Larvae of Pareuchaetes insulata were released in South Africa for the biological control of the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata. Pareuchaetes insulata has proved to be a difficult agent to establish in the field in South Africa, for various possible reasons. Populations collected from Florida and Jamaica (their aboriginal home) were released separately at several sites each in South Africa, but only one population (Florida) was definitely established. It is possible that adults from this established population interbred with adults from the Jamaican population released at nearby sites. The aims of this study were to determine whether there were any differences in biology between the two populations and whether hybridization affected the fitness of either. Trials involved: (i) pure-breeding of both Florida (F) and Jamaica (J) populations; (ii) cross-breeding of the two populations and; (iii) back-crossing of the hybrids with the parent populations. The fitness of these populations was determined by measuring adult longevity and fecundity, egg viability, and larval development and survival rates. The F population was superior to the J population in most of parameters measured, including fecundity. Hybridization of these populations reduced the fitness of the F population. It is unknown whether these differences in fitness reflect differences in their native regions, laboratory cultures or response to South African C. odorata. It appears that different populations of P. insulata have different levels of fitness, and that hybridization negatively affects the fitness of stronger populations. The lower fitness of the J population may have reduced its likelihood of establishing successfully, and even reduced the fitness of the established F population where the populations came into contact. These results caution that the possible consequences of mixing different genotypes of a biocontrol agent species should be properly investigated prior to their release in the same country. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Seeking to navigate and explore diasporic identity, as reflected in and by transatlantic narrative spaces, this thesis looks to three very different novels birthed out of the Atlantic context (at different points of the Atlantic triangle and at different moments in history): Our Sister Killjoy or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint (1977) by Ama Ata Aidoo, The Chosen Place, The Timeless People (1969) by Paule Marshall and Crossing the River (1993) by Caryl Phillips. Recognising the weight of location – cultural, geographic, temporal – on the literary construction of transatlantic identity, this thesis traces the way in which Aidoo, Marshall and Phillips use fictional texts as tools for grappling with ideas of home and belonging in a world of displacement, fracture and (ex)change. Uncovering the impact of roots, as well as routes (rupta via) on the realisation of identity for the diasporic subject, this study reveals and wrestles with various narrative portrayals of the diasporic condition (a profoundly human condition). Our Sister Killjoy presents identity as inherently imbricated with nationalism and pan-Africanism, whereas The Chosen Place presents identity as tidalectic, caught in the interstices between western and African subjectivities. In Crossing the River on the other hand, diasporic identification is constructed as transnational, fractal and perpetually in-process. This study argues that in the absence of an established sense of terra firma the respective authors actively construct home through narrative, resulting in what Erica L. Johnson has described as terragraphica. In this way, each novel is perceived and explored as a particular terragraphica as well as a fictional lieux de mémoire (to borrow Pierre Nora’s conception of “sites of memory”). Using the memories of transatlantic characters as (broken) windows through which to view history, as well as filters through which the present can be understood (or refracted), are techniques that Aidoo, Marshall and Phillips employ (although, Aidoo’s use of memory is less obvious). Tapping into various sites of memory in the lives of the fictional characters, the novels themselves become mediums of remembering, not as a means of storing facts about the past, but for the ambivalent purpose of understanding the impact of the past on the present. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In ’n poging om diasporiese identiteit te karteer en te ondersoek, betrek hierdie verhandeling drie uiteenlopende romans wat in die Atlantiese konteks, naamlik vanuit die verskillende hoeke van die Atlantiese driehoek en verskillende geskiedkundige Atlantiese momente, ontstaan het. Die drie romans sluit in: Our Sister Killjoy or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint (1977) deur Ama Ata Aidoo, The Chosen Place, The Timeless People (1969) deur Paule Marshall en Crossing the River (1993) deur Caryl Phillips. Deur die belangrikheid van plek – kultureel, geografies en temporeel – in die literêre konstruksie van transatlantiese identiteit, te beklemtoon, spoor hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop Aidoo, Marshall en Phillips fiktiewe tekste aanwend na om sin te maak van idees oor tuiste en geborgenheid in ’n wêreld van verdringing, skeuring en (ver)wisseling. Deur die impak van die oorsprong op, asook die weg (rupta via) na, die verwesenliking van identiteit vir die diasporiese subjek te toon, onthul en worstel hierdie tesis met verskeie narratiewe