A travers ce projet de recherche nous avons exploré différents aspects d’une dérégulation du système dopaminergique sur les troubles du repos, en prenant pour exemple deux maladies neurologiques : la maladie de Willis-Ekbom (MWE) et la maladie de Parkinson (MP). La MWE est une maladie neurologique sensorimotrice caractérisée par des douleurs dans les membres inférieurs, s’accompagnant d’un besoin irrépressible de bouger et ce, suivant un profil circadien. Ainsi, le premier volet de ces travaux s’est appliqué à reproduire chez le macaque, les principales altérations du métabolisme du fer et de celui de la dopamine reportées dans la MWE. Tout d’abord, nous avons établit les bases physiologiques des variations circadiennes des concentrations du fer et de ses biomarqueurs au niveau central et périphérique. Puis, nous avons développé un protocole simple, uniquement basé sur des prélèvements sanguins répétés, permettant d’induire efficacement une déplétion en fer sérique et de ses protéines associées. Finalement, ce protocole nous a permis d’explorer les liens entre l’altération de l’homéostasie du fer au niveau du système nerveux central, les perturbations neurochimiques dans différentes structures cérébrales ainsi que les modifications locomotrices qui en résultent. Le second volet de cette thèse a testé l’impact des agonistes des récepteurs dopaminergiques de type D1 (SKF38393) et D2 (quinpirole), sur les troubles du sommeil dans un modèle macaque de la MP, à l’aide d’enregistrements polysomnographiques. Pour cela, nous avons évalué les effets de ces agents pharmacologiques sur l’émergence de la somnolence diurne et sur l’altération du sommeil paradoxal, induits par une intoxication au MPTP. Nos résultats mettent en évidence que le quinpirole est inefficace pour restaurer les niveaux de base de ces deux paramètres. En revanche, le SKF38393 permet une diminution notable de la somnolence diurne ainsi qu’une restauration du sommeil paradoxal. Finalement, les perturbations monoaminergiques liées à la déplétion en fer ouvrent de multiples perspectives de recherche sur la physiopathologie de la MWE. De même, l’amélioration des troubles veille-sommeil par l’agoniste des récepteurs D1, offre de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques quant à la prise en charge des troubles du repos dans la MP. L’ensemble de nos résultats apporte un niveau de compréhension supplémentaire quant au rôle de la dopamine dans les altérations du repos. / During this thesis project we explored several aspects of the impact of a dopaminergic system dysregulation on the rest alterations, through two neurological diseases: the Willis-Ekbom’s disease (WED) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD). The WED is a neurological sensorimotor disorder mainly characterized by pain in lower limbs. It preferentially appears in the evening and transiently and partially is alleviated by motor activity. Thus, the first part of this work aimed at reproducing the main dysfunctions of the iron and dopaminergic metabolisms observed in WED, in the macaque monkey. We first established the circadian variations of iron-indicator concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Then we developed a rapid protocol based on repeated blood withdrawals, allowing to efficiently induce serum iron depletion. Finally, this protocol enabled us to investigate the relationship between iron metabolism dysfunctions, neurochemical alterations and the subsequent locomotor behavioural changes. In the second part, of this research project we examined the impact of selective D1 (SKF38393) and D2 (quinpirole) receptor agonists on the sleep impairments in a macaque model of PD using the polysomnographic recording technique. Thus we investigated the effects of these two pharmacological compounds on the daytime sleepiness and on the paradoxical sleep induced by MPTP intoxication. Our results demonstrated the inefficacy of quinpirole to restore these two altered sleep parameters. By contrast, SKF38393 significantly decreased daytime napping and substantially restored paradoxical sleep. Finally, the monoaminergic dysregulations, induced by iron depletion, may offer multiple perspectives to unravel the WED pathophysiology. In the same line, the beneficial effects exhibited by the D1 receptor agonist bring new therapeutic avenues to treat sleep-wake disorders in PD. Together, the global results bring new insights in the underlying mechanisms of sleep impairment involving dopamine.

