The diploma thesis focuses on the phenomenon of cult film, its theoretical definition, its history from the beginning to the present days, in world vide and Czech context. Another topic is the typology of cult films, selected cult directors. The other aim are fan activities, which are essential for the acquisition of the cult status of the film. The aim of this work is to reflect the phenomenon of cult film and to analyse selected Czech films in order to find out whether these films meet the cult film criteria according to the characteristics of selected theoreticians. The resulting analysis will confirm or will rebut my hypothesis and will show whether the use of the term cult film is accidental and has its backing in the Czech environment.

Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Paraná / Investigações etnográficas imergidas no contexto do Terceiro Mundo exploraram diferentes e diversas práticas de pensar, irmanar, experimentar e codificar dimensões biológicas e naturais. Entre os diversos agregados sociais que se mobilizam no mundo por meio de racionalidades contra-hegemônicas, os cultos afro-brasileiros foram anunciados como religiosidades múltiplas, de grande importância ecológica e revestidos de conexões com os mais diversos e contraditórios actantes do cosmo, que resistem no Terceiro Mundo, com suas subjetividades descolonizadoras que se multiplicam em cada local de culto. Nesta conjuntura, esta pesquisa foi efetuada junto ao Centro Espírita de Umbanda Abaça de Oxalá, tendo por objetivo analisar a rede que se conforma nas inter-relações entre seres humanos/divindades/natureza. A Teoria Ator-Rede tal como apresentada por Latour (1994; 2004; 2012) forneceu ferramentas para que uma etnografia adequada à realidade deste terreiro fosse elaborada, expandindo o número de atores ocultos que se relacionam, agem e falam. Assim, durante o período de 19 meses a pesquisa foi operacionalizada por mediação da técnica Observação Participante, a partir de anotações no diário de campo, fotografias, transcrições de entrevistas e desenhos. A forma dos registros se desenvolveram na análise documental, através das anotações no próprio material analisado, objetivando engendrar um relato Ator-Rede para desdobrar um maior número de atores, mediadores e controvérsias que se conectam às práticas associadas as relações entre seres humanos/divindades/natureza no Abaça de Oxalá. Os humanos que configuram o local são caracterizados pelo pai-de-santo, filhos-de-corrente e clientes, que tecem relações com os Orixás em diferentes estratos e níveis de comprometimento com as normativas locais, almejando favores espirituais a partir de suas motivações subjetivas, as quais incluem as esferas da saudabilidade, das questões afetivos-familiares, da prosperidade financeira e desenvolvimento espiritual (no caso dos filhos-de-corrente). Os favores dos Orixás são logrados a partir de um rico e complexo regime de permutas, que permite agenciar lugares da natureza (pontos-de-força), elementos naturais (vegetação, minerais), alimentos, fogo, água, e múltiplos elementos que são relativos à subjetividade de cada humano conectado na rede, que emergem na forma de oferendas, chás medicinais, banhos de ervas, defumações, etc. Estas permutas são subsidiadas por um arcabouço de conhecimentos sobre suas naturezas, especificidades, associações e ações. Estes saberes são indissociáveis dos fazeres, e sua fonte primordial são os Orixás. A partir destes saberes foi possível identificar um total de 159 entidades espirituais mobilizadas nos discursos e atividades do terreiro e 140 vegetais empregados para as mais diversas finalidades que os humanos necessitam. O processamento das atividades ritualísticas no contexto religioso afro-brasileiro remete a uma realidade complexa, engendrada pelas profundas intersecções entre as esferas do mundo social, sobrenatural e natural. O conceito êmico de energia se mostra substancial para que tais conexões emerjam e ajam no cotidiano do terreiro, pois o Orixá é energia e se conecta com a energia dos humanos e da natureza para que transformações no mundo real sejam engendradas. / Ethnographic research immersed in the context of the Third World explored different and diverse practices of thinking, brotherhood, experimenting and codifying biological and natural dimensions. Among the various social aggregates mobilized around the world through counter-hegemonic rationalities, Afro-Brazilian cults were announced as multiple religiosities of great ecological importance and with connections with the most diverse and contradictory actants of the cosmos. They resist in the Third World, with its decolonizing subjectivities that multiply in each place of worship. At this juncture, this research was carried out with the Spiritist Center of Umbanda Abaça de Oxalá, aiming to analyze the network that is formed in the interrelations between humans / divinities / nature. The Actor-Network Theory as presented by Latour (1994, 2004, 2012) provided tools for an ethnography appropriate to the reality of this terreiro to be elaborated, expanding the number of hidden actors who relate, act and speak. Thus, during the 19 month period, the research was operationalized by means of the Participatory Observer technique, based on field diary annotations, photographs, transcripts of