uitbeeldings van die diasporiese toestand (’n toestand eie aan die mens). Our Sister Killjoy stel identiteit as inherent vermeng met nasionalisme en pan-Afrikanisme voor, terwyl The Chosen Place identiteit as tidalekties uitbeeld – vasgevang tussen westerse en Afrika-subjektiwiteite. In Crossing the River word diasporiese identifisering egter gekonstrueer as transnasionaal, fraktaal en ewigdurend in ’n proses van ontwikkeling. Hierdie studie voer verder aan dat die onderskeie skrywers tuiste aktief deur narratief konstrueer in die afwesigheid van ’n gevestigde bewustheid van terra firma, of onbekende land of plek. Die gevolg is ’n voortvloeiing van wat deur Erica L. Johnson beskryf word as terragraphica. Vervolgens word elk van die romans gesien en verken as ’n spesifieke terragraphica asook ’n fiktiewe lieux de mémoire, gegrond in Pierre Nora se konsep “sites of memory”. Die benutting van transatlantiese karakters se herhinneringe as (gebreekte) vensters waardeur die geskiedenis bespeur kan word en filters waardeur die hede verstaan (of gerefrakteer) kan word, is die tegnieke wat Aidoo, Marshall en Phillips aanwend – alhoewel Aidoo se gebruik van geheue minder ooglopend is. Deur verskeie terreine van geheue in die lewens van die fiktiewe karakters te betrek, ontwikkel die romans tot mediums van onthou, nie in die sin van feite van die verlede wat gestoor word nie, maar met die dubbelsinnige doel om die impak van die verlede op die hede te verstaan.

Le nombre des collisions avec des piétons aux passages à niveau restant stable dans les dernières années, c’est un problème majeur au niveau international. Suite à la revue étendue de la littérature, des lacunes scientifiques importantes liées à l’étude du comportement du piéton ont été identifiées. L’objectif principal de ce programme de recherche était de contribuer à mieux comprendre le comportement du piéton aux passages à niveau actifs en Australie, où malgré la mise en place des protections renforcées pour les piétons, le nombre de collisions reste plus important que sur les autres types de passages à niveau. Trois études ont été réalisées pour répondre aux trois buts de recherche que nous nous proposons d'examiner dans le cadre de ce programme. La première étape de recherche qui est exploratoire a été réalisée dans le cadre des études 1 et 2 dont les conclusions ont permis d'identifier les facteurs influençant la prise de décision aux passages à niveau. A la fin de cette étape un nouveau modèle systémique a été développé pour servir d’instrument à l’analyse du comportement du piéton, influencé par des facteurs de tous les niveaux du système. Dans la deuxième étape empirique de recherche, nous avons mené l’étude 3 pour examiner l’impact de facteurs clés sur les comportements à risque dans différentes situations à risque de traversée des piétons. L’articulation des trois études est une illustration des bénéfices associés avec l’utilisation à la fois des méthodes systémiques et traditionnelles, résultant des contributions théoriques et pratiques importantes. / Level crossing collisions with pedestrians are a major issue worldwide and in Australia, where their number remains stable in recent years. An extended review of the literature highlighted a number of important scientific gaps in current knowledge on the factors shaping specifically pedestrian behaviour. The main objective of this research program was to contribute to the better understanding of pedestrian behaviour at active level crossings in Austalia, where a larger number of collisions are reported despite the reinforced safety measures in place. Three research aims were formulated and supported the development of three studies.Study 1 and 2 were part of the first explorative stage of research and informed on the main factors shaping crossing decisions of pedestrians. At the end of this stage a new systems-based framework was developed as a tool for the analysis of pedestrian behaviour as influenced by factors across all system levels. Study 3, part of the empirical stage of research, examined in depth the influence of key precursors of unsafe behaviour across different crossing situations. The articulation of the three studies demonstrates the benefits of using systems-based and traditional individual-centred methods in a complementary manner resulting in important theoretical and practical contributions.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / The fight against human trafficking requires a broad range of approaches, including the eradication of crimes that facilitate trafficking of human beings. The idea of committing crimes within crimes is common in most national regimes just as it is in transnational and organised crimes. For instance, transnational crimes such as money laundering and human trafficking always are accompanied by various types of corruption such as petty, grand or bureaucratic corruption. As the Southern African Development Community (SADC) States Parties strengthen strategies to address human trafficking, the region continues to face an increase of trafficking of persons into Europe and Asia, as well as within Africa. There are various causes of human trafficking, such as poverty, hunger and deteriorating economies, as victims are promised luxurious lives in the countries to which they are trafficked. The poverty and stunted economies in most African countries make it easy for corruption to flourish because most police and immigration officers occupy low-paying ranks, making them highly susceptible to bribery and other corrupt incentives.

