With the increasing mental health challenges, a growing demand for professional help can be seen. Despite their crucial role in society, the counseling profession is not sufficiently researched. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine counselors' ability to disconnect from work in their private lives in relation to workload. The study included 89 counselors, including 16 men, 72 women, and 1 identifying as other. The survey consisted of several background variables and two already well-developed measurement instruments, along with a self-created instrument. The analysis revealed that only the variable demand can explain 50% of the variation regarding spillover. The factors demand and control had the strongest correlation with the ability to disconnect from work. Furthermore, the analysis showed that women are more affected by work-related demand than men. Finally, the result demonstrated that a high level of health had a positive effect on spillover and the impact of the demand variable on the individual. The results allowed for further research, such as exploring the difference between 'old' and 'new' counselors.

Positive social support, realistic job demand, and appropriate levels of control over their responsibilities can mitigate empathy fatigue and burnout among nurses, increase quality care for patients, and lay the foundation for teams to embrace challenges during crises. The COVID-19 pandemic stretched nurses in all these areas, leading many nurses to contemplate changing fields. Failure to address and embrace the difficulties that nurses face during such crises can result in loss of nurses and impact the entire healthcare industry. The present study used one-to-one interviews to glean insider perspectives of changes in job demand, control, and support nurses experienced as they showed up to work in COVID-19 units. Results showed that the bridge to overcoming daily battles and stresses came primarily through supportive education and skill building, emotional support from peers, and venting after a challenging event. Keywords: social support, emotional support, informational support, moral injury, Demand-Control-Support Model

Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det fanns ett samband mellan variabler som kan påverka upplevd stress vid distansarbete. Frågeställningar som berördes var om det fanns samband mellan stress och variablerna; kvantitativa krav, arbetstempo, inflytande, erkännande, socialt stöd från överordnade och socialt stöd från kollegor samt vilken av variablerna som påverkade upplevd stress i högst grad. Studien undersökte även om det fanns skillnad i upplevd stress mellan kvinna och man samt om det fanns skillnad mellan ovan nämnda variabler gällande könen. Studien hade en kvantitativ ansats och metoden som användes var enkätundersökning där frågorna grundades på Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). Totalt antal respondenter var 62; av dessa var 44 kvinnor och 18 män. Åldersspannet var 26–66 år (M= 42.6, SD=9.1). Av enkätundersökningen framkom att det fanns signifikant korrelation mellan upplevd stress och kvantitativa krav samt arbetstempo. Gällande stress fanns ingen skillnad mellan kvinna och man, dock visade resultatet att viss skillnad fanns bland övriga variabler som ingår i studien. Studien visade även att det fanns skillnad i vilken variabel som påverkade upplevd stress i högst grad mellan könen. Utifrån resultaten kunde slutsatsen dras att delar av studien går att generalisera till befolkningen. / The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there was a correlation between variables that can affect perceived stress when working at distance. Questions that were addressed was whether there was correlation between stress and the variables; quantitative demands, work pace, influence, recognition, social support from supervisor and social support from colleagues and which of the variables influenced perceived stress to the highest degree. The study also investigated whether there was a difference in perceived stress between women and men and whether there was a difference between the above-mentioned variables regarding the sexes. The study had a quantitative approach and the method used was a questionnaire where the questions were based on Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ). The total number of respondents was 62; of which 44 were women and 18 were men. The age range was 26–66 years (M= 42.6, SD=9.1). The survey showed that there was a significant correlation between perceived stress and quantitative demands as well as work pace. Regarding stress, there was no difference between women and men, however, the results showed that there was some difference among the other variables included in the study. The study also showed that there was a difference in which variable affected perceived stress to the highest degree between the sexes. Based on the results, it could be concluded that parts of the study can be generalized to the population.

