Les pièces situées dans des zones chaudes/tièdes (300-400°C) de l'avion sont actuellement en titane (mât moteur) ou en composite à matrice époxy (plenum). Comment pourrait-on diminuer la masse de ces pièces tout en évitant leur dégradation à hautes températures de fonctionnement ? Le projet TACT (Technologie pour Aérostructures composites Tièdes), porté par Nimitech Innovation® (Groupe LAUAK), propose une solution innovante consistant à mettre en oeuvre par voie RTM des pièces structurales tièdes à base de renfort en fibres de carbone (FC) et de matrice Cyanate ester (CE). Le choix de la matrice thermodurcissable CE est justifié par son caractère thermostable, c'est-à-dire sa capacité d'opérer en continu à de hautes températures de fonctionnement (avec une température de transition vitreuse Tg>300°C). Par ailleurs, elle possède la facilité de mise en oeuvre des époxydes du fait qu'elle s'adapte généralement bien aux paramètres du procédé RTM. Toutefois, l'exothermie élevée de la matrice CE lors de la réticulation implique un gradient de température dans la pièce composite et peut ainsi engendrer des problèmes de surchauffe. Les travaux scientifiques menés dans le cadre de cette thèse se focalisent sur la problématique de surchauffe de la résine pendant le processus de polymérisation très exothermique dans le moule RTM. L'objectif serait ainsi de maîtriser le cycle de cuisson du composite afin d'éviter tout problème d'emballement ou de dégradation pendant la réticulation de la matrice. Dès lors, la thèse s'organise de la manière suivante : dans un premier temps, le comportement thermocinétique de la matrice CE (pure et catalysée) est analysé pendant l'étape de réticulation, et ceci dans l'optique de contribuer à l'optimisation de cycle de cuisson lors de la mise en oeuvre du composite FC/CE par procédé RTM. Ensuite, les propriétés thermiques (capacité calorifique, conductivité, diffusivité) en fonction du degré d'avancement de la résine CE sont menés afin d'évaluer le gradient thermique régi par l'équation de la chaleur permettant de maîtriser la cuisson de la résine dans l'épaisseur. Par ailleurs, la vitrification de la matrice CE est étudiée par le suivi de la température de transition vitreuse Tg en fonction de la température et du taux d'avancement à l'aide de différents techniques de mesure (DSC, DMA, TMA). Enfin, une modélisation de la vitrification à l'aide du modèle Di-Benedetto permettra l'estimation de la température de la transition vitreuse Tg ∞ pour le réseau tridimentionnel entièrement réticulé. / Aeronautical parts which operate in high temperature area (300-400°C) are currently made of titanium (aircraft pylon) or composite materials based on epoxy matrix (plenum). In which extent the weight of these pieces could be reduced as well as avoiding their degradation when operating at these working temperature ranges? TACT project (Technologie pour Aérostructures composites Tièdes), overseen by Nimitech Innovation® (Groupe LAUAK), suggests an innovative solution based on the development of high performance composites parts reinforced by carbon fibers (CF) and cyanate ester matrix (CE) through RTM process. The CE resin belongs to the class of high-performance thermosetting polymers and is mainly chosen in this project due to its thermal stability when operating at high temperatures (with a glass transition Tg>300°C), as well as epoxy-like processability. However, the cross-linking reaction exhibits highly exothermic process, resulting in non-linear increase in internal temperature, which may cause a temperature overshoot. The scientific work carried out within this thesis focuses on the problem of overheating of the resin during the highly exothermic polymerization process in the RTM mold. The objective would thus be to control the curing cycle of the composite in order to avoid problems of runaway or degradation during the crosslinking of the matrix. Hence, the thesis is organized as follows: firstly, thermokinetic behavior of CE resin is analyzed during the crosslinking process in order to optimize the curing cycle. Secondly, thermal properties (heat capacity, conductivity, diffusivity) are identified as a function of the conversion degree in order to evaluate the thermal gradient covered by the heat equation making it possible to control the curing along the thickness of the composite. Moreover, the vitrification of the cyanate ester matrix is studied by monitoring the glass transition temperature Tg as a function of the temperature and conversion degree using different methods (DSC, DMA, TMA). Finally, Di-Benedetto model, a vitrification model, is chosen in order to identify the glass transition temperature Tg∞ of a full crosslinked resin.