É urgente a necessidade da maior inclusão social dos estudantes que articulam a rotina de trabalho diurno e a educação formal noturna, objetivando melhorar as condições de vida através de aumentar oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. Por ser tema de extrema relevância social, a presente pesquisa busca compreender os desafios de alunos matriculados em cursos de Ensino Superior noturno no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, destacando o processo de democratização do acesso e a permanência de jovens de camadas populares em quatro cursos de graduação. Descrevemos políticas públicas de acesso e de permanência dos estudantes nos cursos superiores noturnos de Pedagogia, História, Matemática e Administração, tendo em vista contribuir com a discussão da real efetividade destes cursos para a democratização da educação superior. O procedimento metodológico é a investigação qualitativa em estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, foram contatadas pessoas chave da universidade, aplicados 361 questionários e entrevistados 39 alunos de quatro cursos escolhidos. Os resultados relacionados aos fatores sociais que impõem o caráter compulsório do trabalho ao estudante universitário confirmaram que o jovem, dos cursos noturnos estudados deste Instituto Multidisciplinar, em geral, tem dificuldades de gerenciar sua vida para contemplar as diversas demandas, isto é, as sociais, familiares, educacionais e laborais. O jovem estudado costuma ter um perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Os resultados também mostram em alguns discursos dos entrevistados alguns desafios de conciliar o curso noturno com a vida de trabalho. Assim, os resultados também revelam a necessidade de que mais recursos sejam destinados a programas com alunos com o perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Apesar do perfil heterogêneo dos alunos desta pesquisa, os resultados apontam também que muitos aproveitam a oportunidade de continuidade de escolarização conciliando o trabalho diurno com a educação noturna. A opção destes por cursos de licenciaturas, como os de Matemática, História e Pedagogia, é atrativa pela maior facilidade de acesso devido a serem carreiras menos disputadas no ingresso à universidade pública. Embora a profissão docente em nossa sociedade não ofereça elevado prestígio social, ter a formação e o diploma de Ensino Superior ainda é para muitos jovens, uma possível trajetória que pode levar a mobilidade social. Assim, as políticas públicas precisam melhor atender os jovens deste segmento populacional que deseja estudar e trabalhar com educação. / It is pressing the need for greater social inclusion of students who articulate the working day routine and formal education at night time, aiming to have better opportunities living conditions with improved labor market opportunities. Due to the extreme social relevance of this issue, this research seeks to understand the challenges of students enrolled in Higher Education courses in the evening at the Instituto Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, highlighting the process of democratization of access and permanence of youth from the lower social classes pursing four undergraduate programs. We describe policies for access and retention of students in nighttime undergraduate programs of Pedagogy, History, Mathematics and Administration, in order to contribute to the discussion of the actual effectiveness of these courses to the democratization of Higher Education. The methodological approach chosen was the qualitative research focus on case study. In this research, key persons of the staff of the university were contacted, and 361 questionnaires were applied and 39 students were interviews alone or in group in all four undergraduate programs. The results related to social factors that impose the obligatory character of work confirmed that the young taking evening programs at the Institute of Multidisciplinary generally have difficulties to manage his/her life in order to fulfill the social, family, education and work requirements. The young studied usually has a profile of socioeconomic vulnerability. The results also show in a few speeches some challenges of reconciling night programs with daily work activities. Therefore, the results also reveal the need for more resources to be allocated to students with the profile of socioeconomic vulnerability. Despite the heterogeneous profile of students in this research, the results also indicate that many students take advantage of night educational programs, considering them an opportunity to continue their formal education by conciliating it with their work daily activities. Their option for taking these undergraduate programs can lead to the teaching profession in fields like Mathematics, History and Pedagogy. This option is attractive to these students due to the easier access to the public university entrance in these fields which are less competitive. Although the teaching profession in our society does not bring high social prestige, have an undergraduate diploma is for many young people, a possible trajectory of social mobility. Thus public policies need to better serve the youth of this population segment who wish to study and work in education.