Magister Legum - LLM (Criminal Justice and Procedure) / The fight against human trafficking requires a broad range of approaches, including the eradication of crimes that facilitate trafficking of human beings. The idea of committing crimes within crimes is common in most national regimes just as it is in transnational and organised crimes. For instance, transnational crimes such as money laundering and human trafficking always are accompanied by various types of corruption such as petty, grand or bureaucratic corruption. As the Southern African Development Community (SADC) States Parties strengthen strategies to address human trafficking, the region continues to face an increase of trafficking of persons into Europe and Asia, as well as within Africa. There are various causes of human trafficking, such as poverty, hunger and deteriorating economies, as victims are promised luxurious lives in the countries to which they are trafficked. The poverty and stunted economies in most African countries make it easy for corruption to flourish because most police and immigration officers occupy low-paying ranks, making them highly susceptible to bribery and other corrupt incentives.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 371875 bytes, checksum: ebd0743d805bcdc1ccc6a45d01681ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-12 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper aimed to propose new models to forecast the chemical composition of the non- carcass component; evaluate the equations proposed by BR-Corte (2010) to predict chemical composition of carcass and empty body from bovines using variables of the body and the section between 9th and 11th ribs from data of crossbred animals 3&#8260;4 Zebu x 1&#8260;4 Dutch; and use 3-methilhistidine (3MH) excretion to study the muscle protein synthesis and degradation in both crossbred males and females, at different stages of growth. In chapter 1, the objectives were to develop equations to estimate the non-carcass components chemical composition and to evaluate the prediction equations of chemical composition of carcass and empty body from bovines, proposed by BR-Corte (2010). Data from 130 animals in three experiments (24 castrated males CM; 24 females; and 82 non-castrated males NCM). Over the three experiments, the slaughter procedure was the same, where the gastrointestinal tract was washed to determine the empty body weight and all components of the animal body were weighed individually. The right half carcass was completely dissected and the weight of flash, fat and bones was measured. A sample from both carcass and non-carcass components were collected to determine the chemical composition. The section between the 9th and 11th ribs (HH section) was removed from all castrated males, all females and from 50 non-castrated males and completely dissected to evaluate the chemical composition prediction equations of carcass and empty body from BR-Corte (2010). Equations to estimate composition of the ethereal extract (EE), crude protein (CP), mineral material, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium of non-carcass components were proposed. Also, the BR-Corte (2010) equations to crude protein and ethereal extract contents of carcass and empty body were tested and the ones that did not estimate accordingly the known values were readjusted. The equations from BR-Corte (2010) estimated rightly the EE content in carcass from CM, NCM and females; and the EE content in empty body from CM and females. Thus, the forecast equations of CP in carcass from CM, NCM and female; EE in empty body from NCM; and CP in empty body from CM, NCM and females were readjusted. In Chapter 2, the objective was to evaluate the protein synthesis and degradation from castrated males and females, using 3MH. 20 castrated males and 20 females were used. They were with an average age of 12 months and average initial weight of 299 kg for males and 266,7 kg for females. The animals were separated in four groups with eight animals each group (four females and four males) to be slaughtered at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of confining. The animals were separated in a completely randomized design, in 4 x2 factorial scheme, being two gender condition (castrated males and females) and four confining periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days). Eight animals (four of each gender) were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment to determine the initial muscle protein and mass; and four animals of each gender were slaughtered at the end of each period of confining to determine muscle protein and mass. The diet consisted of 45% forage and contained 116.35 g of crude protein / kgDM. To assess protein degradation was performed total collection of urine for three days in all animals slaughtered at the end of each period of confinement for analysis of excretion of 3-methyl-histidine. The urine collection was performed five days before each slaughter. The concentration of 3-methylhistidine in mmol / mmol of creatinine in urine did not differ between males and females (P <0.44) and between periods of confining (P> 0.45). The fractional degradation rate was lower in males than in females (P <0.01) and higher for animals slaughtered at 60, 90 and 120 compared to the slaughter with 30 days of confinement (P <0.01), with no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.38). For the fractional synthesis rate there was no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.31) and sex effect (P> 0.10), but the effect of confinement period (P <0,0,1) was observed, which was lower for animals slaughtered at 30 days compared to the others. The fractional rate of increase showed no interaction between sex and period of confining (P> 0.34), being higher in males (P <0.03) and between different periods of confining (P <0.01), being higher for animals slaughtered at 120 days, followed by 90, 30 and 60 days of confining. It is concluded that the degradation rate is higher in females and the rate of increase is higher in castrated males with no difference between genders for the rate of protein synthesis, which was increased with days on feed. / Objetivou-se com esse trabalho propor novos modelos para predizer a composição química do componente não-carcaça, avaliar com dados de animais cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês as equações propostas no BR-Corte (2010) para predizer a composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio de bovinos utilizando variáveis do corpo e seção entre a 9a e 11a costelas e utilizar a excreção de 3-metil-histidina (3MH) para estudar a síntese e degradação proteica muscular em machos e fêmeas cruzados, em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. No capítulo 1, objetivou-se desenvolver equações para estimar a composição química dos componentes não carcaça e avaliar com dados de animais cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês, as equações para predição da composição química da carcaça e do corpo vazio propostas pelo BR-Corte (2010) para bovinos. Foram utilizados dados de 130 animais de três experimentos (24 machos castrados (MC), 24 fêmeas e 82 machos não-castrados (MNC)). Nos três experimentos, o procedimento de abate foi o mesmo, onde o trato gastrintestinal foi lavado para determinação do peso de corpo vazio, e todos os componentes do corpo do animal pesados individualmente. A meia carcaça direita foi dissecada completamente, sendo pesadas as quantidades de carne, gordura e ossos. Foram separadas de cada animal uma amostra do componente carcaça e uma amostra do componente não-carcaça para determinação da composição química. Nos machos castrados, fêmeas e 50 dos machos não castrados, foi retirada a seção compreendida entre a 9a e a 11a costelas (seção HH) e realizada sua dissecação completa para avaliação das equações para predição da composição química da carcaça e corpo vazio propostos pelo BR-Corte (2010). Foram propostas equações para estimação da composição de extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, materia mineral, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio e potássio dos componentes não carcaça; testadas as equações propostas no BR- Corte (2010) para os teores de proteína bruta e extrato etéreo na carcaça e no corpo vazio de bovinos e reajustadas as equações que não estimaram adequadamente os valores observados. As equações propostas pelo BR-Corte (2010) estimaram de forma adequada os teores de EE na carcaça de MC, MNC e fêmeas, e EE no corpo vazio de MC e fêmeas. Assim, foram reajustadas e sugeridas equações para predição da composição da PB da carcaça de MC, MNC e fêmeas, do EE do corpo vazio de MNC e da PB do corpo vazio de MC, MNC e fêmeas. No capítulo 2 objetivou-se avaliar a degradação e a síntese proteica de bovinos machos castrados e fêmeas, utilizando a excreção de 3-metil- histidina. Foram utilizados 40 bovinos cruzados 3&#8260;4 Zebu × 1&#8260;4 Holandês, sendo 20 machos castrados e 20 fêmeas, com idade média de 12 meses e peso inicial médio de 299 kg para os machos e 266,7 kg para as fêmeas. