A l'heure où la famille moderne se conçoit au pluriel, à l'heure où les ascendants organisent en amont la transmission et la dévolution de leur patrimoine, à l'heure où la mondialisation prône l'uniformisation du droit et la fin des spécificités étatiques, il est nécessaire de s'interroger sur l'avenir de la réserve héréditaire. Les parents ne souhaitent plus être privés de leur pouvoir de disposer librement de leur patrimoine, même pour cause de mort. Que répondre à un père qui angoisse à l'idée de voir son patrimoine dilapidé par un enfant ingrat avec lequel il ne vit que de conflits ? Que dire à cet enfant qui a vu son frère avantagé par décision maternelle, de manière abusive et arbitraire ? Quels conseils donner à ces individus qui ouvrent chaque jour la porte de nos offices pour demander l'aide de leur notaire ? Que dire à cet époux qui veut protéger son conjoint de la véhémence d’enfants d’un premier lit ? Afin de leur répondre dans la pratique, appliquons-nous à étudier les moyens de contourner cette réserve héréditaire. Attachons-nous à vérifier leur efficacité. Au-delà des mécanismes classiques du Code civil tels que le testament et la donation, l'intérêt de cette thèse est de se tourner vers des mécanismes plus complexes, afin de répondre aux parents déçus par leur progéniture, mais aussi à eux, enfants lésés, pour leur donner des moyens juridiques de contrer une injuste privation. Il est utile de comprendre et de connaître ce qu’il est possible de faire pour transmettre son patrimoine avec une liberté recouvrée sans risquer les foudres de la loi. A travers l’étude de ces instruments, de leur efficacité et de leur traitement tant légal que familial, la question de la modernisation de la réserve ressurgit. La famille change, et avec elle, la conception traditionnelle de la réserve héréditaire. / At a time when the modern family is conceived in the plural, at a time when ascendants organize upstream transmission and devolution of their heritage, at a time when globalization advocates the standardization of law and the end of specificities States, it is necessary to question the future of the hereditary reserve. Parents no longer wish to be deprived of their power to freely dispose of their patrimony, even for reasons of death. What to answer to a father who is anxious about seeing his heritage squandered by an ungrateful child with whom he lives only conflicts ? What to say to this child who saw his brother favored by maternal decision, in an abusive and arbitrary way ? What advice can be given to those individuals who open the door of our offices every day to ask the help of their notary ? What to say to this husband who wants to protect his spouse from the angry of children from a first bed ? In order to answer them in practice, let us study ways of circumventing this hereditary reserve. Let's focus on checking their effectiveness. Beyond the classical mechanisms of the Civil Code such as the will and the gift, the interest of this thesis is to turn to more complex mechanisms, in order to answer the parents disappointed by their offspring, but also to them, children wronged to give them legal means to counter unfair deprivation. It is useful to understand and know what can be done to transmit one's heritage with a recovered freedom without risking the wrath of the law. Through the study of these instruments, their efficiency and their legal and family treatment, the question of the modernization of the reserve resurfaces. The family changes, and with it, the traditional conception of the hereditary reserve.

This thesis discusses the funerary expression of social status in Macedonia during the 4th century BCE. Specifically, this thesis aims to examine the royal and the noble status and the way this is expressed in death, by making a distinction between royals and nobles. The major questions of this research concern their differences and their similarities, as well as any potential indicators of each one. As part of the material, the thesis has employed four tombs to study that come from three cemeterial areas. The two first tombs are examined as royal tombs and are located in the ancient area of Aegae, located in the modern area of Vergina, while the other two tombs which are examined as noble tombs are located in the modern area of Hagios Athanasios and Derveni. By focusing on the wider cemeterial area, as well as on their architec-ture, their decoration, the grave goods and the human remains, the thesis is treating the archaeological assemblage as a holistic reflection of the social status of the de-ceased, assuming that wealthy tombs should be in accordance with the social ranking of the deceased. However, this thesis also takes into consideration other factors that might affect that funeral assemblage, such as the deceased’s or the family choices. But even despite this choice for planning to have a death as somebody wanted to, the thesis considers that having a wealthy tomb and burial mean that it was affordable and again in this case the funerary assemblage is an aspect by which the social status of the deceased can be illustrated. Finally, the thesis concludes by discussing that straight interpretations of what is considered to be of royal nature appear to be com-plicated and factors such as whoever wanted could have a prominent burial, blur the line between royals and nobles at death. / Denna uppsats diskuterar uttryck av social status i Makedonska begravningar under 300-talet f.v.t. Uppsatsen syftar specifikt till att undersöka kungafamiljens och elitens status och hur detta uttrycks i döden, genom att göra en uppdelning mellan kunglig och elit. De viktigaste frågorna i denna studie rör deras skillnader och likheter, liksom potentiella indikatorer för vardera grupp. Materialet som har studerats är fyra gravar som kommer från tre separata begravningsområden. De två första gravarna undersöks som kungliga gravar och ligger i det antika området Aegae, beläget nära det moderna området Vergina, medan de övriga två gravarna som undersöks som elitgravar ligger i det moderna områdena Hagios Athanasios och Derveni. Genom att fokusera på begravningsområdenas kontext, de enskilda gravarnas arkitektur, deras utsmyckning, gravgåvor och de mänskliga kvarlevorna, behandlar uppsatsen den arkeologiska samlingen som en holistisk återspegling av den avlidnes sociala status, med antagandet att rika gravar bör reflektera den avlidnes sociala status. Men den här avhandlingen tar också hänsyn till andra faktorer som kan påverka begravningssammansättningen, såsom den avlidnes eller familjens personliga val. De begravda kunde ha planerat begravningens utformning, uppsatsen utgår ifrån att en rik grav och begravning betyder att personen hade tillräckliga resurser för begravningen men man behöver se på hela begravningskontexten för att undersöka den begravdas sociala status. Uppsatsen drar slutsatsen att tolkningen av vad som kan vara kungliga och elitgravar är komplicerad och faktorer som att den som hade råd kunde få en påkostad begravning suddar ut gränsen mellan kungliga och elit vid döden.

