Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-28T20:31:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 michelecristinaramosgomes.pdf: 956203 bytes, checksum: 7fe1a8107e95314a6f065f95f8d8fd01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T21:48:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 michelecristinaramosgomes.pdf: 956203 bytes, checksum: 7fe1a8107e95314a6f065f95f8d8fd01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T21:48:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 michelecristinaramosgomes.pdf: 956203 bytes, checksum: 7fe1a8107e95314a6f065f95f8d8fd01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar reflexões linguísticas e sociais sobre os fenômenos ideológicos (THOMPSON, 1995) que envolvem o tema “feminismo” na comunicação de massa, especialmente na mídia impressa, realizando uma comparação histórica sobre a abordagem do tema. Para isso, o jornal O Globo foi selecionado como objeto de análise, pois é um importante meio de comunicação de massa (MCQUAIL, 2003) no país. Os textos escolhidos para análise referem-se a recortes temporais realizados de 1925 a 2016. Assim, reconhecendo a importância da comunicação de massa como o local para a produção e a propagação da ideologia (THOMPSON, 1998), através de uma perspectiva qualitativa com base na Análise Crítica do Discurso (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001[1989],1992,1995) e considerando os gêneros textuais (MARCUSCHI, 2005) historicamente situados, buscamos refletir sobre as representações ideológicas do feminismo e das lutas pelos direitos das mulheres realizadas no jornal. O termo já aparecia nos jornais desde 1925, evidenciando a preocupação da mídia impressa em posicionar-se sobre o assunto. Conforme notamos, ao comparar historicamente os dados, a abordagem realizada por essa mídia sobre o assunto é ora positiva, ora negativa, conforme os interesses desse meio de comunicação e mediante à época. / This work aims to carry out linguistic and social reflections on ideological phenomena (THOMPSON, 1995) which involve the theme "feminism" in mass communication, especially in the print media, making a historical comparison on the approach of this subject. For this, the newspaper O Globo was selected as an object of analysis, since it is an important mean of mass communication (MCQUAIL, 2003) in the country. The texts chosen for analysis refer to time cuts made from 1925 to 2016. Thus, recognizing the importance of mass communication as the locus for the production and propagation of ideology (Thompson, 1998), through a qualitative perspective based In Critical Discourse Analysis (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001 [1989], 1992, 1995) and considering textual genres (MARCUSCHI, 2005), we seek to reflect on the ideological representations of feminism and struggles for women's rights in the newspaper. The term “feminism” had appeared in the newspapers since 1925, evidencing the concern of the print media to position themselves on the subject. As we have seen, in comparing the data historically, the approach taken by this media on the subject is sometimes positive, sometimes negative, according to the interests of this medium and through the time.

Author: Amanda Hedberg & Julia Rindhagen   Title: “If we come to Sweden ...Will they welcome us?” A qualitative studie of how the representation of refugees have changed over time in the genre reportage in the newspaper Aftonbladet. Location: Linnaeus University  Language: Swedish  Number of pages: 41 The aim of this study was to examine if there were any differences in how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet represented refugees over time. The main question examined was: How do the newspaper Aftonbladet represent refugees in the genre reportage over time? We added three more questions in order to get a more precise result. The questions were: Which discourses were found in the years 1995, 2005 and 2015, were there any differences or similarities? Have the representations of the actors of the text changed?  How can the texts contribute to stereotypes of refugees in order of the postcolonial theory with focus of “us” and “them”?  We made a critical discourse analysis of 15 reportages over time. Five reportages of three different years; 1995, 2005 and 2015. The result showed that Aftonbladets representation of the refugees over time in the genre reportage had an up going curve in the focus area of “us” and “them”. Through all the examined years, the refugees were described as victims. In 2005 Aftonbladet started to represent the refugees as “the others” and in 2015 the refugees started to be described as “a threat”.