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos de oito animais cada um (sendo quatro machos e quatro fêmeas) para serem abatidos aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias de confinamento. Oito animais (quatro de cada sexo) foram abatidos ao início do experimento para determinação também da massa e proteína muscular inicial e quatro animais de cada sexo ao final de cada período de confinamento para determinação da massa e proteína muscular. A dieta foi constituída de 45% de volumoso e continha 116,35 g de proteína bruta / kgMS. Para avaliar a degradação proteica foi efetuada coleta total de urina durante três dias em todos os animais abatidos no final de cada período de confinamento para análise da excreção de 3-metil-histidina. A coleta de urina foi realizada cinco dias antes de cada abate. A concentração de 3-metil-histidina em &#956;mol/mmol de creatinina na urina não diferiu entre machos e fêmeas (P>0,44) e entre períodos de confinamento (P>0,45). A taxa fracional de degradação foi menor nos machos que nas fêmeas (P<0,01) e maior para os animais abatidos aos 60, 90 e 120 em comparação aos abatidos com 30 dias de confinamento (P<0,01), não havendo interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,38). Para a taxa fracional de síntese não houve interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,31) e efeito de sexo (P>0,10), mas foi observado efeito de período de confinamento (P<0,0,1) que foi menor para os animais abatidos aos 30 dias em comparação aos demais. A taxa fracional de acréscimo não apresentou interação entre sexo e período de confinamento (P>0,34), sendo maior nos machos (P<0,03) e diferente entre os períodos de confinamento (P<0,01), sendo maior para os animais abatidos aos 120 dias, seguidos dos 90 dias e posteriormente dos 30 e 60 dias de confinamento. Conclui-se que a taxa de degradação é maior nas fêmeas e a taxa de acréscimo é maior nos machos castrados não havendo diferença entre os sexos para a taxa de síntese proteica, que foi aumentada com os dias de confinamento.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho de carÃter etnogrÃfico propÃe analisar o fenÃmeno religioso de Juazeiro do Norte sob trÃs eixos: os tipos de pagadores de promessas, os tipos de promessas e o pano de fundo desse cenÃrio que à a dor e a alegria contida na travessia do pedir a graÃa, alcanÃar a graÃa e a retribuiÃÃo desta graÃa. Os resultados dessa pesquisa de campo sÃo discutidos a partir do conceito de dÃdiva, tal como empregado por Mauss, mas tambÃm faz um dialogo com Max Weber objetivando a construÃÃo de tipos ideais acerca de romeiros, pagadores de promessas e seus pedidos. Por fim, esse trabalho nÃo tem a proposta de levantar hipÃteses, pois à uma pesquisa de carÃter etnogrÃfico que se propÃe pensar o feixe de linhas que atravessam os pagadores de promessas. / This ethnographic work intends to analyze the religious phenomena of Juazeiro do Norte under three propositions: the social types of the promise payers, the kinds of their promises and the background of this scenario, made of a moisture of pain and joy, the both integrant parts of the crossings in asking of grace, the grace achievement and the graceâs retribution. The results of this field research are put on discussion depart from the concept of gift, just like employed by Marcel Mauss, and also with a dialogue with Max Weber, wanting the construction of ideal types of pilgrims, promise payers and their various requests. In resume, this work have no intention to rise deep rooted hypothesis, because is an ethnographical research that suggest to think about the bundle of lines of intensity that crosses these social actors.