Organdonation är sällsynt, men blir allt vanligare. Vid en donationsoperation bidrar anestesisjuksköterskan bland annat till att bevara patientens värdighet och övervaka organens cirkulation. Syftet var att beskriva svenska anestesisjuksköterskan och internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter under donationsoperationer av vuxna avlidna donatorer. För att svara på syftet genomförs en systematisk litteraturstudie med ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt, där sju svenska studenters masteruppsatser jämfördes med 16 internationellt vetenskapligt publicerade studier. Resultatet visar att internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor känner sig tveksamma till begreppet hjärndöd och dess beslutsamhet. I Sverige visar det att sjuksköterskorna var medvetna om begreppet hjärndöd och inte tvivlade på läkarens bedömning. Svenska anestesisjuksköterskor upplever ingen brist på formell utbildning i donationsprocessen. Internationellt saknas utbildning om lokala riktlinjer och lagstiftningen kring donationsprocessen. De upplever bristande utbildning som leder till negativa attityder och upplevelser. Det finns skillnader i erfarenheter och behov av stöd mellan internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor och svenska anestesisjuksköterskor. Känslor som sorg, otillräcklighet och rädsla för döden hos de internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskorna, varför de föredrar att inte delta i donationsoperationer. Examensarbetena visar att de svenska anestesisköterskorna känner stolthet över att ha gjort skillnad för en annan människa och att de respekterar deras vilja och lust. Det är tydligt att perioperativa sjuksköterskor runt om i världen både utmanar och känslomässig stress under donationsoperationer och att känslomässig stress är vanligt. Sammanfattningsvis framgår det att internationella perioperativa sjuksköterskor tvivlar på begreppet hjärndöd och saknar utbildning om donationsprocessen, medan svenska anestesisjuksköterskor har en bättre förståelse och känner stolthet över att kunna göra skillnad. / Organ donation is rare, but becoming more common. During a donation operation, the anesthesia nurse contributes, among other things, to preserving the patient's dignity and monitoring the circulation of the organs. The aim was to describe the experiences of Swedish anesthesia nurses and international perioperative nurses during donation operations of adult deceased donors. To answer the purpose, a systematic literature study is carried out with a qualitative approach, where seven Swedish students' master's theses were compared with 16 internationally scientifically published studies. The result shows that international perioperative nurses feel doubtful about the concept of brain death and its determination. In Sweden, it shows that the nurses were aware of the concept of brain death and did not doubt the doctor's assessment. Swedish anesthesia nurses experience no lack of formal training in the process of donation operations. Internationally, there is a lack of training on local guidelines and the legislation surrounding the donation process. They experience a lack of education that leads to negative attitudes and experiences. There are differences in experience and need for support between international perioperative nurses and Swedish anesthesia nurses. Feelings of sadness, inadequacy and fear of death in the international perioperative nurses, why they prefer not to participate in donation operations. The degree projects show that the Swedish nurse anesthetists feel pride in having made a difference for another person and that they respect their will and desire. It is clear that perioperative nurses around the world face both challenges and emotional stress during donation surgeries and that emotional stress is common. In summary, it appears that international perioperative nurses doubt the concept of brain death and lack training about the donation process, while Swedish anesthesia nurses have a better understanding and feel pride in being able to make a difference.

The diploma thesis is divided into theoretical and practical section. The introductory theoretical part is a basic overview of current phenomenons and tendencies in the usage and the forms of the funeral objects and spaces with funeral function, in the field of funeral industry, mainly focused on the area of the Czech republic. It also reflects historical cultural and social circumstances as the sources of the current disposition. The thesis maps the relationship that living society has or had with their deceased in the rituals and the way of treating the dead bodies. It also reflects the variety of ways of honouring the deceased by the manners of treating the human remains. The analysis is then applied in the proces of seeking for an author's own form of expression of honouring one's memory through a design of a funeral object.