The aim and purpose of this study is to explore how the Western media, more precisely six British newspapers, portrays the Kurdish female fighters of the Women’s Protection Units and the Peshmerga, who today are fighting against Deash in Northern Iraq and Syria. There have been a growing media interest in the Kurdish female fighters since the rise of Daesh, and they were an often recurring subject in newspapers and other media platforms during 2014 and 2015. I have collected 32 articles from six different newspapers, and applied a framework consisting of six different frames developed by Brigitte L. Nacos together with theories of media framing and social constructivism. The methodology is conducted as a critical discourse analysis, inspired by Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional model.     In the articles, the Kurdish female fighters are portrayed as a different phenomenon, however, the articles still describes them as brave and dignified fighters who are rational in their understanding of what they are fighting for and what they are sacrificing. They are portrayed as being motivated by issues such as equality and female liberation in contrast to Deash anti-female values. The previous research conducted by feminist scholars often focuses on that the media portray women, who conduct acts of political violence, in a negative ways, such as deviants who are lacking traditionally stereotypical feminine characteristics or that their looks are in focus instead of their motivations. However, I have drawn the conclusion that there is more to how the Kurdish female fighters are portrayed then what one would think.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur skandaler där statliga myndigheter är inblandade skapas i relation mellan tryckta medier och myndigheters egna uttalanden. Detta görs utifrån ett diskursteoretiskt perspektiv genom att undersöka vilka diskurser som konstrueras och fungerar konstituerande i skandalernas utveckling. Utöver den kritiska diskursteorin tar vi även hjälp av  teorier om intryckshantering och medialisering för att analysera empirin genom en kritisk diskursanalys. Metodvalet har gjorts på grund av dess anknytning till det kritiska diskursteoretiska perspektivet som ser diskurser och sociala praktiker som ömsesidigt konstituerande och konstituerade. Den empiri som analyserats är hämtad från de svenska dags- och kvällstidningarna Dagens Industri, Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet samt Transportstyrelsens och Pensionsmyndighetens egna uttalanden från respektive myndighets webbsida. Det huvudsakliga resultatet av studien var att myndigheter tenderar att svara efter den rapportering som sker i tryckta medier och anpassa sin kommunikation därefter. De tryckta medierna har därigenom makten att utmana och sätta diskursen kring det normbrott som skandalen innebär. En diskurs som myndigheterna därmed tvingas bemöta och utmana för att undvika att den egna verksamheten uppfattas som avvikande i förhållande till denna diskurs. / The purpose of this paper is to investigate how scandals involving government agencies are created in relation to print media and authorities’ own statements. This is done from a discourse theoretical perspective by investigating the discourses that are constituted and functioning in the development of scandals. In addition to the critical discourse theory, we also use theories of impression management and medialization to analyze the material through a critical discourse analysis. The choice of critical discourse analysis as the methodology has been made because of its connection to the critical discourse theory, which sees discourses and social practices as mutually constitutive and constitutional. The analyzed material has been taken from the Swedish daily and evening newspapers Dagens Industri, Dagens nyheter and Aftonbladet, and Swedish Transport Agency’s (Transportstyrelsen) and Pension Authority’s (Pensionsmyndigheten) own statements from the respective authorities website. The main result of the study was that authorities tend to respond to the reporting in print media and then adjust their communication accordingly. The printed media thus have the power to challenge and discourage the norm violation that the scandal implies. A discourse that the authorities are therefore forced to respond to and challenge to avoid their own activities being perceived as deviating in relation to this discourse.

