En växande befolkning i städer bidrar till ökat fokus av att främja hållbara transporter. I enlighet med Sveriges nationella mål för transportpolitik och Förenta Nationernas globala mål 11 ökar behovet av att säkerställa ett väl utformat cykelnät. Allt fler kommuner strävar efter att främja cykling i städer. Cykelvänliga stadsområden med väl utformade sammankopplingar bidrar till enklare orientering i staden, vilket skapar möjlighet att välja cykel som transportmedel. Cykling har påvisat fördelaktiga effekter för människors välbefinnande, vilket förstärker den sociala hållbarheten för samhället. Ökat fokus på klimatfrågor kräver förbättrade insatser för att möta mobilitetsbehoven. Det förutsätter nya planeringsstrategier och innovationer i städer. Nederländerna, Danmark och Tyskland anses vara föregångsländer inom cykelinfrastrukturen. Länderna arbetar med att implementera åtgärder i cykelnätet för att öka antalet cyklister. Studiens syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur befolkningen upplever och använder cykelnätet. Det för att föreslå förbättringar och åtgärder Gävle kommun kan implementera för att utveckla en hållbarare cykelstad. Fallstudien genomfördes inom stadsdelen Brynäs. Kombinerade metoder användes för att samla in kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Observationen syftade till iakttagelser av befintlig utformning av tre huvudcykelstråk. En webbaserad enkät riktades till avsedd population i Gävle kommun för att undersöka respondenternas upplevelse och användning av cykelnätet. Intervjuer genomfördes med tjänstemän inom Gävle kommun för att förbättra kunskapen om planeringsprocessen inom kommunen. Tidigare forskning gav förslag på effektiva åtgärder från andra länder och städer som implementerats i cykelnät. Dessa åtgärder studerades för att uppnå studiens syfte. Förbättrade sammankopplingar, separering mellan fotgängare- och cyklister samt tydliga cykelpassager är åtgärder som kräver kontinuerligt arbete för att möjliggöra ökad cykelanvändning. Resultatet av studien visar att Gävle kommun behöver implementera förbättringsåtgärder i cykelnätet för att uppnå sin vision om att bli en hållbar cykelstad. / A growing population in cities contributes to an increased focus on promoting sustainable transports. In accordance with Sweden's national goals for transport policy and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 11, there is an increasing need to ensure a well-designed cycling network. Several municipalities strive to promote cycling in cities. Urban areas with bicycle-friendly infrastructure and well-connected routes facilitate easier navigation in the city, which creates the opportunity to choose cycling as transportation. Cycling has demonstrated beneficial effects on people's well-being, which reinforces social sustainability for society. Increased focus on climate issues requires improved efforts to meet mobility needs. It requires new planning strategies and innovations in cities. The Netherlands, Denmark, and Germany are considered successful countries in cycling infrastructure. These countries are working to implement measures in the cycling network to increase the number of cyclists. The purpose of the study was to increase understanding of how the population experiences and utilizes the cycling network. It aims to propose improvements and measures that Gävle municipality can implement to create a more sustainable cycling city. The case study was conducted in the Brynäs district. A combined methods were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data. The observation aimed to observe the existing design of three main cycle routes. A web-based survey was directed to the intended population to investigate respondents' experiences and use of the cycling network. Interviews were conducted with officials from Gävle municipality to enhance understanding of the planning process within the municipality. Previous research provided suggestions for effective measures from other countries and cities that have been implemented in cycling networks. These measures were studied to achieve the purpose of the study. Improved connections, separation between pedestrians and cyclists and clear cycling passages are measures that require continuous work to enable increased cycling usage. The study’s results indicate that Gävle municipality needs to implement improvement measures in the cycling network in order to achieve its vision of becoming a sustainable cycling city.

The aim of thesis entitled " The Development of Nežárka Cyclotourism" is using auditing methods to map current state of cycle paths and cycle routes around the river Nežárka,to identify the most appropriate line of the cycle route "Nežárka" and to propose The Cycle route "Nežárka" Master Plan. The theoretical part is focused on bicycle traffic and cycle tourism, particularly cycling infrastructure. The practical part of the thesis includes the line proposal of cycle route "Nežárka", the assessment of the safety standards, simple proposal of labeling of cycle route "Nežárka" and accompanying draft cycling infrastructure, the evaluation of the possibility of connecting route to the surrounding cycle routes and cycle paths and integrated transport system so that the cycle route "Nežárka" could become a reality. There are applied methods of description, the method of comparison of Cycling Master Plans and measurements in the field using GPS.