Nya ledningsstödsystem är under införande inom Försvarsmakten. För förband som verkar inom teknisk tjänst innebär detta nya förutsättningar för att lösa sina uppgifter. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur väl de ledningsstödssystem som är under införande är anpassade till verksamhetens krav inom Teknisk Bataljon och vilka förändringar som bör göras för att få en klok systemlösning. Styrande dokument inom teknisk tjänst har studerats och personer verksamma inom Teknisk Bataljon och Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt har intervjuats. Tekniskt finns det förutsättningar för att arbeta effektivt, men idag används flera olika system parallellt. Det är på fältet svårt att ha en gemensam teknisk lägesbild, där särskilt överblick av reservdelar och materiell status är viktigt. Det största hindret för detta är förmågan att i samma system verka mellan förband då transmissionsresurser kan vara olika eller saknas. Säkerhetskrav och förmågan att verka med andra nationer utgör även dessa hinder för att verka effektivt både nationellt och internationellt. Studien pekar på att systeminförandet inte kommer att leda till gynnsammast möjliga effekter då detta inte sker på tillräcklig nivå, eller är koncentrerat till ett system, för att lyckas med detta. Effektivare ledningsstödsystem möjliggör lättare och därmed rörligare tekniska förband. En klok implementering skulle ha både verksamhetsrationella och kostnadseffektiva vinster. / New Command and Control Support systems are being introduced within the Swedish Armed Forces. Military maintenance units are therefore presented with new conditions. This study aims to evaluate how well this implementing of systems is adapted to said organizations and what should be done to further improve the effects of this change. Directorial documents are studied and active personnel are interviewe to provide data for this study. There are technical solutions to put in place an effective use of maintenance units and today there are several systems used side by side. Sensemaking is hard to achieve on the field, in particular with important items like spare parts and technical systems. The largest hindrance is within transmission resources and common transmission system, which are sometimes different and sometimes absent. Information security and capability to exchange information with other nations restricts operational effect, both nationally and internationally. This study suggests that the implementation will not reach optimum effect since the changes doesn’t reach low enough within the organization, or are focused on a single system to achieve maximum effect. More effective Command and Control systems enable more mobile maintenance units. A wise implementation will lead to both rational operations and economical efficiency.

This master’s thesis investigates the contributing factors to Norwegian professional musicians’ psychological distress. Several researchers have pointed out that musicians seem to be a risk group in regards to mental health and work environment. In contrast, research regarding the explanatory variables of their mental health is scarce. Recently, a study indicated a high prevalence of psychological distress in Norwegian musicians. A qualitative study on Norwegian musicians reported a combination of family, social, and personal factors to be of particular importance regarding their mental health. The present study adds to the accumulated research base by conceptualizing contributing factors of musicians’ health in a job demands–resources framework, in which the total model as well as individual predictors are tested with a survey on 1,365 Norwegian professional musicians. Five out of ten hypotheses were supported using a hierarchical multiple regression procedure. Job demands and job control were positively related to psychological distress, whereas job-related social support, emotional stability and sense of mastery were negatively related to psychological distress. Work–nonwork interference, effort–reward imbalance and conscientiousness were not significantly related to the outcome. Unexpectedly, job control was positively related to psychological distress, which may have been influenced by the subjects’ levels of personal resources. Overall, the main findings was that a combination of contextual and personal variables were most influential, but that the work environment concepts investigated were only weakly or non-significantly related to musicians’mental health. The highest single contributors were emotional stability, sense of mastery and general social support, indicating that personal dispositions of emotionality, a strong sense of control over one’s life, and perceived social support from family and friends are of high significance for Norwegian professional musicians’ experience of anxiety and depression-like symptoms.