A importância do cultivo de espécies do gênero Capsicum vem crescendo nos últimos anos no Brasil, e consequentemente, a ocorrência de doenças torna-se um problema relevante. A antracnose é a mais comum e destrutiva doença de Capsicum no Brasil e em vários países, podendo ocasionar perdas de até 100%. Seu controle usando resistência genética seria altamente desejável. O objetivo deste trabalho foi (i) caracterizar a reação à antracnose de 90 acessos de Capsicum annuum, 30 de C. baccatum, 16 de C. chinense e um de C. frutescens; (ii) estabelecer a correlação da reação à antracnose entre plântulas e frutos de Capsicum e; (iii) avaliar a reação à antracnose das progênies F3RC1 (C.annuum x C. chinense - resistente) x C. annuum e F2RC2 [(C. annuum x C. chinense) x C. annuum] x C. annuum. Para as inoculações, foram utilizados quatro isolados do fungo Colletotrichum sp. provenientes de pimentão e um isolado de pimenta, obtidos de folhas e frutos doentes. As suspensões de inóculo foram preparadas na concentração de 1 x 106 conídios/ml, separadamente para cada isolado. Após ajustada a concentração das suspensões, estas foram misturadas, a fim de reduzir efeitos de possível variabilidade patogênica dos isolados. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com 20 repetições para plântulas e 15 repetições para frutos verdes destacados. Os ensaios foram conduzidos duas vezes. Nas inoculações das plântulas, foi adicionado 5% de caldo de cana à suspensão, como fonte exógena de energia ao patógeno. A inoculação nas plântulas foi realizada no estádio de primeira folha verdadeira completamente expandida, pela aspersão da suspensão de esporos até o ponto de escorrimento. As plântulas foram mantidas em câmara úmida por 24 horas antes e 72 horas após a inoculação. O ensaio foi instalado em sala climatizada com temperatura de 26 +/- 2°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foi avaliada a severidade de doença, usando uma escala de notas e também a incidência da doença, com base na percentagem de plântulas doentes. A inoculação nos frutos foi realizada pela deposição de uma gota de 20 µl da suspensão de esporos na parte mediana dos frutos. Posteriormente, com o auxílio de uma agulha entomológica, foi realizado um ferimento abaixo da gota. Os frutos inoculados foram mantidos em câmara úmida durante o período de avaliação. As avaliações foram realizadas pela mensuração do diâmetro médio das lesões, período latente, velocidade de crescimento da lesão e incidência. Baseando-se na avaliação dos frutos para classificação da reação, identificou-se apenas um acesso de C. annuum como resistente (n°233 – Jalapeno), um de C. baccatum (n°222 – BGH 4176) e dois de C. chinense (n°105 – Bode e n°141 – Pimenta n°2). Os demais acessos foram suscetíveis. Não houve correlação entre a reação de plântulas e frutos. As plântulas apresentaram menor quantidade de doença, em relação aos frutos. As progênies F3RC1 (3G, 4A, 4B, 4F, 4H, 5H, 6B, 6F, 8B, 8E, 8F, 9B, 9D, 9E, 9J, 10A, 13D, 13F, 14A, 14C, 16D, 16I, 17B, 19B) e as progênies F2RC2 (33F e 40G) não apresentaram lesões no estádio de frutos. Avançou-se geração nas progênies com reação de resistência em frutos, e suas populações F4RC1 e F3RC2 foram avaliadas no estádio de plântulas. Constatou-se variabilidade para a reação de antracnose nestas populações, com expressão de menor severidade e possibilidade de obter cultivares de pimentas e pimentões resistentes à antracnose. / Capsicum cultivation is an increasing activity in Brasil, and, in conseqüence, disease occurence is becoming more frequent. Anthracnose is the most common and desctructive disease of Capsicum in Brasil and other countries. Losses of 100% due to the disease are very frequent. Control of anthracnose using genetic resistance can be very suitable. The aim of this work was (i) to describe the reaction of 90 accesses of Capsicum annuum, 30 of C. baccatum, 16 of C. chinense and one of C. frutescens to anthracnose (ii) to establish the correlation of the reaction to anthracnose between seedlings and fruits of Capsicum and (iii) to evaluate the reaction to anthracnose of the progenies F3RC1 (C.annuum x