Cykling må vara ett smidigt och miljövänligt transportmedel, men den bakomliggandeplaneringen och de politiska besluten har en problematisk sida. Tidigare forskning visar attgrupper med större politiskt inflytande och högre social status tenderar att få högre prioritetpå bekostnad av andra grupper som riskerar att bli marginaliserade och förbisedda iplaneringen. Det kan i sin tur leda till olika typer av transportfattigdom och förstärktaojämlikheter i samhället. Inga tidigare studier angående den här aspekten av cykling hargjorts i en nordisk kontext. Den här studiens syfte är att undersöka om liknande trenderexisterar i Stockholm. Genom att utveckla och använda en metod för att analysera mängd ochkvalitet av cykelvägar i olika områden, och sedan jämföra resultaten från denna undersökningmed socioekonomisk och demografisk data, identifieras korrelationer mellan tillgången tillcykelinfrastruktur och social status. Resultatet visar att den totala mängden cykelvägar (uttryckt som förhållandet mellancykelvägar och bilvägar) är större i områden med lägre social status, men kvaliteten ökar medhögre status. Skillnaderna är inte jättestora, men kan vara ett tecken på ojämlikhet som inteuppmärksammats tidigare. Utöver det huvudsakliga syftet med studien visar det sig också attStockholms stads data över cykelinfrastrukturen saknar nödvändiga detaljer för den här typenav undersökningar, och vetskapen om hur områden skiljer sig åt är begränsad. Den härstudien uppmärksammar därmed nuvarande brister och behovet av att lyfta frågor gällandeojämlikheter i cykelplanering. / Though cycling may be a convenient and environmentally friendly mode of transport, thepolitics and planning behind it has a troublesome side. Research in other contexts shows thatgroups with larger political influence and higher social status tend to be prioritised at theexpense of other groups, which may risk being marginalised and overlooked in planning. Inturn, this could lead to different kinds of transport poverty and reinforced injustices betweengroups. No earlier research regarding this aspect of cycling has been carried out in a Nordiccontext. This study will investigate whether similar trends exist in Stockholm. By developinga method for assessing the amount and quality of bike lanes in different areas, and comparingthe results from this assessment with socioeconomic and demographic data, correlationsbetween cycling infrastructure and social status are identified. The results show that the total amount of bike lanes (expressed as ratio between bike lanesand roadways) are larger in areas with lower social status, but the quality increases withhigher status. The differences are not extensive, but could be a sign of injustice that are notdiscussed today. In addition to these main findings, it is discovered that the City ofStockholm’s data over cycling infrastructure lacks sufficient information for this type ofassessment, and their knowledge about how areas differ is limited. This study thus highlightsthese issues and the need for considering inequalities in bicycle planning.

While cycling is promoted as a sustainable and healthy mode of transport in many eitles in the Global North [1, 2], there are increasing concerns about the safety of cyclists. The increasing bicycle use in urban areas leads to a more intensely used cycling network, resulting in safety risks for cyclists [3]. Since 2010, the number of bicycle fatalities stagnated and the number of severely injured cyclists increased by 28% until 2018 in the European Union [4]. lt is therefore necessary to examine how bicycle use and motorized vehicle use in cities affects the nunber of bicycle crashes. To investigate this, the effect of the network-wide hourly exposure to cyclists and motorized vehicles on bicycle crash frequency is examined. That is, the total number of cyclists and motorized vehicles in the whole road network for each hour of the week were estimated and used as the network-wide hourly exposure. This approach allowed us to capture safety impacts of temporal variation in the numbers of cyclists and motorized vehicles in the same network more accurately. lt is a different approach compared to most bicycle safety studies, which often only use the daily average of bicycle and motorized vehicle volumes. The work presented here is based on our publication in Safety Science [5].