É urgente a necessidade da maior inclusão social dos estudantes que articulam a rotina de trabalho diurno e a educação formal noturna, objetivando melhorar as condições de vida através de aumentar oportunidades no mercado de trabalho. Por ser tema de extrema relevância social, a presente pesquisa busca compreender os desafios de alunos matriculados em cursos de Ensino Superior noturno no Instituto Multidisciplinar da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, destacando o processo de democratização do acesso e a permanência de jovens de camadas populares em quatro cursos de graduação. Descrevemos políticas públicas de acesso e de permanência dos estudantes nos cursos superiores noturnos de Pedagogia, História, Matemática e Administração, tendo em vista contribuir com a discussão da real efetividade destes cursos para a democratização da educação superior. O procedimento metodológico é a investigação qualitativa em estudo de caso. Nesta pesquisa, foram contatadas pessoas chave da universidade, aplicados 361 questionários e entrevistados 39 alunos de quatro cursos escolhidos. Os resultados relacionados aos fatores sociais que impõem o caráter compulsório do trabalho ao estudante universitário confirmaram que o jovem, dos cursos noturnos estudados deste Instituto Multidisciplinar, em geral, tem dificuldades de gerenciar sua vida para contemplar as diversas demandas, isto é, as sociais, familiares, educacionais e laborais. O jovem estudado costuma ter um perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Os resultados também mostram em alguns discursos dos entrevistados alguns desafios de conciliar o curso noturno com a vida de trabalho. Assim, os resultados também revelam a necessidade de que mais recursos sejam destinados a programas com alunos com o perfil de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica. Apesar do perfil heterogêneo dos alunos desta pesquisa, os resultados apontam também que muitos aproveitam a oportunidade de continuidade de escolarização conciliando o trabalho diurno com a educação noturna. A opção destes por cursos de licenciaturas, como os de Matemática, História e Pedagogia, é atrativa pela maior facilidade de acesso devido a serem carreiras menos disputadas no ingresso à universidade pública. Embora a profissão docente em nossa sociedade não ofereça elevado prestígio social, ter a formação e o diploma de Ensino Superior ainda é para muitos jovens, uma possível trajetória que pode levar a mobilidade social. Assim, as políticas públicas precisam melhor atender os jovens deste segmento populacional que deseja estudar e trabalhar com educação. / It is pressing the need for greater social inclusion of students who articulate the working day routine and formal education at night time, aiming to have better opportunities living conditions with improved labor market opportunities. Due to the extreme social relevance of this issue, this research seeks to understand the challenges of students enrolled in Higher Education courses in the evening at the Instituto Multidisciplinar, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, highlighting the process of democratization of access and permanence of youth from the lower social classes pursing four undergraduate programs. We describe policies for access and retention of students in nighttime undergraduate programs of Pedagogy, History, Mathematics and Administration, in order to contribute to the discussion of the actual effectiveness of these courses to the democratization of Higher Education. The methodological approach chosen was the qualitative research focus on case study. In this research, key persons of the staff of the university were contacted, and 361 questionnaires were applied and 39 students were interviews alone or in group in all four undergraduate programs. The results related to social factors that impose the obligatory character of work confirmed that the young taking evening programs at the Institute of Multidisciplinary generally have difficulties to manage his/her life in order to fulfill the social, family, education and work requirements. The young studied usually has a profile of socioeconomic vulnerability. The results also show in a few speeches some challenges of reconciling night programs with daily work activities. Therefore, the results also reveal the need for more resources to be allocated to students with the profile of socioeconomic vulnerability. Despite the heterogeneous profile of students in this research, the results also indicate that many students take advantage of night educational programs, considering them an opportunity to continue their formal education by conciliating it with their work daily activities. Their option for taking these undergraduate programs can lead to the teaching profession in fields like Mathematics, History and Pedagogy. This option is attractive to these students due to the easier access to the public university entrance in these fields which are less competitive. Although the teaching profession in our society does not bring high social prestige, have an undergraduate diploma is for many young people, a possible trajectory of social mobility. Thus public policies need to better serve the youth of this population segment who wish to study and work in education.

