sprains to the unification. The Beninese has never managed to be sincere towards each other. The games of betrayal that existed between them since the days when the horrors of royal wars marked negatively all the warring parties have survived to modern times. And is the lack of mutual forgiveness for a sincere reconciliation which causes the tripped governance concerted and consistent in our country. This is a source of political and social instability. She developed behaviors that are tribal and ethnic mutate into excessive individualism among citizens albeit are the types of political regimes that we have achieved. However, no economy can prosper if it is against the true sense of fairness. This causes the underdevelopment of the Republic of Benin. The classical theories of economics ("growth first, then redistribution" of Lewis) fail. These so-Called extremists ("Redistribution first, then growth") fail as well as those covered by the models reformist ("distribution and redistribution or satisfaction of basic human needs ").We must therefore describe the prospects for improving the quality of human resources, economics, form of governance ... for harmony for the presidential term 2011-2016 and possible consequences of governance in the Republic of Benin.

This thesis examines Henry David Thoreau’s relationships with New England-based authors, publishers, and natural scientists, and their influences on his composition and professional development. The study highlights Thoreau’s collaboration with figures such as John Thoreau, Jr., William Ellery Channing II, Horace Greeley, and a number of correspondents and natural scientists. The study contends that Thoreau was a sociable and professionally competent author who relied not only on other major Transcendentalists, but on members from an array of intellectual communities at all stages of his career.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandra Bautista da Costa Dissertacao.pdf: 539830 bytes, checksum: 5a911666185ca0e5a1f7756c9106109f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / This study looked at the theme of friendship as it is presented in the American sitcom Friends. The research was carried out by focusing on metaphors and how these metaphors relate to friendship, love and other similar themes. In order to accomplish the aim proposed above, this research drew on Corpus Linguistics as well as on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Corpus Linguistics was used as a theoretical approach and methodology which takes into account large bodies (corpora) of natural linguistic data and a probabilistic view of language. In this study, several computer tools such as Concord, Collocates and Clusters in the software WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998) were employed. According to Lakoff (1993:203), metaphor can be understood as a cross-domain mapping in the conceptual system . The results showed there are several metaphors in the sitcom Friends that lead us to conceptualize friendship in many different ways, such as: LOVE IS CRAZYNESS, LOVE AS A JOURNEY, BOY/GIRLFRIENDS ARE SWEET, for example. As a general conclusion, we may say that the sitcom Friends draws on a number of metaphors centering around the theme of friendship which in turn lends consistency and thematic unit to the series as a whole. Moreover, in a sense, the series redefines friendship, by blending topics such as sex, childhood, youth and partnership. Arguably, part of the success of the series may be due to these / Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal propor o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas no corpus de estudo (seriado de TV Friends) e a categorização das mesmas em metáforas conceptuais relacionadas ao tema da amizade. A motivação do estudo surgiu da necessidade de ensinar vocabulário de inglês como língua estrangeira e do desejo de incorporar, no ensino, episódios do seriado norte-americano Friends. A escolha do corpus deveu-se a essa motivação adicional. Espera-se que em outra pesquisa possamos passar dos achados de pesquisa à sua utilização no contexto de ensino de línguas estrangeiras. Para que o propósito acima fosse realizado, esta pesquisa integrou duas áreas de pesquisa, a da Lingüística de Corpus e a da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual. A Lingüística de Corpus é uma abordagem teórica metodológica que se norteia a partir da observação de dados lingüísticos naturais e de uma visão probabilística da linguagem. Neste estudo, a Lingüística de Corpus fez-se presente, metodologicamente, por meio de várias ferramentas computacionais, como Concord, Collocates e Clusters, oferecidas pelo programa utilitário WordSmith Tools 3.0 (Scott, 1998). Tais ferramentas foram utilizadas para realizar o levantamento de metáforas lingüísticas, revelando, dessa forma, as metáforas conceptuais estudadas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002). Entende-se por metáfora um mapeamento entre domínios que faz parte de um sistema conceptual (Lakoff, 1993). Adotou-se, aqui, a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual como o arcabouço teórico que permitiu a identificação das metáforas do corpus do seriado Friends. Os resultados indicaram várias metáforas presentes no seriado Friends que remetem ao tema da amizade de diversas maneiras, como nos exemplos: AMOR É LOUCURA, AMOR COMO VIAGEM, NAMORADOS/AS SÃO COMO UM ALIMENTO DOCE, etc. A conclusão geral é que as metáforas freqüentes no seriado não somente dão a tônica ao conjunto dos episódios, dessa forma trazendo consistência a uma série longa como essa, mas também, e talvez principalmente, redefinem o conceito de amizade como o conhecemos, incorporando noções de sexo, infantilidade, jovialidade e companheirismo. Parte do sucesso da série pode ser, talvez, atribuída à escolha feliz e consistente de metáforas que aludem aos temas principais da série. A pesquisa pretende ter dado uma contribuição original para a área da Lingüística de Corpus na interface com a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, na medida em que integra questões referentes à sua visão de linguagem, com princípios teóricos e metodológicos referentes à aprendizagem de vocabulário por meio das metáforas conceptuais propostas por Lakoff e Johnson (1980/2002)