The theses is focused on the work with deprivated families with concentration on the method of family cure an its application in the City of Most. It is work which is based on combination of theoretical and empirical access to the problem which leads to proposal of practical application of the method in praxis. The document is structured in six chapters. The first chapter follows the term "family" as the basic cathegory of the issue. The second chapter deals with the theme of deprivated family, which represents the target group of the cure process. Besides the basic terms explanation this chapter includes also analysis of the present state of the work with family in our country and in some other european countries. The third chapter is already focused on the term family rescue. Besides of term definition it is concentrated on aims, processes and methods in use and on the legislative framework. The fourth chapter analyses situation in the field of family rescue method and its application in current system of work with deprivated families and introduces to reader modern methods promising for the future. The fifth chapter concerns on social services system which is on disposal with family rescue with emphasis on services of social actuation for families with children. The last chapter represents the project...

As manufacturing is creating welfare and prosperity, it is important for humankind. Nevertheless, manufacturing is causing the depletion of natural resources, environmental burdens affecting the health of animals, humans and eco-systems, and social conflicts. Thus, it is essential to implement sustainability into manufacturing. Paint shops are however known for being liable for a big part of the large energy consumptions within manufacturing. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate what cost-effective solutions can be implemented in paint shops in order to reduce the energy consumption in a sustainable manner. Hence, the aim of this study was to, from a manufacturing perspective identify possible cost-effective solutions for lowering energy consumption within paint shops. The aim was further divided into two research questions: • RQ1: What are the enablers for energy efficient paint shops? • RQ2: What are the challenges for energy efficient paint shops? The research approach used to answer the aim and research questions were a literature review and a case study. The literature review was performed to get a deeper understanding of the subject and was then complimented with the findings from the case study. The case study was performed at the paint shop of a global automotive manufacturing company in Sweden, which currently have a high energy consumption. The enablers identified were (1) implementation of solar photovoltaic, and an energy storage system, which enables an environmentally friendly way of generating energy on-site and store excess energy for later use. The energy storage system can also be used to save money by utilizing the fluctuating electricity market prices, charging the battery when the energy price is at its lowest. (2) Implementation of an UV-curing system and paint, which is an environmentally harmless method of curing paint. (3) Reducing or disabling the heating, ventilation and air conditioning system of a building when it is not a necessity. (4) Workers commitment and motivation towards sustainability, to ensure everyone’s participation. The challenges identified were (1) the expensiveness of sustainability, allocating and prioritizing it in budgets is challenging for a company since profitability is always a major concern that often overshadows sustainability. (2) The risk of modifying the processes within the paint shop, as the consequences are unexplored. (3) In its current state, the energy consumption of the paint shop is very high, it is hence difficult to provide the whole paint shop with solely solar photovoltaic. (4) An energy storage system requires space and freeing up that space is a challenge without reconstructing existing facilities. (5) With implementation of UV- curing, the paint used must be curable with UV-light. Additionally, complex three-dimensional shapes make it challenging to properly cure evenly with UV-curing. (6) It is not guaranteed whether it is possible to completely shut down heating, ventilation and air conditioning since industrial equipment in general is designed to always run. (7) Sustainability is not a focus and even if it is increasingly requested by society, the commitment of companies is experienced as low. It is challenging to motivate all the employees to work towards sustainability and find ways to always keep sustainability in mind and to prioritize it over other alternatives.

Soil is one of the largest ecosystems being ignored by human activities. Our farming practices and urban constructions have contributed to its degradation, with far-reaching consequences for the water cycle’s equi- librium.Reconnect with nature and learn the methods to assist in its recovery are essential for the survival of all inhabitants on this planet.  My degree project consists of a large research into the water cycle of urban areas, studying the particular case of Stockholm, that leads to the problems of degraded soil. The aim is to understand the relation- ship between water cycle and soil ecosystems and explore potential solutions.  As a result, I have designed KURITA, a learning tool founded upon the ecofeminism values of care, that serves as a learning method for citi- zens to reconnect with soil values and actively participate in its restor- ative process.

Mode I interlaminar fracture of 3k 8-Harness-Satin Carbon cloth, with identical fill and weft yarns, pre-impregnated with Newport 307 resin was investigated through the DCB test (ASTM D5528). Crack propagations along both the fill and weft yarns were considered for both post-bonded (co-bonded) and co-cured laminates. A patent-pending delamination insertion method was compared to the standard Teflon film option to assess its applicability to mode I fracture testing. The Modified Beam Theory, Compliance Calibration method, and Modified Compliance Calibration method were used for comparative purposes for these investigations and to evaluate the validity of the proposed Equivalent Stiffness (EQS) method. Crack propagation, in all specimens, proceeded in a run-arrest manner for both delamination directions. Energy dissipation in the form of transverse yarn debonding, matrix deformation, and out of plane crack growth was witnessed for specimens with delaminations along weft yarns. A complete comparison between post-bonded and co-cured laminates was not achieved. The patent pending delamination insertion method was found to cause fewer instances of non-linear crack initiation behavior than the Teflon insert and, when non-linear behavior did occur, it was less prevalent. The EQS method was found to achieve fracture toughness values within 5% of the other three data reduction methods for 63% of the propagation values and achieved conservative values for over 33% of the propagations. Suggestions for future studies aimed at completing the comparisons above are provided in Chapter 5.