Abstract The prevalence of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), habitual snoring (HS), daytime sleepiness (DS) and restless legs syndrome (RLS), and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors and depressive symptoms as well as the natural course and associated factors of habitual snoring and restless legs syndrome over a ten-year period were studied. Two different birth cohorts in Northern Finland were investigated. In the Oulu 35 longitudinal research programme study subjects participated in two subsequent surveys conducted in 1996–1998 and 2007–2008 (61–63 and 72–73 years old subjects, respectively). The Oulu 45 study population was examined in 2001–2002 (56–57 years old subjects). The data were gathered by questionnaires, as well as laboratory and clinical measurements. In the Oulu35 study, of the 831 baseline participants, 593 (73%) participated in the first follow-up in 1996–1998 and 457 (55%) participated in both follow-up studies. In the Oulu 45 study, the target population comprised 1 332 subjects, 995 (75%) of whom participated. The prevalence of OSAS was 8% in the 56–57 year-old population, 4% in the 61–63 year old population, and 3% in the 72–73 year old population. These figures were 31%, 26% and 19% for HS, 16%, 9% and 11% for DS, and 18%, 21% and 15% for RLS, respectively. In a ten-year period, half of those who snored in 1996–1998 stopped snoring, and half of those who suffered from restless legs 3–7 nights/week in 1996–98 suffered from this syndrome less than once a week in 2007–2008. The 10-year incidence of new cases of both HS and RLS was 7%. In subjects aged 56–57 and 61–63, the components of the metabolic syndrome and depressive symptoms associated with OSAS and HS, while in the follow-up study, the role of these associations diminished. Male gender was the strongest predictor of the new cases of HS, while depressive symptoms and waist circumference predicted the permanence or incidence of HS. Depressive symptoms, DS and, weakly, waist circumference were associated with RLS in both the 56–57 year-old and in 61–63 year-old populations. Depressive symptoms were also predictive of the permanence and incidence of new RLS cases. Waist circumference also predicted new cases of RLS in the 72–73 year-old population. Sleep disorders were quite common in 56–73 year-old subjects and their prevalence seemed to diminish as subjects aged. The components of metabolic syndrome associated with sleep disorders in middle-aged subjects, but these associations lost their significance in older age groups. Depressive symptoms predicted incidence of restless legs syndrome. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin unenaikaisten hengityshäiriöiden, päiväaikaisen väsymyksen ja levottomien jalkojen esiintyvyyttä ja yhteyksiä sydän- ja verisuonitautien riskitekijöihin sekä depressioon. Jokaöisen kuorsaamisen ja levottomien jalkojen luonnollista kulkua ja siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitä selvitettiin 10 vuoden seuranta-aikana. Tutkimusaineisto koostui kahdesta eri-ikäisestä pohjoissuomalaisesta väestöstä. Oulu35-seurantatutkimukset tehtiin vuosina 1996–1998 ja 2007–2008 (61–63- ja 72–73-vuotiaat tutkittavat). Oulu45-poikkileikkaustutkimus tehtiin vuosina 2001–2002 (56–57-vuotiaat tutkittavat). Aineisto kerättiin kyselylomakkeilla, laboratorio- ja kliinisillä tutkimuksilla. Oulu35-tutkimuksessa 593 henkilöä (73 %) 831 kutsutusta osallistui ensimmäiseen seurantatutkimukseen v. 1996–1998 ja molempiin seurantatutkimuksiin osallistui 457 (55 %) henkilöä. Oulu45 -tutkimukseen osallistui 995 henkilöä (75 %) 1332 kutsutusta. Obstruktiivisen uniapnean esiintyvyys 56–57-vuotiaalla väestöllä oli 8 %, 61–63-vuotiailla 4 % ja 72–73-vuotiailla 3 %. Jokaöisen kuorsaamisen esiintyvyys oli vastaavissa ikäluokissa 31 %, 26 % ja 19 %, päiväaikaisen väsymyksen 16 %, 9 % ja 11 % ja levottomien jalkojen 18 %, 21 % ja 15 %. Kymmenen vuoden seurannassa jokaöinen kuorsaaminen vähentyi puoleen niillä henkilöillä, jotka kuorsasivat v. 1996–1998. Vastaavasti 10 vuoden kuluttua niillä henkilöillä, joilla esiintyi levottomia jalkoja 3–7 yönä viikossa v. 1996–1998, esiintyvyys oli vähentynyt alle 1 kertaan viikossa puolella tutkituista. 