Sjukskrivningar för psykisk ohälsa orsakade av dåliga arbetsförhållanden i den sociala och organisatoriska arbetsmiljön är ett växande problem i samhället. Samtidigt finns lite forskning om arbetsförhållanden och hälsa ur ett salutogent perspektiv. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning upplevda arbetsförhållanden kan kopplas till självskattad hälsa ur ett salutogent perspektiv bland lagerarbetare på en arbetsplats. Studien är baserad på kvantitativa data. Univariat- och multipel linjär regressionsanalys har använts för att undersöka samband mellan arbetsförhållanden och hälsa. Resultatet visade på signifikanta samband mellan arbetsförhållanden och självskattad hälsa. Starkast samband fanns för stödjande arbetsförhållanden, tidsupplevelse och individuella inre upplevelser. Det innebär att det är betydelsefullt med ett gott socialt klimat på arbetsplatsen med tillgång till stöd från både arbetskamrater och arbetsgivaren, att arbetet upplevs som meningsfullt, att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter, att personalens utbildning matchar kraven i arbetet och att tidsupplevelsen är positiv genom att arbetsuppgifterna hinns med under arbetstid utan stress. Självskattad hälsa ökade med ålder men det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader utifrån kön, anställningsform, utbildning eller etnisk bakgrund. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) och krav-kontroll-stödmodellen som teoretiskt perspektiv. / Sick leave due to mental ill-health, caused by poor working conditions in the social and organizational work environment is a growing problem in the society. There is a lack of research on working conditions’ impact on health from a salutogenic perspective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which perceived working conditions can be associated with self-rated health from a salutogenic perspective among warehouse workers at a workplace. The study is based on questionnaire data. Univariat- and multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the relationship between working conditions and health. The result showed that there are significant associations between working conditions and self-rated health. The strongest associations were found with supportive working conditions, time experience, individual inner experinces, and health. This means that it is important to have a high social climate in the workplace with access to support from both colleagues and employer, that work is perceived as meaningful, to have opportunities for development, that personnel education matches the requirements for the job and that there is enough time to perform tasks without stress. Self-rated health increased with age but there were no significant differences by gender, employment status, education or ethnic background. The result has been discussed on the basis of sense of coherence (SOC) and the demand-control-support model as a theoretical perspective.

A sample of 816 metropolitan police officers in Thailand completed a survey consisting of a set of job characteristics, including job control, support, and job demands, in addition to measures of emotional labour (surface acting and deep acting), and a set of psychological outcomes, to test a proposition based on Karasek and Theorell's (1990) model. 1t was argued that the emotional labour requirements of police officers would act as a moderating factor that would impact adversely on their wellbeing. The survey instruments were translated and back-translated from the original English to Thai, and their psychometric properties were assessed through confirmatory factor analysis. Tests based on validation and cross-validation procedures indicated that the measurement model was valid and reliable. The effects of job characteristics on wellbeing were assessed through canonical correlation and hierarchical moderated multiple regression analyses. Results revealed that deep acting was inversely related to wellbeing, and had a moderating effect on the relationship between job demands and wellbeing/psychological distress. A moderating effect was also detected for surface acting on the relationship between co-worker support and wellbeing. Neither surface acting nor deep acting had a moderating effect on the relationship between job control and wellbeing/ psychological distress. Implications of the results and recommendations for future research are discussed together with methodological limitations of the study.

Bilden av lärares arbetssituation som presenteras i media är vanligtvis negativt vinklad. Exempelvis visar en undersökning att endast en tredjedel av lärarna upplever sin psykosociala arbetsmiljö som god. Ungefär hälften av de upplevda problemen med arbetsmiljön kan härledas till den administrativ arbetsbelastning. Trots detta upplever majoriteten av lärarna i grundskolan sitt arbete som meningsfullt och känner stöd från sina kollegor. Det finns således två parallella och delvis motstridiga bilder av hur lärare upplever sin arbetssituation. Syftet med denna studie var att utifrån ett salutogent perspektiv undersöka vilka frisk- och riskfaktorer lärarna på en F-6 skola anser att de har på sin arbetsplats samt hur dessa faktorer kan påverka lärarnas upplevelse av hälsa i sitt arbete. Metoden som användes vid datainsamlingen var kvalitativa individuella intervjuer med sex lärare. Resultatet visade en delad bild av lärarnas upplevelser av sin arbetsmiljö. De friskfaktorer som var starkast och som lärarna var mest samstämmiga kring var elevarbetet och meningsfullheten kring de elevnära arbetsuppgifterna samt det stöd de upplevde från arbetskolleger och chefer. Majoriteten av lärarna menade att de upplevde obalans mellan elevarbete och övrigt arbete. Lärarna menade att dokumentation och andra uppgifter tog större utrymme av deras arbetstid än vad de önskade och flera av dem uttalade önskemål om att få mer tid för planering av lektionerna. Konklusionen är att lärarna mår bra av och tycker om att undervisa och vill ha mer tid för detta. / The image of teachers' work situation as presented in the media is usually negatively biased. For example, a survey shows that only a third of the teachers perceive their psychosocial work environment as well. About half of the perceived problems with the work environment can be traced to the administrative workload. Despite this experience the majority of teachers in primary schools finds their work meaningful and feel support from their colleagues. There are thus two parallel and sometimes contradictory images of how teachers perceive their work situation . The purpose of this study was that from a salutogenic perspective examine the healthy and risk factors teachers on an F-6 school experienced in their workplace and how these factors can affect teachers' perception of health in their work. This may be the basis for continued health promotion efforts at teacher workstations. The method used in the data collection was qualitative individual interviews with six teachers. The results showed a split image of teachers' perceptions of their work environment. The health factors that were strongest and that the teachers were most consistent about was teaching and the meaningfulness around the work with the pupils, the duties and the support they experienced from work colleagues and managers. The majority of teachers felt that they perceived imbalance between the work with the pupils and other work. The teachers felt that documentation and other tasks took up more space in their working time than what they wanted and many of them expressed a desire to have more time for planning lessons. The conclusion is that teachers feel good and like teaching and want more time for this.