The aim of this study was to examine how female and male murder perpetrators are represented in Swedish news journalism. We examined four specific murder cases, with two female and two male perpetrators, and the questions examined were: How are female and male perpetrators represented in news journalism, and what differences and similarities can be found in these representations? We made a critical discourse analysis of 21 news articles, published between the day of the crime and the day of the verdict, from the tabloids Aftonbladet and Expressen. The result shows that female perpetrators are represented as driven by their emotions, either as victims for unrequited love or as evil, jealous women. Male perpetrators, on the contrary, are represented with attributes that are associated with masculinity. The reporting of female perpetrators is also more intense and dramatically structured. Our study also shows similarities between perpetrators regardless of gender. They are represented as cold hearted and deviant, and the news articles are constructed almost as fiction, with sensational writing and dramatic storytelling.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work explores the discursive construction of gender in advertising. Our aim will be to analyze gender relations in advertisements published in magazines in order to examine feminineness in relation to masculineness. The corpus contains ten advertisements (five contain feminine representations and the other five advertisements contain masculine representations). Since printed advertising is characterized by multimodality, the analysis includes verbal and non-verbal texts. In order to analyze these texts, we propose a dialogue between two approaches: the critical discourse analysis model in three levels (social practice, discursive practice and text) according to Fairclough (2001) and the word s meaning according to Bakhtin (1979) as a specific analytical category. In order to analyze images, parameters of the grammar of visual design proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996) were adopted. It was possible to confirm with this research that the meanings produced by words in the discursive practice go beyond meanings presented in dictionaries. The signs put in movement by subjects in discourse conveys ideological orientations that help to maintain or transform the actual social order. The results obtained with verbal and non-verbal texts demonstrate gender asymmetries and the occurrence of stereotypes and prejudices that still persist in our society. Based on these observations, advertising discourse helps to create and maintain not only identities, but also models of behavior that reinforce disparities. / Este trabalho aborda a construção discursiva do gênero social na publicidade. Nosso objetivo será analisar as relações de gênero em anúncios publicados em revistas, verificando as feminilidades em relação às masculinidades. O corpus do estudo consiste em dez anúncios, sendo que cinco contêm representações femininas, e os outros cinco contêm representações masculinas. Como a publicidade impressa tem a característica da multimodalidade, as análises abrangem os textos verbais e não-verbais. Para as análises, propomos um diálogo entre abordagens: o modelo de análise de discurso crítica em três níveis (prática social, prática discursiva e texto) de Fairclough (2001) e o sentido da palavra segundo Bakhtin (1979) como categoria analítica específica. Na análise das imagens, foram utilizados parâmetros propostos pela gramática do design visual de Kress e van Leeuwen (1996). Com a pesquisa, foi possível confirmar que os sentidos produzidos pelas palavras na prática discursiva vão muito além dos significados apresentados no dicionário. Os signos colocados em movimento pelos sujeitos no discurso trazem em si orientações ideológicas que ajudam a manter ou transformar a ordem social vigente. Os resultados obtidos, tanto com os textos verbais, quanto com os visuais, demonstram assimetrias de gênero e ocorrência de estereótipos e preconceitos que ainda persistem em nossa sociedade. Com base nessas observações, o discurso publicitário ajuda a criar e manter não só identidades, mas também modelos de comportamento que reforçam as disparidades.

La présente recherche vise à explorer des formes multiples de silence représentées dans un film et à étudier la façon dont le silence a été perçu et conçu par des cinéastes femmes selon la perspective de l’analyse critique de discours (ACD). Dans ce contexte, nous avons choisi quatre longs métrages produits durant le XXIe siècle par quatre femmes cinéastes originaires de deux milieux culturels différents — à savoir les États-Unis et la Tunisie, à travers lesquels nous avons abordé notre problématique. Nous avons adopté l’approche développée par Fairclough (1989) qui consiste en trois étapes analytiques : description, interprétation et explication, combinant pragmatisme et analyse sémiotique. Cette recherche introduit également le concept de ‘voicing’ en référence aux signes sémiotiques et aux techniques cinématographiques qui sous-tendent la signification du silence et sa dimension pragmatique. Les résultats de l'étude démontrent que l'utilisation de ‘voicing’ s’avère un moyen efficace pour créer une méthode systématique d'analyse du silence au cinéma. Ils montrent également qu’en dépit des différences, des thèmes abordés et du contexte socio-culturel des cinéastes, il existe un dénominateur commun entre les quatre films, à savoir leur positionnement féministe ou pro-féministe.En outre, il ressort de notre analyse que les films en question constituent des barrières de résistance à l'hégémonie patriarcale du cinéma grand public qui sont fortement influencées par les perceptions individuelles des cinéastes, leurs expériences personnelles et le contexte culturel auquel elles appartiennent. / The current research aims to explore several of the manifold states of silence represented in film and to investigate how silence and silencing have been perceived and conceived by female filmmakers from a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective.This is achieved by examining the case studies of four feature films produced in the twenty-first century by four female filmmakers from two different cultural backgrounds–namely the USA and Tunisia. Research questions are qualitatively applied to a corpus of four films, following Fairclough’s (1989) three analytic stages: description, interpretation and explanation, using pragmatics combined with semiotic analysis. The thesis also introduces the concept of ‘voicing’ with reference to the semiotic signs and film techniques that underpin the meaning of silence and its pragmatic dimension.The findings of the study show that using ‘voicing’ has proved to be effective in creating a systematic method of analyzing silence in films. They also show that even though the cinematographic practices, the themes dealt with and the socio-cultural background of the filmmakers may be different, there is a common denominator between the four films: their feminist or pro-feminist agenda.Further, it argues that the films under discussion may be considered as barriers of resistance to the hegemonic patriarchal mainstream cinema and that these barriers are strongly influenced by the filmmakers’ own individual perceptions, personal experiences and cultural background.