10 vuoden ilmaantuvuus sekä jokaöiselle kuorsaamiselle että levottomille jaloille oli 7 %. Metabolisen oireyhtymän osatekijät ja depressiiviset oireet olivat yhteydessä obstruktiiviseen uniapneaan ja jokaöiseen kuorsaamiseen sekä 56–57-vuotiailla että 61–63-vuotiailla. Kymmenen vuoden seurannassa näiden tekijöiden vaikutus näytti kuitenkin vähentyvän. Miessukupuoli ennusti vahvimmin jokaöisen kuorsaamisen ilmaantuvuutta. Myös depressiiviset oireet ja vyötärönympärys ennustivat jokaöisen kuorsaamisen ilmaantuvuutta ja pysyvyyttä. Depressiiviset oireet, päiväaikainen väsymys ja vyötärönympärys olivat yhteydessä levottomien jalkojen esiintyvyyteen sekä 56–57- että 61–63-vuotiaassa että väestössä. Depressiiviset oireet ennustivat myös levottomien jalkojen ilmaantuvuutta ja tilan pysyvyyttä ja vyötärönympärys levottomien jalkojen ilmaantuvuutta 72–73-vuotiaana. Unihäiriöt olivat varsin yleisiä 56–73-vuotiaissa väestöissä, ja niiden ilmaantuvuus näyttäisi vähentyvän iän mukana. Metabolisen oireyhtymän osatekijät olivat yhteydessä unihäiriöihin keski-ikäisillä, mutta vanhemmissa ikäluokissa näiden yhteyksien merkitys väheni. Depressiiviset ennustivat levottomat jalat -oireyhtymän ilmaantuvuutta.

Le traumatisme craniocérébral (TCC) modéré à sévère constitue une cause majeure d’invalidité chez les jeunes adultes. Il entraine des séquelles physiologiques, comportementales, cognitives et affectives qui entravent le devenir fonctionnel et psychosocial des survivants. Les perturbations de la qualité du sommeil et de l’éveil figurent parmi les plaintes les plus fréquentes et persistantes à la suite d’un TCC modéré à sévère, mais on ignore si celles-ci sont associées à une atteinte de l’intégrité du sommeil. Cette question est primordiale puisque le sommeil est central pour maintenir les capacités d’éveil et un fonctionnement cognitif optimal, ce qui est d’autant plus essentiel lorsque le cerveau est lésé. Cette thèse vise ainsi à caractériser la nature et les corrélats des perturbations du sommeil et de l’éveil durant la phase chronique d’un TCC modéré à sévère. L’association entre les capacités d’apprentissage post-TCC et l’activité à ondes lentes, une caractéristique du sommeil lent connue pour jouer un rôle dans la plasticité synaptique et la mémoire, est également explorée. Pour ce faire, des mesures objectives (actigraphie, polysomnographie) et subjectives (agenda de sommeil et questionnaires) de sommeil-éveil ont été conduites chez des survivants d’un TCC modéré à sévère et des sujets contrôles en bonne santé. La sévérité du trauma, la présence de comorbidités (anxiété, dépression, douleur) et la prise de médicaments psychotropes ont aussi été documentées. La première étude a montré que comparativement aux contrôles, les personnes ayant subi un TCC modéré à sévère rapportent un niveau significativement plus élevé de difficultés d’endormissement, de mauvaise qualité de sommeil, de somnolence diurne et de fatigue. L’actigraphie enregistrée sur une semaine à domicile n’a en revanche pas montrée de perturbations de la qualité du sommeil nocturne. Au contraire, la durée de sommeil sur une période de 24h était significativement supérieure chez les participants TCC par rapport aux contrôles, et cela particulièrement dans un sous-groupe de participants TCC sous médication psychotrope et qui ont subi un trauma global plus sévère. La présence de comorbidités était par ailleurs associée aux plaintes de sommeil-éveil dans le groupe TCC. Dans la deuxième étude, l’architecture du sommeil telle que mesurée par la polysomnographie a été évaluée. Là encore, les résultats indiquent que malgré des plaintes significatives de sommeil-éveil chez le groupe TCC, la macro- et microarchitecture du sommeil étaient similaires chez ces derniers comparativement au groupe contrôle. Toutefois, une association a été montrée entre la qualité du sommeil et la cognition post-TCC, de sorte que plus i l’activité à ondes lentes est élevée