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-02-01T22:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Lory 22.05 NOVO (2).pdf: 9859593 bytes, checksum: 3d3161f2a0d5a78e1ed82c9d18b4dfb9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-01T22:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Lory 22.05 NOVO (2).pdf: 9859593 bytes, checksum: 3d3161f2a0d5a78e1ed82c9d18b4dfb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This dissertation undertakes an analysis of variation in number agreement in the noun phrase in 91 personal letters, edited by Santiago (2012), written between 1906 and 2000 by semi-literate Bahian inlanders, defined as "unskilled" (MARQUILHAS, 2000). It is a very rare type of documentation, offering indications of the popular variant of Brazilian Portuguese (BP). The research takes as the theoretical scope the Historical Linguistics stricto senso, in the terms defined by Mattos and Silva (2008) and the Labovian Sociolinguistics (LABOV, 1972), for whom the change must be explained not only by internal arguments to the system, but also by the external. From the analysis of the data, the linguistic and social factors that most conditioned the variation were identified, from two perspectives: the syntagmatic and the atomistic. In addition, we verified if the linguistic behavior of the writers of the letters that integrate the corpus in question present similarities and/or divergences with the results of previous works about this subject in the popular BP, in oral and written corpus, and in the acquisition of agreement. The results showed that the strategies most used by unskilled scribes regarding to the realization of the plurality marks in the NP are close to both the popular BP variants and to the constructs found in acquisition studies. The linguistic study carried out here may contribute to the characterization of the spoken language in the semi-arid region of Bahia, collaborating in general for the study of popular Portuguese in Brazil and, more specifically, in the rural Portuguese of Bahia. / Esta disserta??o faz uma an?lise da varia??o da concord?ncia de n?mero no sintagma nominalem 91 cartas pessoais, editadas por Santiago (2012), escritas entre 1906 e 2000 por sertanejos baianossemialfabetizados, definidos como ?in?beis? (MARQUILHAS, 2000). Trata-se de um tipo de documenta??o bastante rara, oferecendo ind?cios da variante popular do portugu?s brasileiro (PB). A pesquisa toma como escopo te?rico a Lingu?stica Hist?rica stricto senso, nos termos definidos por Mattos e Silva (2008) e a Sociolingu?stica Laboviana (LABOV, 1972), para quem a mudan?a deve ser explicada n?o somente por argumentos internos ao sistema, mas tamb?m pelos externos. A partir da an?lise dos dados, foram identificados os fatores lingu?sticos e sociais que mais condicionam a sua varia??o, sob duas perspectivas: a sintagm?tica e a atom?stica. Al?m disso, verificamos se o comportamento lingu?stico dos redatores das cartas que comp?em o corpus em quest?o apresenta semelhan?as e/ou diverg?ncias com resultados de trabalhos antecedentes em torno dessa tem?tica no PB popular, em corpus oral e escrito, e na aquisi??o de concord?ncia. Os resultados demonstraram que as estrat?gias mais usadas pelos escreventes in?beis, no que diz respeito ? realiza??o das marcas de pluralidade no SN, est?o pr?ximas tanto ?s variantes populares do PB,como ?s constru??es encontradas em estudos sobre aquisi??o. O estudo lingu?stico aqui realizado poder? contribuir, portanto, para a caracteriza??o da l?ngua falada na regi?o semi?rida da Bahia, colaborando, de um modo geral, para o estudo do portugu?s popular do Brasil e, mais especificamente, do portugu?s rural baiano.