interviews and drawings. The form of the records was developed in the documentary analysis, through the annotations in the material analyzed. The aiming was to generate an actor-network account to unfold a greater number of actors, mediators and controversies that connect to the practices associated with the relations between human /divinities / nature in the Abaca de Oxalá. The humans that make up the place are characterized by the “pai de santo”, “filhos de corrente” and clients. They interact with the Orixás in different strata and levels of commitment to local norms, seeking spiritual favors from their subjective motivations, which include the spheres of health, affective-family issues, financial prosperity and spiritual development (in the case of filhos de corrente). The favors of the Orixás are obtained from a rich and complex regime of exchanges, which allows to place places of nature (points of force), natural elements (vegetation, minerals), food, fire, water, and multiple elements that are relative to the subjectivity of each human connected in the net, that emerge in the form of offerings, medicinal teas, herbal baths, smokes, etc. These exchanges are subsidized by a framework of knowledge about their natures, specificities, associations and actions. These knowledges are inseparable from doings, and their primary source is the Orixas. From these knowledge, it was possible to identify a total of 159 spiritual entities mobilized in the discourses and activities of the terreiro and 140 vegetables used for the most diverse purposes that humans need. The processing of ritualistic activities in the Afro-Brazilian religious context, refers to a complex reality engendered by the deep intersections between the spheres of the social, supernatural and natural world. The emic concept of energy proves substantial for such connections to emerge and act in the daily life of the terreiro, because the Orixá is energy and connects with the energy of humans and nature so that transformations in the real world are engendered.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The principal objective of this research was to examine the situation of Candomblé in the city, regarding these actors in their interventionist potential of urban space once the city of Aracaju since its foundation project has assigned the urban core spaces to members of the social classes who perceived greater socio-economic extraction and assigned to the blacks and poor workers, mostly from the rural zone and countryside of the state, the peripheral areas of the rising town where they spontaneously built their living spaces and cultural survival. Thus, after the first contacts with some Candomblé yard, comings and goings, watching cults, religious leaders questioning regarding the history of the yard, their intervention in the community, their relationship with the government and their migratory process of dispossession and repossession in urban space, I searched the literature that presented me results of academic research on Candomblé dating from the early twentieth century. From that moment on, exposed to some core issues raised by research, I went to the field and selected as the object two Candomblé yards, both founded in the midtwentieth century and, with their leaders, I gathered historical data by means of interviews. Regarding the role of government, media and civil society, I got the necessary information in the archives, newspapers and libraries, where I could notice that since the first installations of Candomblé in Aracaju the yards experienced territorial changes that directly affect their sacred and political side. / O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi analisar a situação dos terreiros de candomblé dentro da cidade, vendo nestes atores, potenciais intervencionistas do espaço urbano, pois a cidade de Aracaju, desde seu projeto de fundação destinou os espaços urbanos centrais aos membros das classes sociais que percebiam maior extração sócioeconômica e aos negros e trabalhadores pobres, majoritariamente oriundos da zona rural e do interior do Estado foi legado os territórios periféricos da cidade nascente, onde construíram espontaneamente seus espaços de moradia e de sobrevivência cultural. Sendo assim, após os primeiros contatos com alguns terreiros de candomblé, entre idas e vindas ao campo, assistindo cultos, questionando lideranças religiosas no tocante à história do terreiro, sua intervenção na comunidade, sua relação com o poder público e seu processo migratório de desterritorialização e reterritorialização no espaço urbano, busquei a literatura especializada que me apresentou resultados de pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o candomblé, datadas do início do século XX. Desse momento em diante, exposto ao fulcro de algumas questões levantadas pela pesquisa, fui a campo, escolhi como objeto dois terreiros, ambos fundados na metade do século XX e junto aos seus líderes, colhi dados históricos através das entrevistas. No tocante ao papel do poder público, imprensa e sociedade civil, obtive as informações necessárias, nos arquivos, jornais e bibliotecas, onde pude constatar que desde as primeiras instalações do candomblé em Aracaju que os terreiros vivenciam transformações territoriais que afeta diretamente seu lado sagrado e político.