au cours du sommeil lent, meilleures sont les performances d’apprentissage et de mémoire épisodique du lendemain. Cette association était plus forte à la suite de la survenue d’un TCC plus sévère par rapport à un TCC moins sévère, suggérant une plus forte dépendance des survivants ayant subi un TCC sévère à l’activité à ondes lentes au cours du sommeil pour apprendre de nouvelles informations. Cette thèse apporte de nouvelles évidences que le cerveau lésé à la suite d’un TCC modéré à sévère semble capable de produire une architecture de sommeil comparable à celle de sujets contrôles en santé. Les plaintes de sommeil-éveil persistantes à la suite d’un TCC modéré à sévère apparaissent influencées par d’autres facteurs, notamment la survenue d’un trauma plus complexe nécessitant une prise en charge pharmacologique, ainsi que des facteurs environnementaux et comorbides. En outre, cette thèse supporte le besoin d’explorer davantage le rôle du sommeil dans les capacités cognitives post-TCC. / Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability in young adults. It causes physiological, behavioral, cognitive and emotional sequelae that hinder functional and psychosocial outcomes. Disturbances in sleep quality and wakefulness are among the most common and persistent complaints in moderate to severe TBI survivors. However it is unclear if these complaints are associated with impaired sleep integrity. This question is crucial as sleep is central in wakefulness-promoting and optimal cognitive functioning, which is particularly essential when the brain is injured. This thesis aims to characterize the nature and correlates of sleep and wakefulness disturbances during the chronic phase of moderate to severe TBI. The association between post-TBI learning capacity and slow-wave activity, a sleep characteristic known to play a role in synaptic plasticity and memory, is also explored. To do this, objective (actigraphy, polysomnography) and subjective (sleep diary and questionnaires) sleep-wake measures were used in moderate to severe TBI survivors and healthy control subjects. The severity of the trauma, the presence of comorbidities (anxiety, depression, pain) and the use of psychotropic medications have also been documented. The first study showed that compared to controls, people with moderate to severe TBI reported significantly lower sleep quality, and higher levels of daytime sleepiness and fatigue. Yet, a seven-day actigraphy recording did not show any disturbances in the nighttime sleep efficiency. Rather, sleep duration over a 24h period was significantly increased in participants with TBI compared to controls, particularly in a subgroup of TBI who used psychotropic medications and suffered a more severe overall trauma. The presence of comorbidities was also associated with sleep-wake complaints in TBI group. In the second study, the sleep architecture as measured by polysomnography was evaluated. Again, the results indicated that despite significant sleep-wake complaints in TBI group, the macro- and micro-architecture of sleep measured in the TBI group were similar to those in the control group. However, an association between sleep quality and post-TBI cognition was shown, as higher slow-wave-activity sleep was associated with better memory performance the day after. This association was stronger following more severe TBI compared to milder TBI, suggesting that adults who sustained more severe TBI are more dependent on sleep slow-wave-activity for next- day memory function. iii This thesis brings new evidence that the injured brain following moderate to severe TBI appears to be able to produce sleep architecture comparable to healthy control subjects. Persistent sleep- wake complaints following moderate-to-severe TBI appear to be influenced by other factors, including the occurrence of more complex trauma requiring pharmacological management, as well as environmental and comorbid factors. In addition, this thesis supports the need to further explore the role of sleep in post-TBI cognitive abilities.

No description available.