This study examines the influences and factors that drive an international student to attend a specific higher education institution. Undergraduate, international students at Ball State University and Muskingum College were interviewed.The international students at those institutions had a variety of factors that played a role in their decision to attend either Ball State University or Muskingum College. These factors included location, academic programs, exchange programs, cost/finances, size of institution, family role, support available, and accessibility.A focused look at the students' background and the size of the institution was addressed. There was a lack of related literature on these points, yet the influence of these factors was quite important. / Department of Educational Studies

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Swedes writing in English construct number concord with collective nouns. This was done by studying three primary corpora: the Swedish English Newspaper Corpus (SWENC) and the press sections of Frown (American English) and F-LOB (British English). The findings were compared with the results in the Blogs in English by Swedes Corpus (BESC), Frown (American English) and F-LOB (British English). The SWENC contains texts from three online newspapers and one corporate newsletter in English, all of which are written by Swedes. The BESC contains texts from Swedes blogging in English. Frown and F-LOB contain texts from fifteen text genres in the 1990s. The results in the SWENC are discussed and compared with the press sections of F-LOB and Frown. The results are also compared with the BESC, Frown and F-LOB in order to see whether there is regional and stylistic variation. The results show that Swedes prefer singular verbal concord with collective nouns even though plural forms occur which seem to be closer to F-LOB Press (BrE) than Frown Press (AmE). In contrast, the SWENC differs from the press sections of Frown and F-LOB in constructing pronominal number. This difference could be influenced by Swedish usage which allows both singular and plural pronominal number with collective nouns. The study also shows that plural forms of political parties that seem to constitute collective units show variation in Sweden whereas such nouns take only plural concord in both American and British English.

Sverige rankas ofta som ett av världens mest jämställda länder och år 2015 uttalade den socialdemokratiska regeringen, med Margot Wallström i spetsen, sina utrikespolitiska ambitioner med avsikt att föra den feministiska kampen framåt. Regeringen menade nämligen att den svenska jämställdhetsmodellen, med dess verktyg för jämställdhetsintegrering, borde vara tongivande också på den internationella arenan. Studien har därmed ämnat att undersöka det feministiska utrikespolitiska fältet, där syftet varit att studera hur utrikesförvaltningen och regeringskansliet positionerar Sverige i en internationell kontext. Hur beskrivs svensk jämställdhetspolitik och vad innebär den feministiska utrikespolitiken i praktiken? Genom ett diskursanalytiskt angreppssätt i kombination med intersektionella- och postkloniala teoretiska ramverk, har materialet brutits ned och kritiskt granskats, för att framhäva vilka sanningsregimer och attityder som ligger latent inskrivna i regeringens språkbruk. Detta för att få förståelse för vilka motsättningar och målkonflikter som påverkar implementeringen av de 'universella jämställdhet' som proklameras. Vilka individer avser regeringen hjälpa?

<p dir="ltr">This dissertation presents a analysis of negation in a spoken language, i.e., Khuzestani Arabic (KhA), and a sign language, i.e., Sadat Tawaher Sign Language (STSL). STSL emerged naturally without any intervention such as deaf education after a man lost his hearing around sixty years ago in a small village named Sadat Tawaher located in southwestern Iran. After this incident, the deaf person's family came up with a gestural system to communicate with him. Despite the fact that everyone in Sadat Tawaher, including the deaf person's family, speaks KhA, I hypothesized that KhA and STSL possess different grammatical ways to express negation. Data gathered using signed productions, story-telling, and grammaticality judgments clearly showed that negation is preverbal in KhA but sentence-final in STSL. </p>