Work-related stress can be either positive or negative, but the difficulty is to create a balance between demands at work, control at work and social support. High demands at work can both motivate, but at the same time result in excessive workload if the individual does not have enough control and support. In the real estate sector, it is insufficient with studies among work-related stress and by that it is interesting to investigate that sector. The purpose of this study is to examine and get an insight of the work related stress at the real estate company Kungsleden. The study is based on the “Job demand-control-support” model, which explains the relationship between psychological demands at work, control at work and social support and how it affects the stress level. In addition to this, the study also aims to investigate how the management is working with preventing work related stress. To be able to explain the purpose of the study, a method triangulation was conducted, in form of a questionnaire and interviews. The questionnaire received 34 answers and nine interviews were conducted. The result from the questionnaire show that the majority are positively stressed and are experiencing high work demands, high levels of work control and high levels of social support. Furthermore, the interviews presented that the management are actively working to prevent work-related stress at Kungsleden to create a health-promoting workplace. / Arbetsrelaterad stress kan både vara positiv eller negativ, det svåra är att skapa en balans mellan arbetskrav, arbetskontroll och arbetsstöd. Höga arbetskrav inom verksamheten kan både motivera, men samtidigt leda till en för hög arbetsbelastning om individen inte har tillräckligt med kontroll och stöd. Inom fastighetsbranschen är det bristfälligt med studier kring ämnet och därmed är det intressant att undersöka branschen. Syftet med studien blir således att få en insikt i hur den arbetsrelaterade stressen upplevs inom fastighetsbolaget Kungsleden. Studien grundar sig på “Job demand-control-support” modellen som förklarar sambandet mellan arbetskrav, arbetskontroll samt arbetsstöd och hur de påverkar stressnivån. Studien undersöker även hur ledningen på Kungsleden arbetar med det förebyggande arbetet kring arbetsrelaterad stress. För att besvara studiens syfte genomfördes en metodtriangulering, i form av en enkätundersökning och intervjuer. Enkätundersökningen gav 34 stycken enkätsvar och det genomfördes nio stycken intervjuer. Resultatet från enkätundersökningen påvisade att majoriteten är positivt stressade och därmed upplever höga arbetskrav, hög arbetskontroll och högt socialt stöd. Från intervjuerna framgick det att ledningen arbetar aktivt med att förebygga arbetsrelaterad stress på Kungsleden för att skapa en hälsofrämjande arbetsplats.

I det komplexa och moderna arbetslivet förändras både människor och organisationer. Detta leder till att hälsofrämjande på arbetsplatser får en allt större betydelse i samband med att alla förändringar ställer nya krav på organisationer och dess anställda. Syftet med studien var att undersöka på vilka sätt chefer aktivt arbetar för att främja och bibehålla den arbetsrelaterade hälsan hos medarbetare. Det genomfördes kvalitativa telefonintervjuer med åtta första linjens chefer, vilka var aktiva inom skolverksamheten, fritidsgårdsverksamheten, rättspsykiatriska vården och kommunen. Intervjuerna bearbetades genom tematisk analys, något som visade att chefer främjar och bibehåller sina medarbetares hälsa genom att ge medarbetarna möjlighet till kontroll och delaktighet i arbetet samt genom ett närvarande och stöttande ledarskap. Studien ansågs vara praktiskt användbar av nuvarande och framtida chefer som vill arbeta hälsofrämjande samt av intresse för de undersökta arbetsplatserna där studien kan fungera som ett synliggörande underlag kring det hälsofrämjande arbetet.