À la période Archaïque, la colonisation grecque avait pour but l’expansion et l’exportation des coutumes sociales des diverses cités États à travers différentes régions. Bien que le sujet de la colonisation grecque soit abondamment basé sur des sources primaires biaisées, causant une confusion concernant l’établissement du lien entre une cité mère et ses colonies, il demeure néanmoins qu’une connexion entre la cité de Milet et les colonies de la Mer Noire est observée au sein des institutions religieuses instaurées sur ces territoires. Le culte d’Apollon fut prédominant tout au long des périodes Archaïque, Classique et Hellénistique de la Grèce antique. À l’époque de la colonisation par Milet, la cité avait pour divinité principale Apollon qui était également dieu de la colonisation et dieu de la navigation. Pour les milésiens, Apollon autorisait et sanctionnait le droit de coloniser et d’y instaurer de nouveaux cultes. Dans les colonies fondées le long de la côte de la Mer Noire, une influence claire du culte de cette divinité est discernable dans la tradition littéraire, ainsi que dans les registres archéologiques. Grâce à un catalogue raisonné, concernant seize colonies dites milésiennes situées autour de la Mer Noire, unissant toute l’information archéologique et littéraire pertinente relatif au culte d’Apollon, ce mémoire propose qu’une forte représentation de ce culte dans cette région est attribuable à son instauration par les Milésiens dans l’espoir que les institutions religieuses des colonies reflètent celles de la cité mère. Il en découle qu’Apollon devint, par le fait même, la divinité principale de la majorité des colonies milésiennes de la Mer Noire. / Greek colonisation in the Archaic period had as its goal the expansion and the exportation of a city state’s social and religious customs into different regions. Although the subject of Greek colonisation is often vague, and based on erroneous, and generous primary sources, which can confound links between the colonies and their apparent mother city, a connection can nevertheless be established between the colonies in the Black Sea and the mother city of Miletus through the religious institutions that were installed upon colonisation. The cult of the god Apollo was prevalent throughout the ancient Greek world during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods. For the Archaic period colonizing Greek city state of Miletus, Apollo was patron deity, the god of colonisation, as well as the god of seafaring. For the Milesians, Apollo was the deity who sanctioned the right to set up new cults in new locations, as well as authorising the very act of establishing colonies. In the colonies founded by Miletus located along the coast of the Black Sea, there is a clear disposition towards the cult of Apollo in the literary tradition, as well as in the archaeological record. This thesis proposes, by means of a well-defined catalogue uniting all pertinent archaeological and literary information relating to the cult of Apollo in 16 colonies located around the Black Sea said to have been colonies of Miletus, that the reason for such a strong representation of the cult of Apollo in these colonies is a result of the Milesians installing the cult of their patron deity Apollo with the wish that the colonies’ religious institutions mirror that of the metropolis. The inventory demonstrates that Apollo was the patron deity of the majority of Miletus’s colonies in the Black Sea. This thesis will also propose that a proper study of religious trends found in city states and their supposed colonies can act as a methodology for identifying which colonies belonged to which mother city, as I propose that the patron deity in a city state will be the patron deity in their colony.