博士(スポーツ健康科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Health and Sports Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Bakgrund: Trauma är en av de mest bidragande orsakerna till skada och död globalt. För att minska lidande och död hos patienter samt kostnader för samhället krävs en välfungerande traumavård. Tiden på dygnet, kön och ålder kan påverka utfallet för patienter som inkommer till sjukhus efter ett trauma. Eftersom forskningen inte är enig är detta ett område som ytterligare måste undersökas. Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader mellan traumapatienter vid en traumaenhet beroende på om patienten inkommer dagtid respektive jourtid, kön och ålder. Metod: Studien är en retrospektiv icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie där redan insamlade från en traumakoordinator vid ett sjukhus i norra sjukvårdsregionen analyserats. Studiepopulationen bestod av 115 patienter som blivit inskrivna som trauma nivå 1 eller 2 på akutmottagningen under år 2022. Data har analyserats med T-test och Chi-2 test för att undersöka eventuella skillnader och för att undersöka samband har Pearson’s korrelationstest använts. Signifikansgränsen sattes till P<0,05. Resultat: I denna studie kunde inga signifikanta skillnader identifieras mellan de trauman som inkom på dagtid och på jourtid gällande tid till vård eller allvarlighetsgrad av skadan. Kvinnor hade signifikant kortare tid mellan larm och ankomsttid till sjukhus. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad beroende på tid på dygnet. Det fanns inte heller någon skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad mellan könen men det fanns ett positivt samband mellan hög ålder och allvarlighetsgrad. Slutsats: Vården vid det valda sjukhuset skiljer sig inte signifikant i traumaomhändertagande på dagtid och jourtid eller mellan könen vilket utifrån studerade variabler kan indikera en jämlik vård. Vidare studier skulle vara av intresse för att med andra variabler och infallsvinklar studera eventuella skillnader. Det finns också ett behov av jämförande analyser mellan sjukhus för att undersöka närmare hur jämlik vård som bedrivs i landet. Kunskapen är av vikt för anestesisjuksköterskan för att bedriva jämlik vård.

Problématique : L’édentement et les troubles du sommeil sont des affections chroniques fréquentes chez les personnes âgées et qui peuvent avoir des conséquences défavorables sur le bien-être de ces personnes, ainsi que sur leur qualité de vie. L’édentement pourrait perturber le sommeil par la modification de la structure crânio-faciale et des tissus mous environnants. Cependant, cette relation n'est pas suffisamment documenté. Objectifs : Le but de cette étude pilote était de préparer la mise en œuvre d’une étude clinique randomisée contrôlée concernant l’effet du port nocturne des prothèses complètes sur la qualité du sommeil. Méthodologie : Treize aînés édentés ont participé à cette étude clinique randomisée contrôlée de type croisé. L’intervention consistait à dormir avec ou sans les prothèses durant la nuit. Les participants à l'étude ont été assignés à porter et ne pas porter leurs prothèses dans des ordres alternatifs pour des périodes de 30 jours. La qualité du sommeil a été évaluée par la polysomnographie portable et le questionnaire Pittburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Les données supplémentaires incluent la somnolence diurne, évaluée par le questionnaire Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), et la qualité de vie liée à la santé buccodentaire, évaluée par le questionnaire Oral Health Impact Profile 20 (OHIP-20). De plus, à travers les examens cliniques et radiologiques, les données des caractéristiques sociodémographiques, de la morphologie oropharyngée, des caractéristiques buccodentaires et des prothèses ont été recueillies. Les modèles de régression linéaire pour les mesures répétées ont été utilisés pour analyser les résultats. Résultats : L’étude de faisabilité a atteint un taux de recrutement à l’étude de 59,1% et un taux de suivi de 100%. Le port nocturne des prothèses dentaires augmentait l’index d'apnée-hypopnée (IAH) et le score PSQI par rapport au non port nocturne des prothèses : (IAH : Médiane = 20,9 (1,3 - 84,7) versus 11,2 (1,9 - 69,6), p = 0,237; le score PSQI : Médiane = 6,0 (3,0 - 11,0) versus 5,0 (1,0 - 11,0), p = 0,248). Cependant, ces différences n'étaient pas statistiquement significatives, sauf que pour le temps moyen d’apnée (plus long avec des prothèses) (p < 0,005) et le temps de ronflement relatif (moins élevé avec des prothèses) (p < 0,05). La somnolence diurne excessive et la qualité de vie liée à la santé buccodentaire étaient