Text in English / This study explores the syntax of the substantive phrase, more especially substantive phrase composed of more than one qualificative, in Sesotho. Adopting interviews, questionnaires and documents, the study seeks to investigate the syntactic sequence of qualificatives, their relation to the modified head word and influence of such ordering pattern in the phrase. Structurally, qualificatives comprise two components, namely the qualificative concord and stem. The qualificative serves to give varied information about the implicit or explicit substantive resulting in seven types of qualificatives in Sesotho, be they the Adjective, Demonstrative, Enumerative, Interrogative, Possessive, Quantifier and Relative. From the Minimalist perspective, the qualificative is recursive. The study established a maximum of five qualificatives in a single phrase. The number is generally achieved by recurrence of the Adjective, the Possessive and the Relative up to a maximum of four of the same qualificative in a single phrase. It is observed that the recurrence of the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Enumerative and Quantifier is proscribed in Sesotho. Regarding the ordering of qualificatives, it is also observed that the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Quantifier and Possessive mostly occupy the position closer to the substantive while the Adjective, Enumerative, Possessive and Quantifier mostly occur in the medial position. The Possessive and Relative occur in the outer-border position of the phrase. Such a sequence is influenced by several factors including focus, emphasis, the nature of the relationship between the head word and the dependent element, the syntactic complexity of the qualificative and the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer about the qualified substantive. It can, therefore, be concluded that there are no strict rules of occurrence of the qualificatives in Sesotho. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-14T19:08:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Cristiane Alves de Lima Cardoso.pdf: 8436046 bytes, checksum: 76fe2df07bae2428df9c3861219f6c5e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T19:08:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Cristiane Alves de Lima Cardoso.pdf: 8436046 bytes, checksum: 76fe2df07bae2428df9c3861219f6c5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-20 / CAPES / This paper aims to present a pedagogical intervention proposal for the study of variable rule verbal agreement of the 1st person plural in the 6th grade of Elementary School, based on the diagnosis done in 2014, in a public school of Duque de Caxias. Three aspects were taken into consideration in the composition of this diagnosis: (1) a study based on the Labovian Variationist Sociolinguistic (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968) concerning the verbal agreement of the 1st person plural produced by 6th graders, (2) a survey carried out through a questionnaire of the beliefs and attitudes of Portuguese teachers of the school as to the use and study of this linguistic phenomenon and (3) an analysis of the pedagogical approach proposed by the coursebook chosen by the school. The results of the sociolinguistic study showed a considerable variation of the 1st person plural agreement in the student?s speaking and writing. The answers to the beliefs and attitudes test indicated that the pedagogical action around this variable phenomenon has concentrated on correction and reading practices. The analyzed coursebook does not consider the verbal agreement phenomenon explicitly, but presents an extensive grammatical study of verbs from which it can be concluded that it is up to the school teaching the explicit realization of bending 1st person plural. In developing the proposal itself, the theoretical methodological foundation was based on association between the Model of Continuous (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004), with an emphasis on the continuous stylistic monitoring and didactic-pedagogic approach of the collaborative apprenticeship (BEHRENS, 2013). / Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta de interven??o pedag?gica para o estudo da regra vari?vel de concord?ncia verbal de 1? pessoa do plural no 6? ano do Ensino Fundamental, elaborada a partir do diagn?stico realizado no ano de 2014, em uma escola da Rede Municipal de Duque de Caxias. Tr?s aspectos foram considerados na composi??o desse diagn?stico: (1) um estudo com base na Sociolingu?stica Variacionista Laboviana (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 1968) sobre o estatuto da concord?ncia verbal de 1? pessoa do plural produzida por alunos do 6? ano, (2) uma sondagem, por meio de um question?rio, das cren?as e atitudes dos professores de L?ngua Portuguesa da escola quanto ao uso e ao estudo desse fen?meno lingu?stico e (3) uma an?lise da abordagem pedag?gica proposta pelo livro did?tico adotado na unidade escolar. Os resultados obtidos no estudo sociolingu?stico revelaram uma acentuada varia??o da concord?ncia de 1? pessoa do plural na fala e na escrita dos estudantes. As respostas ao teste de atitudes e cren?as indicaram que a a??o pedag?gica em torno desse fen?meno vari?vel tem se concentrado em pr?ticas de corre??o e de leitura. O livro did?tico analisado n?o contempla explicitamente o fen?meno da concord?ncia verbal, mas apresenta um extenso estudo gramatical sobre verbos a partir do qual se conclui que ? escola cabe o ensino da realiza??o expl?cita da flex?o de 1? pessoa do plural. Para a elabora??o da proposta propriamente dita, procedeu-se, como fundamenta??o te?rico-metodol?gica, ? associa??o entre o Modelo dos Cont?nuos (BORTONI-RICARDO, 2004), com ?nfase no cont?nuo de monitoramento estil?stico, e a abordagem did?tico-pedag?gica de aprendizagem colaborativa (BEHRENS, 2013).