Efter den senaste tidens debatter om Laboraskolan så har vi i denna uppsats valt att fördjupa oss i skolan och det samfund som driver den. Laboraskolan är en grund- och gymnasieskola belägen i Hylte kommun, det som gör den speciell är att den drivs av det religiösa samfundet Plymouthbröderna. Plymouthbröderna är ett litet samfund som kallats för bland annat “sekternas sekt” och som håller sig frånvända från det omgivande samhället. Trots detta fick skolan år 2007 efter flera tvister och vad som kallats en “administrativ cirkus” tillåtelse att starta sin skola. Efter starten har Skolinspektionen granskat skolan i flertalet omgångar och skolan har i dessa granskningar fått mycket kritik. I denna uppsats så fördjupar vi oss i dessa granskningar och främst i de återkommande problemen gällande främst allsidighet och saklighet, motverkande av traditionella könsroller och studie och yrkesvägledning. När vi fördjupat oss i Brödernas lära och vad som ingår i denna försöker vi sedan analysera om det kan finnas några samband mellan denne och de problem som påvisats i Skolinspektionens granskningar. Det visar sig att det inte är helt lätt att besvara frågan då det är många olika röster som hörs i frågan och som också motsätter varandra. Att det är ett slutet samfund som startat en skola och som sedan granskats för problem som kan tänkas ha med läran att göra står dock klart, men det finns också en bild av en skola med en god studiemiljö och elever med höga studieresultat.

This thesis investigates the Roman idea of fortuna, by examining its representation in different media (coins, cults, philosophy, and literature) and the thought worlds which these media inhabited. Drawing chiefly on evidence from the late Republic and the first two centuries of the Empire, I examine the interactions between the meanings of fortuna and the contexts in which they occur, showing how fortuna was used to construct understandings of broader social processes. Chapter 1 charts how various groups and individuals appropriated the religious character of fortuna into discourses of power to promote their interests, from the first archaic cults through to Imperial fortunae. By propitiating fortuna, the founders and worshippers of these cults attempted to ‘tame’ fortuna by representing themselves or the groups to which they belonged as particularly favoured by this deity. Chapter 2 examines how literary authors used fortuna to talk about ideas of social status, luck, chance, and fate. How these authors chose to describe fortuna, or which powers they chose to ascribe to her, were choices frequently determined by the text’s relationship to the structures of Roman power. Chapter 3 examines the iconography of fortuna on Imperial coins, for which I used a statistical methodology to quantify her numismatic representation. This sets our understanding of the interconnections between numismatic iconography and cultural and political history on a firmer basis and allows us to analyse more precisely how fortuna was imagined in imperial ideology. I look at the periods in which fortuna was most often deployed and when her iconography and legends underwent the greatest changes, discussing the political and cultural contexts that motivated these uses. Chapter 4 addresses philosophical conceptions of fortuna. I look at what was peculiarly Roman about how Roman Stoics and Epicureans figured fortuna in their physics and ethics, focusing especially on the philosophical and cultural implications of their concern with fortuna.

The subject of this thesis is the relationship between hagiography and cult in the early medieval west taken through the example of the Passiones of St. Kilian of Würzburg († 689) in the period from circa 700 to circa 1000 AD. Through examining a cult which developed east of the Rhine, this thesis will assess these developments taking place in a region without a strong Christian-Roman history. Thuringia produced new saints and cults in this period, yet they all operated within the overarching framework of the well-established religious phenomenon of saints' cults. In its approach, this thesis builds upon the insights of Ian Wood, James Palmer and others, in which saints' Lives are viewed as ‘textual arguments' which could operate beyond cultic contexts. This is combined with the cultural context approaches advocated in geographically specific studies by the likes of Julia Smith, Thomas Head and Raymond Van Dam. By paying particular attention to the impact of updating saints' Lives this thesis provides an in depth comparison of the relatively overlooked two earliest passiones of St. Kilian and their place in the history of the Würzburg community. It therefore addresses the nature and function of hagiography and its relationship with the institutional memory and identity of that community. The spread of cult through texts and relics is compared with the distribution of the hagiography in order to form a picture of the relationship between these different facets of cult. The question of the way in which these passiones engaged with their wider political and religious contexts is also addressed in order to demonstrate the functions of hagiography outwith an immediate cultic context.