Vår studie undersöker fenomenet ekokammare och hur den manifesterar sig på svenska nyhetsmediers Facebooksidor. Vårt material består av fem opinionsartiklar från fem olika dagstidningar, samt kommentarsfält tillhörande dessa opinionsartiklar. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består av två huvudteorier: selektiv exponering och Faircloughs kritisk diskursanalytiska teori. Faircloughs kritiska diskursanalys utgör också vår huvudmetod, som vi använder för att analysera den diskursiva praktiken som sker i opinionsartiklarna och dess tillhörande kommentarsfält. Resultatet visar att en ekokammare går att tyda på nästan alla kommentarsfält, vilket kan tyda på en politisk polarisering i hur läsare konsumerar svenska nyhetsmedier. / Our study examines the phenomenon echo chamber and how it manifests itself on Facebook pages of Swedish news media. Our material consists of five opinion articles from five different Swedish newspapers, as well as the comments section connected to the opinion articles. The study’s theoretical framework consists of two main theories: selective exposure and Fairclough’s theory of critical discourse analysis. Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis also constitute as our main method, which we use to analyse the discursive practice used in opinion articles and comments sections connected to them. The result shows that an echo chamber is observable in almost all of the comment sections, which indicates a political polarization in how readers consume Swedish news media.

In 2011 the International Association of Athletic Federations (IAAF) published the Regulations on Hyperandrogenism, a health policy banning female athletes from track and field competition if their natural levels of testosterone were found to be higher than those of most female athletes. In 2014, Dutee Chand, a sprinter from India, was banned from competition based on these regulations. She appealed her ban in the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and as a result the 2011 IAAF Hyperandrogenism Regulations were suspended for two years. The issues at stake in the suspension of these regulations are, at their core, rhetorical issues related to health and medical technical communication: how information about health and medicine is communicated to stakeholders, the ethics of such communication, and the implications of such communication. They are also issues related to the medical regulation of sex and gender: Chand’s case is the latest in a history of sex verification testing of elite female athletes that began well before 2011. In this study I use feminist critical discourse analysis methods within the computer assisted qualitative analysis software program NVivo to analyze the 2011 IAAF Hyperandrogenism Regulations and the transcript of the CAS Award that suspended them. I argue that the 2011 IAAF Regulations and the CAS Award are an example of what I describe as a closed, Foucauldian system, which is not open to outside voices, stakeholders, expertise, or evidence. I also argue for the use of a heuristic alongside a feminist technical communication perspective on health and medical rhetorics that technical communicators might use to insert themselves into closed Foucauldian systems such as this one in order to enact positive change.

The current study set out to shed light on the performances that 2016 US presidential candidates used during their interventions on the late-night comedy shows. Following the methodologies ofCritical Discourse Analysis, the aim of the thesis was to uncover and, therefore, analyze, the type of discourses that candidates used in the shows and how they combined them. There was establisheda special focus on the rhetorical styles used by each candidate, as well as the emotional content ofthe discourses, unexpected situations and comedy performances, with the aim to find the elements which lead to virality. This study reveals the rhetorical strategies used by politicians through ananalysis of the political and personal discourses they used in late-nigh comedy shows. According tothe results, the political discourse is most prevalent during the interview than the personal, which isused to start conversations and evoke personalized emotions. The study provides insights upon the elements found in politicians’ discourses on the late-night circuit that lead to achieve virality on social media.