Fast-bränsle-raketer (SRM) har funnit sin plats i en stor mängd tillämpningar sedan deras framkomst mer än 2000 år sedan. En SRMs prestanda är förutbestämd av geometrin av drivmedelskrutet och är begränsad av gjutningsmetoden, som idag främst används i produktion. Forskning inom 3D-skrivning av drivmedelskrut har undersökt nya komplexa geometrier som kan öka prestandan. Studier kring 3D-skrivning med UV-härdning är få till antalet och undersöks i detta projekt. Ett bindemedel av polyuretandiakrylat (PUDA) har syntetiserats och därefter karakteriserats, med och utan diverse monomerer genom dragprovsmätningar och differentialkalorimetri (DSC). Tillsats av tvärbindarna 1,6-hexandioldiakrylat (HDDA) samt trimetylolpropantriakrylat (TMPTA) till PUDA producerade ett mer sprött material. Denna skillnaden var mer påtaglig för TMPTA än HDDA, vilket tillskrivs den högre akrylatfunktionaliteten i den förstnämnda. Den kommersiella produkten Ebecryl 113 har karakteriserats med inerta fyllmedel. Härddjupet (DOC) undersöktes med Ebecryl 113 i ett experiment, vilket påvisade en minskning av härddjupet med ökande mängder aluminium. Orsaken är troligen de reflektiva egenskaperna för UV-ljus som aluminium innehar. Reologiska studier utfördes, från vilka en minskning i viskositet påvisades till följd av en ökad polydispersitet i partikelstorlekarna. 3D-skrivning med kolvextrudering och påföljande härdning med UV-strålning utforskades. Detta visade utmaningar med tekniken som behövs bemästras. I synnerhet uppmärksammades fasseparation och residuell härdning från reflekterat UV-ljus som begränsande faktorer för fortsatt arbete. / Solid rocket motors (SRMs) have found their place in many applications since their conception more than 2000 years ago. The performance of SRMs is determined by the geometry of the propellant grain and is limited by the cast-and-mould production method typically used today. Research has been made on 3D printing propellant grains to explore new complex geometries, which may increase performance. Studies on 3D printing techniques using UV curing are limited and are in this work investigated. A polyurethane diacrylate (PUDA) binder was synthesized and then characterized, with and without various monomers by tensile testing and differential scanning calorimetry. Additions of the crosslinkers 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) to PUDA rendered the final product more brittle. This change was more noticeable for TMPTA than HDDA, as the former has a higher acrylate functionality. The commercial product Ebecryl 113 was also characterized with inert fillers added. A depth of cure (DOC) study with Ebecryl 113 was conducted, which showed a decrease in DOC with increasing amounts of aluminium. This is attributed to the reflective properties of aluminium in the UV spectrum. Rheological studies were conducted and a decrease in viscosity could be seen as a result of increasing the polydispersity of particle sizes. A 3D printing technique using plunger extrusion followed by UV curing was explored, which highlighted challenges which need to be overcome. Most notably, phase separation and residual curing from scattered UV rays are limiting factors for future work.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Questa tesi include tre capitoli che si concentrano sulle politiche pubbliche e la tutela della salute. Il primo capitolo esamina l’effetto dell’incremento delle aliquote dell’IVA su alcune bevande sul loro consumo. I risultati dell’analisi empirica suggeriscono che l'aumento dell'aliquota IVA ha ridotto il consumo di alcolici, birra e bevande gassate, mentre l’effetto sul consumo di vino non è statisticamente significativo. Tuttavia, questo risultato generale cambia se si considerano sotto-gruppi di individui. Il secondo capitolo studia l’impatto del salario minimo sulla salute della popolazione cinese. Le stime indicano che i salari minimi reali sono negativamente e significativamente correlati con lo stato di salute della popolazione sia nel breve che nel lungo periodo, un risultato che potrebbe essere spiegato dalle condizioni di lavoro più stressanti conseguenti all’introduzione di un salario minimo più elevato. Infine, il terzo capitolo analizza gli effetti dei meccanismi di incentivazione sui comportamenti degli operatori sanitari del settore delle cure primarie nell’ambito della gestione dell'ipertensione. La nostra indagine empirica suggerisce che gli incentivi finanziari negativi potrebbero motivare gli operatori sanitari a migliorare la qualità dei servizi legati alla gestione dell'ipertensione, mentre né gli incentivi finanziari né diverse modalità di valutazione delle prestazioni sembrano influenzare la qualità dei servizi. / This dissertation includes three chapters which focus on the relationship between public policies and healthcare. The first chapter examines whether tax policy is effective in changing the unhealthy drinking behaviours of individuals. My findings suggest that the VAT rate increase is effective in reducing the consumption of spirits, beer and carbonated beverages, while it is not effective for wine. However, this general result change when looking at sub-groups of individuals. The second chapter studies how real minimum wages affect population health in China. I conclude that real minimum wages are negatively and significantly related to population health, a result which might be explained by the role of more stressful working conditions as a consequence of a higher minimum wage. Finally, the third chapter analyses the effects of incentive mechanisms on the behaviours of primary health workers and the subsequent effects on the quality of hypertension management. The empirical investigation suggests that negative financial incentives could motivate primary health workers and improve the quality of hypertension management. However, neither positive financial incentives nor different modes of performance evaluation are significantly related to the quality of hypertension management.