C. chinense - resistant) x C. annuum and F2RC2 [(C. annuum x C. chinense - resistant) x C. annuum] x C. annuum. Four isolates of Colletotrichum sp. from pepper and one isolate from hot pepper were used for the inoculations, at a concentration of 1 x 106 spores/ml. After adjustment of the concentration of each suspension, they were mixed, in order to reduce possible effects of pathogenic variability among the isolates. The experimental design used was of completely randomized blocks with 20 and 15 replications for seedlings and green-ripe fruits inoculations, respectively. For the inoculation in seedlings, sugarcane juice at 5% was added to the spore suspensions, which were sprayed on the leaves of the seedlings at one-leaf stage. The seedlings were kept in a moist chamber for 24 hours before and 72 hours after the inoculation, at 26 +/-2°C and 12 hours photoperiod, inside a growth chamber. To evaluate anthracnose on the inoculated plants, disease incidence and disease severity were considered. The last variable was rated based on a 1 to 5 scale, according to the amount of disease on the seedlings. The fruits were inoculated with a 20 µl droplet of the spore suspensions. After depositing the inoculum, the fruits were wounded with a needle at the inoculation point and kept at 24 +/- 2°C, inside covered plastic containers. The evaluation was done based on lesions diameter, latent period, growth rate of lesions and incidence. The fruits evaluations were used for classifying the accesses reactions. Only one access of C. annuum (n°233 – Jalapeno), one of C. baccatum (n°222 – BGH 4176) and two of C. chinense (n°105 – Bode and n°141 – Pimenta n°2) were considered resistant. The remaining accesses varied in degrees of susceptibility. Positive correlation between levels of disease in seedlings and fruits were not significant. The seedlings showed less amount of disease in relation to fruits. The progenies 3G, 4A, 4B, 4F, 4H, 5H, 6B, 6F, 8B, 8E, 8F, 9B, 9D, 9E, 9J, 10A, 13D, 13F, 14A, 14C, 16D, 16I, 17B, 19B (population F3RC1) and 33F and 40G (F2RC2) did not show lesions at the fruit stage. Generations were advanced in this population and populations F4RC2 and F3RC2 were evaluated at seedling stage. These seedlings showed variability for reaction to anthracnose, with lower severity, suggesting possibility of selection for resistance in Capsicum varieties.

Energieeffizienz hat in Forschung und Alltag eine zentrale Bedeutung. Arbeiten verschiedene elektronische Geräte zusammen, um gemeinsam eine Regelungsaufgabe zu lösen, müssen sie miteinander kommunizieren. Ein Beispiel aus dem Alltag sind Funk-Raumtemperaturregler, bei denen ein batteriebetriebener Temperatursensor und ein Heizungsaktor (Stellantrieb am Heizungsventil) über drahtlose Kommunikation zusammenarbeiten. Diese Kommunikation benötigt oft mehr Energie als der Betrieb der eigentlichen (elektronischen) Funktionalität der Teilsysteme. Energieeffizienter als die in Regelkreisen übliche periodische (äquidistante) Abtastung ist – durch eine Verringerung der Nachrichtenrate – eine ereignisbasierte Abtastung. Send-on-Delta-Abtastung ist die am weitesten verbreitete Art der ereignisbasierten Abtastung. Dabei wird der Wert der Regelgröße (im Beispiel die Raumtemperatur) nicht in konstanten Zeitintervallen übertragen, sondern nur dann, wenn er sich um einen bestimmten Betrag geändert hat. Der mit einem Anteil von über 90 % im Praxiseinsatz am weitesten verbreitete Reglertyp ist der PID-Regler, wobei die meisten als „PID-Regler“ bezeichneten Regler aus verschiedenen Gründen keinen D-Anteil (Differential-Anteil) verwenden und daher als „PI-Regler“ bezeichnet werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, systematisch zu untersuchen, wie man PI-Regler einstellen sollte, um neben dem Erreichen einer hohen Regelgüte auch die Vorteile der Send-on-Delta-Abtastung bezüglich der Netzlastreduktion und Energieeffizienz bestmöglich auszunutzen. Die „Gewichtung“ dieser sich teilweise widersprechenden Kriterien ist anwendungsspezifisch einstellbar. / Energy efficiency is very important both in science and everyday life. If different electronic devices work