Cycling is a sustainable and health-promoting mode of transportation that addresses issues such as pollution, congestion, and social exclusion. This research focuses on understanding the current cycling culture and infrastructure in Stockholm, Sweden, and compares The Netherlands, to identify ways to enhance cycling in Stockholm. Data for this research were collected through interviews with experts and observational methods in Stockholm. The study analyses how existing infrastructure and historic planning decisions influence cycling behaviour. Additionally, the concept of ‘Path Dependence’ is employed to understand the lasting impact of past decisions on current urban mobility patterns. The results indicate that Stockholm faces unique challenges, such as geographic constraints, harsh winter conditions, and a strong car culture, which hinder the widespread adoption of cycling. The study also identifies the importance of EU-supported initiatives aimed at increasing the cycling modal share and improving safety. Based on the findings through a spatial analysis, the research provides recommendations for improving cycling infrastructure in Stockholm, considering its unique urban context. These recommendations aim to support the transition from car-dominated mobility to sustainable transportation modes, contributing valuable insights to the discourse on sustainable urban mobility in Stockholm. / Cykling är ett hållbart och hälsofrämjande transportsätt som tacklar problem som föroreningar, trängsel och social utestängning. Denna forskning fokuserar på att förstå den nuvarande cykelkulturen och infrastrukturen i Stockholm, Sverige, och jämför med Nederländerna för att identifiera sätt att förbättra cyklingen i Stockholm. Data för denna forskning samlades in genom intervjuer med experter och observationsmetoder i Stockholm. Studien analyserar hur befintlig infrastruktur och historiska planeringsbeslut påverkar cykelbeteendet. Dessutom används begreppet ‘Path Dependence' för att förstå den bestående påverkan av tidigare beslut på nuvarande urbana mobilitetsmönster. Resultaten visar att Stockholm står inför unika utmaningar, såsom geografiska begränsningar, hårda vinterförhållanden och en stark bilkultur, som hindrar den breda användningen av cykling. Studien identifierar också vikten av EU-stödda initiativ som syftar till att öka cykelns andel av transportsätt och förbättra säkerheten. Baserat på resultaten genom en rumslig analys, ger forskningen rekommendationer för att förbättra cykelinfrastrukturen i Stockholm med hänsyn till dess unika urbana kontext. Dessa rekommendationer syftar till att stödja övergången från bil-dominerad mobilitet till hållbara transportsätt och bidra med värdefulla insikter till diskussionen om hållbar urban mobilitet i Stockholm.

A Lei nº 12.587, de 3 de janeiro de 2012, obriga a todos os municípios brasileiros com população superior a 20 mil habitantes a elaborarem um plano de mobilidade urbana integrado e compatível com seus respectivos planos diretores ou neles inseridos, priorizando os modos de transporte não motorizados. Apesar da exigência legal, muitos municípios brasileiros, principalmente os de pequeno porte, não dispõem de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas cicloviários. O objetivo deste trabalho é elaborar um método para definição de rede de rotas cicláveis em áreas urbanas de cidades de pequeno porte, cuja ideia central é avaliar segmentos viários com relação a fatores que influenciam no uso da bicicleta como modo de transporte urbano, tais como declividade, disponibilidade de espaço e influência exercida pelos veículos motorizados. O método proposto é subdividido em cinco etapas: (1) caracterização da área de estudo; (2) análise dos polos geradores de tráfego por bicicletas; (3) avaliação da compatibilidade das vias com o transporte cicloviário; (4) identificação das rotas cicláveis; e (5) definição da rede. Os modelos escolhidos para a verificação do perfil topográfico e para a avaliação da qualidade de serviço das vias de tráfego para o transporte cicloviário são, respectivamente, o modelo da AASHTO (1999) e o modelo de Sorton e Walsh (1994). Foi realizado um estudo de caso na cidade de Bariri-SP. Os resultados mostram que as rotas cicláveis identificadas priorizam segmentos com infraestrutura cicloviária pré-existente, assim como locais que necessitam de facilidades para ciclistas, como ciclofaixas e ciclovias, e dispõem de espaço para sua inserção. Quanto aos espaços compartilhados, nota-se uma tendência de que as rotas cicláveis sejam compostas por segmentos com boas avaliações globais de nível de estresse. A rede de rotas cicláveis definida para a cidade de Bariri-SP é formada por 19 eixos viários distribuídos de maneira a atender toda a área delimitada para estudo. / The law 12.587 of January 3rd, 2012, enforces every Brazilian city over 20,000 inhabitants to elaborate an urban mobility plan integrated and compatible with their respective master plans, giving priority to non-motorized transportation modes. Despite legal enforcement, many Brazilian cities, mainly the small ones, are not given proper guidelines to develop cycling systems. This research\'s goal is to elaborate a method to define a cycling routes network in urban areas of small-sized cities, whose main point is to assess road segments according to factors that influence the bicycle use as an urban transportation mode, such as slope, space availability to stand cycling transportation as well as motorized vehicles influence on bicycle traffic. The proposed method splits into five steps: (1) study area characterization; (2) analysis of bicycle traffic generator poles; (3) evaluation of the streets compatibility with bicycle transportation; (4) cycling routes identification; (5) network definition. The chosen models for topographic verification and service quality ratings of the roads for cycling transportation are, respectively, the AASHTO\'s (1999) model and the Sorton and Walsh\'s (1994) model. A case study was carried out in the city of Bariri-SP. The results of the proposed method\'s application show that the identified cycling routes prioritize road segments with cycling infrastructure already existent, as well as places in need of cycling facilities, such as cycle lanes and cycle paths, that have available space to accommodate them. Concerning shared spaces, there\'s a trend that cycling routes are composed of segments with good global stress level evaluations. The cycling routes network defined in the city of Bariri-SP is made up by 19 road axes widespread to serve the whole area delimited for study.