Denna studie syftar till att öka förståelsen för hur boendestödjarna beskriver sitt vardagsarbete med brukarnas återhämtning på två boenden med särskild service inom Socialpsykiatriska utförarenheten i Skärholmens Stadsdelsförvaltning. Vi har intervjuat åtta boendestödjare. Valet av respondenter har gjorts utifrån ett kvoturval, fyra boendestödjare från Frösätra samt fyra från Solholmen. Vi har gjort semi-strukturerade intervjuer med samtliga boendestödjarna och utformat en intervjuguide. Intervjuguiden berör fenomen hur personalen på boendena beskriver begreppet återhämtning, hur de arbetar med återhämtning, hur återhämtning nås samt hur personal beskriver sin roll. Resultatet av studien påvisar att återhämtning innebär att den enskilde har möjligheten att återhämta sig från det kaotiska tillståndet samt att den enskilde tar makten över sitt liv. Återhämtning innebär utveckling och att den enskilde är självständig trots att en del av symptomen är varaktiga. Arbetet med återhämtning handlar om att lita på den enskildes förmåga och inte ge upp hoppet. Att se människan bakom symtomen och sjukdomen och därefter lyfta fram det friska. Återhämtning nås genom att den enskilde själv medverkar i sin egen återhämtning, är aktiv och villig att åstadkomma en förändring. / This study aims to increase understanding of how housing supporters describe their everyday work with the users' recovery at two sheltered housing, in Social Psychiatry perform purity of Skärholmens District Administration. We interviewed eight housing supporters. The selection of respondents was made based on a quota sample, four housing supporters from Frösätra and four from Solholmen. We did semi-structured interviews with all housing supporters and designed an interview guide. The interview guide affects phenomena such as how staff describes the concept of recovery and work on recovery. How the recovery is accessed and how staff describes their role. The results of this study demonstrated that recovery means that the individual has the ability to recover from the chaotic state, and that the individual will take charge of their lives. Recovery involves the development that the individual is autonomous although some symptoms are lasting. The work of recovery is about trusting the individual capacity and to not give up hope, to see the person behind the symptoms and the disease and highlight the healthy. Recovery achieved by the individual themselves take part in their own recovery, are active and want to make a change.

La limitation de perméation des gaz aux bordes de l’encapsulation des photovoltaïques organiques flexibles a été adressée par l’identification des chemins de perméation du vapeur d’eau et par la formulation des nanocomposites adhésives. Une version modifiée du test de calcium optique a été développée pour identifier l’importance des chemins de perméation différents présent dans l’encapsulation des modules photovoltaïques organiques flexibles. Les nanoparticules des phyllosilicates et les nanoparticules des zéolithes ont été dispersées dedans les formulations des adhésifs différents incluant les adhésifs acryliques sensibles à pression et les adhésifs UV réticulables. Les propriétés mécaniques, optiques, et barrières de vapeur d’eau des nanocomposites ont été caractérisés en plus de leur photo-stabilité sous irradiation UV. Les nanocomposites ont été également utilisés pour encapsuler les cellules photovoltaïques organiques et la stabilité des dispositifs a été évaluer sous les conditions de vieillissement accélérés d’humidité et température. / In order to address the issue of lateral water and oxygen permeation through the sides of the encapsulation and into flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, the water vapor permeation pathways were identified and several adhesive nanocomposites formulated and tested to limit these pathways. To identify the relative importance of the various water vapor permeation pathways present in the encapsulation of flexible OPV devices, a modified version of the optical calcium test was developed. Passive nanoparticles (phyllosilicates) and active nanoparticles (zeolites) were both evaluated dispersed in UV curing acrylate adhesives and acrylic block copolymer pressure sensitive adhesives. The nanocomposites were characterized for their mechanical and optical properties as well as their water vapor permeation and UV photostability. The adhesives were also used to encapsulate OPV devices and tested in accelerated humidity aging.