Comment les Stoïciens concilient-ils l’exigence d’une piété intérieure, reposant sur l’obéissance à un dieu rationnel avec la défense des rites traditionnels ? Après avoir étudié les oscillations constantes chez les Stoïciens grecs entre la légitimation et la condamnation des cultes civils, nous montrons que les Stoïciens impériaux, Cornutus, Perse, Épictète et Marc- Aurèle, prolongent le débat sur la relation entre philosophie et religion sous une perspective différente, en l’acclimatant au contexte politico-religieux de la Rome impériale et en l’adaptant à la nature du destinataire et aux stratégies persuasives de chaque œuvre. / How can the stoics reconcile the research of rational piety based on moral perfection with the legitimization of the ritualism and traditional representation of pagan gods? After studying the constant oscillation between the legitimization and condemnation of traditional rites in ancient stoicism, we demonstrate that the roman stoics, Cornutus, Persius, Epictectus and Marcus Aurelius, address the same question, but with two essential specifics : adapting it to the political-religious context of Imperial Rome and paying particular attention to their readers as to the pedagogic strategist to grant its moral conversion.

Depuis les premières publications d’époque coloniale, qui s’attachaient surtout à en démontrer le caractère folklorique et endémique, le culte des saints au Maghreb a fait l’objet de nombreuses études portant tant sur son origine que sur son évolution diachronique. La première phase de son développement qui va du XIIe au XVe siècle est bien connue. Toutefois, cette dévotion s’attache avant tout aux tombes des figures révérées qui n’ont fait l’objet d’aucune étude portant spécifiquement sur leur matérialité. Cette recherche se propose donc de restituer les étapes de construction de pôles de dévotion autour de ces sépultures saintes dont le paroxysme est atteint au XIVe siècle. Elle s’inscrit dans unedémarche d’archéologie du disparu, et s’attache donc à l’analyse des sources écrites pour tenter d’approcher une réalité physique inaccessible autrement.La première approche est formelle. Il s’agit de comprendre quels sont les aménagements opérés sur les tombes de saints et pour quels usages, dans une démarche chronologique. La formation des sanctuaires est ensuite envisagée dans son contexte social, avant de considérer la façon dont ces tombes s’inscrivent dans un espace donné, et participent même d’une écriture symbolique du territoire de la ville.La mise en place de ces pôles de dévotions funéraires n’est cependant pas un phénomène isolé, puisqu’il peut être constaté à l’échelle du dār al-islām. Le Maghreb s’inscrit donc pleinement dans l’histoire de l’architecture religieuse médiévale du monde musulman. / Since the fi rst publications dated from colonial times, which mostly sought to show its folk and endemic character,the cult of saints in North Africa has been the subject of numerous studies both dealing with its origins as itsdiachronic evolution. The fi rst stage of development that goes from the twelfth to the fi fteenth century is well known.However, this worship is committed to the graves of revered fi gures and there have been no studies specifi cally focusingon their materiality. This research then intends to reconstruct the building stages of real poles of devotion around theholy tombs whose climax is reached during the fourteenth century. This approach is in line with archaeology of the lost,and therefore focuses on the analysis of written sources in order to approach a physical reality, otherwise unattainable.The fi rst step is formal. The point is to understand what is erected over the tombs of the saints and for whatpurposes, in a chronological way. The constitution of shrines is subsequently considered in its social context, beforeanalysing how these burials inscribe themselves in a given space, and even participate in a symbolic writing of the city’sterritory.The set up of these funerary poles of devotion is not an isolated phenomenon, since it can be seen across the dāral-Islām. The Maghreb is therefore fully inscribed in the history of medieval religious architecture of the Muslim world.

My diploma thesis is dedicated to the problem of creating a cult of personality around ice hockey coach Ivan Hlinka. It is focused on two key periods: The first is the victory of the Czech ice hockey team at the Olympic Winter Games in Nagano in February 1998 , the second is the period after Hlinka's tragic death in August 2004. The aim of the thesis is to analyze how much media influence the creation of a cult of personality by reporting about these two events. Objects of interest of my thesis are the process that puts a coach almost into the role of national hero . The second aspect of the work is the tabloidization of the topic such as a tragic accident and subsequent Hlinka's death. The thesis defines a cult of personality generaly and also from a historical perspective and adds the most famous reprsentative of cult of personality - Soviet dictator Josif Vissarionovich Stalin. In addition, it is dedicated to the cult of personality of athletes in general. This thesis not only presents Ivan Hlinka from a hockey standpoint, but mentions also his personality through a conversation with his longtime friend Josef Beránek sr. The final analysis is devoted to the representation of Ivan Hlinka in two specific print media during the two selected periods.