together, for example for solving a control task together, they have to communicate with each other. An everyday life example are room temperature controllers using radio communication between a battery-powered temperature sensor and a heating actuator. This communication often needs more energy than the operation of the actual (electronic) functionality of the components. More energy-efficient than the commonly used periodic sampling is event-based sampling, due to the reduction of the message rate. Send-on-delta sampling is the most widely-known kind of event-based sampling. In that case, the value of the controlled variable (e.g. the room temperature) is not transmitted equidistantly but only when it has changed by a specific amount. The most successful controller in practice is the PID controller. The most so-called “PID controllers” do not use the D part (differential action) for several reasons and can therefore be called “PI controllers”. This work analyses systematically how the parameters of a PI controller should be tuned to reach besides a high control quality also a good exploitation of the advantages of send-on-delta sampling regarding network load reduction and energy efficiency. The “weighting” of these partially contradicting criteria is application specifically adjustable.

Les théâtres afro-descendants contemporains de France, du Brésil et des États-Unis partagent des enjeux esthétiques qui participent d'une poétique commune : la truculence. Les dramaturgies de Koffi Kwahulé, de Suzan-Lori Parks et de Marcio Meirelles (Bando de Teatro Olodum) permettent tout particulièrement de poser les jalons esthétiques et philosophiques de cette poétique contemporaine des corps. La traversée, l'excès (esthétique de la subversion : grotesque, carnavalesque), le salut (philosophie du marronnage) et le bouillonnement (la vibration-jazz qui en résulte), les quatre sèmes qui définissent la truculence, structurent cette poétique qui met en jeu les relations humaines et les mécanismes de domination en interrogeant profondément les violences associées au corps diasporique et contemporain. La poétique de la truculence représente une nouvelle catégorie esthétique de l'altérité se faisant opérateur anthropologique de la conscience diasporique à l'oeuvre. / Contemporary afro-descendant theater plays in France, Brazil and in the US all share the same aesthetic stakes which are part of a common poetics: the truculence. The plays by Koffi Kwahulé, Suzan-Lori Parks and Marcio Meirelles (Bando de Teatro Olodum) make it possible to set the aesthetic and philosophical milestones of this poetics of the contemporary bodies. The crossing, the excess (aesthetic of subversion: grotesque, carnival), the salvation (philosophy of the marronnage) and the boilover (with the jazz-vibration which derives thereof), these four semes which define the truculence, give its shape to this poetics. So as to give way to human relationships and domination mechanisms while deeply questioning the violence associated with the contemporary and diasporic body. The poetics of truculence stands as a new aesthetic category of otherness, set as an anthropological operator of the diasporic consciousness at work. / Os teatros afro-descendentes contemporâneos da França, do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos possuem implicações estéticas que participam de uma poética comum : a truculência. As dramaturgias de Koffi Kwahulé, de Suzan-Lori Parks et de Marcio Meirelles (Bando de Teatro Olodum) permitem, em particular, ancorar as bases estéticas e filosóficas desta poética contemporânea do corpo. A travessia, o excesso (estética da subversão : grotesco, carnavalesco), a salavação (filosofia do marronnage) e a efervescência (a vibração-jazz resultante), os quatro semas que definem a truculência, estruturam esta poética que põe em xeque as relações humanas e os mecanismos de dominação, interrogando profundamente as violências associadas ao corpo diaspórico e contemporâneo. A poética da truculência representa uma nova categoria de alteridade, ao se constituir enquanto operador antropológico da consciência diaspórica em obra.