The topic of this thesis is the development of bicycling in the city České Budějovice and in the region of South Bohemia. The whole thesis is divided into 3 parts: the review, methodology and practical part. The main aim of the thesis is to create the list of suggestions about strategy of the development of bicycling and its implementations to the City Hall of České Budějovice. In the practical part of thesis there was analysed the document Plán rozvoje infrastruktury pro cyklisty v Českých Budějovicích (in english: The plan of Development of infrastructure for bicyclists in České Budějovice). At first the plan was evaluated by set the criteria, which were set by Ministry of finance´s methodical manuals. On the next capture the document was compared with the documents of higher-levels´ entities, whether it is in harmony with strategies and visions. The Cycling Plan was subsequently compared with documents of other Czech towns (Tábor, Pardubice, Hradec Králové, Jihlava and Karlovy Vary). Based on the identified shortcomings there were established a list of recommendations to the City Hall of České Budějovice.

A Lei nº 12.587, de 3 de janeiro de 2012, obriga a todos os municípios brasileiros com população superior a 20 mil habitantes a elaborarem um plano de mobilidade urbana integrado e compatível com seus respectivos planos diretores ou neles inseridos, priorizando os modos de transporte não motorizados. Apesar da exigência legal, muitos municípios brasileiros, principalmente os de pequeno porte, não dispõem de diretrizes para o desenvolvimento de sistemas cicloviários. O objetivo deste trabalho é elaborar um método para definição de rede de rotas cicláveis em áreas urbanas de cidades de pequeno porte, cuja ideia central é avaliar segmentos viários com relação a fatores que influenciam no uso da bicicleta como modo de transporte urbano, tais como declividade, disponibilidade de espaço e influência exercida pelos veículos motorizados. O método proposto é subdividido em cinco etapas: (1) caracterização da área de estudo; (2) análise dos polos geradores de tráfego por bicicletas; (3) avaliação da compatibilidade das vias com o transporte cicloviário; (4) identificação das rotas cicláveis; e (5) definição da rede. Os modelos escolhidos para a verificação do perfil topográfico e para a avaliação da qualidade de serviço das vias de tráfego para o transporte cicloviário são, respectivamente, o modelo da AASHTO (1999) e o modelo de Sorton e Walsh (1994). Foi realizado um estudo de caso na cidade de Bariri-SP. Os resultados mostram que as rotas cicláveis identificadas priorizam segmentos com infraestrutura cicloviária pré-existente, assim como locais que necessitam de facilidades para ciclistas, como ciclofaixas e ciclovias, e dispõem de espaço para sua inserção. Quanto aos espaços compartilhados, nota-se uma tendência de que as rotas cicláveis sejam compostas por segmentos com boas avaliações globais de nível de estresse. A rede de rotas cicláveis definida para a cidade de Bariri-SP é formada por 19 eixos viários distribuídos de maneira a atender toda a área delimitada para estudo. / The law 12.587 of January 3rd, 2012, enforces every Brazilian city over 20,000 inhabitants to elaborate an urban mobility plan integrated and compatible with their respective master plans, giving priority to non-motorized transportation modes. Despite legal enforcement, many Brazilian cities, mainly the small ones, are not given proper guidelines to develop cycling systems. This research\'s goal is to elaborate a method to define a cycling routes network in urban areas of small-sized cities, whose main point is to assess road segments according to factors that influence the bicycle use as an urban transportation mode, such as slope, space availability to stand cycling transportation as well as motorized vehicles influence on bicycle traffic. The proposed method splits into five steps: (1) study area characterization; (2) analysis of bicycle traffic generator poles; (3) evaluation of the streets compatibility with bicycle transportation; (4) cycling routes identification; (5) network definition. The chosen models for topographic verification and service quality ratings of the roads for cycling transportation are, respectively, the AASHTO\'s (1999) model and the Sorton and Walsh\'s (1994) model. A case study was carried out in the city of Bariri-SP. The results of the proposed method\'s application show that the identified cycling routes prioritize road segments with cycling infrastructure already existent, as well as places in need of cycling facilities, such as cycle lanes and cycle paths, that have available space to accommodate them. Concerning shared spaces, there\'s a trend that cycling routes are composed of segments with good global stress level evaluations. The cycling routes network defined in the city of Bariri-SP is made up by 19 road axes widespread to serve the whole area delimited for study.

The diploma thesis deals with an issue of assessment economic effectiveness of public project which is realized municipality. This thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes a cost-benefit analysis and another methodology for economic assessment of the project. In the practical part is processed case study on a particular public project.