semblables pour les deux interventions (le score ESS : Médiane = 4,0 (3,0-10,0) versus 5,0 (2,0-10,0), p = 0,746; le score OHIP-20: Médiane = 31,0 (20,0-64,0) versus 27,0 (20,0-49,0), p = 0,670). L’impact néfaste du port nocturne des prothèses complètes sur le sommeil a été statistiquement significatif chez les personnes souffrant de l’apnée-hypopnée moyenne à sévère (p < 0,005). Conclusion : L’essai clinique pilote a montré que le port nocturne des prothèses complètes a un impact négatif sur la qualité du sommeil des gens âgés édentés, surtout chez les personnes avec l’apnée obstructive du sommeil modérée à sévère. Les résultats doivent être confirmés par l’étude clinique randomisée contrôlée de phase II. / Problem: Edentulism and sleep disturbance are common chronic conditions in older people and may have adverse consequences on well-being of these persons, as well as their quality of life. Indeed, edentulism can modify the craniofacial structure and surrounding soft tissue, and lead to sleep disturbance in edentate individuals. However, this relationship is not sufficiently documented. Objectives: The aim of this study was to prepare a pilot randomized controlled trial on the effect of nocturnal complete denture wear on sleep quality. Methods: Thirteen edentate elders participated in this randomized cross-over clinical trial. The intervention consisted of sleeping with or without dentures at night. The study participants were assigned to wear and not wear their denture in alternate orders for periods of 30 days. Sleep quality was assessed by portable polysomnography and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Additional data included: daytime sleepiness assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and oral-health-related quality of life assessed by the Oral Health Impact Profile 20 (OHIP-20). Furthermore, through the clinical and radiographic examinations, data on sociodemographic, oropharyngeal morphology, and oral and prosthesis characteristics were gathered. Linear regression models for repeated measures were used to analyze the data. Results: The recruitment rate for this study was 59.1% and the follow-up rate was 100%. Sleeping with dentures resulted in higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and higher PSQI score when compared with sleeping without dentures (AHI: Median = 20.9 (1.3-84.7) vs. 11.2 (1.9-69.6), p = 0.237; PSQI score: Median = 6.0 (3.0-11.0) vs. 5.0 (1.0-11.0), p = 0.248). However, these differences were not statistically significant, except for the mean apnea time (more with dentures) (p < 0.005) and the relative snoring time (less with dentures) (p < 0.05). Excessive daytime sleepiness and the oral-health-related quality of life were similar for two interventions (ESS score: Median = 4.0 (3.0-10.0) vs. 5.0 (2.0-10.0), p = 0.746; OHIP-20 score: Median = 31.0 (20.0-64.0) vs. 27.0 (20.0-49.0), p = 0.670). The negative impact of sleeping with complete dentures wear was statistically significant in individuals suffering from moderate and severe apnea-hypopnea index (p < 0.005). Conclusion: The pilot clinical trial showed that wearing complete dentures at night has negative effects on the sleep quality of edentate elders, especially in individuals with moderate and severe obstructive apnea sleep. The results need to be confirmed with phase-II randomized clinical trial.

The basal ganglia (BG) are a group of brain nuclei situated deep in the cerebral hemispheres. While BG were primarily associated with motor functions, in recent years there has been an increasing evidence that BG are also significantly involved in a wide range of non-motor functions. This work focused on some of the non-motor symptoms associated with two typical basal ganglia disorders: Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). The first study concerned spatial navigation impairment in patients with HD. Their spatial navigation skills were tested using the Blue Velvet Arena, technique evaluating spatial navigation in real space, capable to selectively differentiate between two components of spatial navigation - allocentric (environment-oriented) and egocentric (self-oriented). Allocentric navigation is linked to hippocampal function, whereas egocentric navigation is usually associated with striatum, a structure predominantly affected in HD. We found that spatial navigation is not significantly affected in the early stages of HD and that in more advanced stages, when spatial navigation is already impaired, there is no significant difference between allocentric and egocentric navigation impairment. We speculate that the striatal involvement does not contribute to the impairment of the...