As transformações sociais advindas da popularização de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) como a Internet são flagrantes. E a regulamentação destas novas práticas deve ser condizente com as peculiaridades das relações jurídicas desenvolvidas neste âmbito. Este trabalho visa analisar o problema da responsabilidade civil por danos à pessoa humana sofridos no âmbito dos sites de redes sociais pela criação e uso de perfis falsos. Assim, primeiramente, faz-se uma análise introdutória do fenômeno da Internet e das visões sobre as possíveis formas de regulamentação jurídica das condutas praticadas por meio da Rede. Posteriormente, adstringe-se à temática dos danos morais, buscando-se conceituá-los sob a ótica civil constitucional, como danos à pessoa humana. Finalmente, chega-se ao estudo dos perfis falsos, enfrentando-se a problemática dos danos morais sofridos por seu manejo. São desdobradas em três subproblemas: se são ou não capazes civilmente os usuários, chegando-se ao estudo dos perfis de menores de idade; se existem ou não as pessoas representadas nos perfis, subdividindo-se a análise nas hipóteses de perfis criados em roubo de identidade e perfis que representem criações intelectuais e; se estão ou não vivas as pessoas descritas nos perfis, trazendo-se à baila a hipótese dos perfis de pessoas falecidas. / The popularization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) like Internet brought undeniable changes for many. The legal regulation of these new habits must be harmonized with the quirks of such legal relations. This work aims to analyze the problem of the civil liability for moral injuries due to the creation and use fake profiles on the online social network websites. First, it studies some preliminary notions about the Internet and some legal opinions about its governance. After, the issue is restricted to the study of moral injuries at the civil constitutional legal doctrine measure as a damage to the human dignity of person. Finally, the work arrives at the fake profiles and the moral injuries caused by it. Then comes three sub-problems: if the user is legal incapable or not, taking to the study of profiles children and adolescent; if the person represented at the online profile really exists or not, taking to the problems about identity theft and intellectual property violations, and; if the person is alive or not, taking to the topic of deceased persons profiles.

As transformações sociais advindas da popularização de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) como a Internet são flagrantes. E a regulamentação destas novas práticas deve ser condizente com as peculiaridades das relações jurídicas desenvolvidas neste âmbito. Este trabalho visa analisar o problema da responsabilidade civil por danos à pessoa humana sofridos no âmbito dos sites de redes sociais pela criação e uso de perfis falsos. Assim, primeiramente, faz-se uma análise introdutória do fenômeno da Internet e das visões sobre as possíveis formas de regulamentação jurídica das condutas praticadas por meio da Rede. Posteriormente, adstringe-se à temática dos danos morais, buscando-se conceituá-los sob a ótica civil constitucional, como danos à pessoa humana. Finalmente, chega-se ao estudo dos perfis falsos, enfrentando-se a problemática dos danos morais sofridos por seu manejo. São desdobradas em três subproblemas: se são ou não capazes civilmente os usuários, chegando-se ao estudo dos perfis de menores de idade; se existem ou não as pessoas representadas nos perfis, subdividindo-se a análise nas hipóteses de perfis criados em roubo de identidade e perfis que representem criações intelectuais e; se estão ou não vivas as pessoas descritas nos perfis, trazendo-se à baila a hipótese dos perfis de pessoas falecidas. / The popularization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) like Internet brought undeniable changes for many. The legal regulation of these new habits must be harmonized with the quirks of such legal relations. This work aims to analyze the problem of the civil liability for moral injuries due to the creation and use fake profiles on the online social network websites. First, it studies some preliminary notions about the Internet and some legal opinions about its governance. After, the issue is restricted to the study of moral injuries at the civil constitutional legal doctrine measure as a damage to the human dignity of person. Finally, the work arrives at the fake profiles and the moral injuries caused by it. Then comes three sub-problems: if the user is legal incapable or not, taking to the study of profiles children and adolescent; if the person represented at the online profile really exists or not, taking to the problems about identity theft and intellectual property violations, and; if the person is alive or not, taking to the topic of deceased persons profiles.

La société bamiléké de l’Ouest Cameroun, marquée par une structure sociale hiérarchisée basée sur des références coutumières en cours d’évolution, est traversée par des conflits repérables dans les rapports sociaux. Ces tensions se cristallisent à l’occasion des cérémonies telles que le deuil d’un roturier, terrain des observations de cette thèse. L’analyse sociologique et ethnologique de ces conflits et des modalités de leur gestion pratique, en vue du déroulement du deuil dans son intégralité, mobilise l’outillage théorique de la négociation et des transactions sociales dans l’élaboration permanente de compromis, ce que ce travail analyse tout au long du processus de deuil. Les sources et méthodes empiriques croisées avec l’appareillage théoriques donnent à voir que, chez les Bamiléké, les parties prenantes, en termes de jeux d’acteurs et en relation avec différents cadres de contraintes (coutumier, socio-économique, temporel…), s’organisent pour gérer les conflits à travers des dynamiques de négociation ou de transactions qui conduisent à des compromis toujours relatifs et provisoires. D’abord marqués par le temps du deuil, ces compromis participent plus largement de la recomposition locale des relations sociales et du rapport tradition/modernité dans la société bamiléké. / The Bamileke society of Western Cameroon, marked by a hierarchical social structure based on customary references in the course of evolution, is crossed by conflicts that can be identified in social relations. These tensions crystallize on the occasion of ceremonies such as the mourning of a commoner, field of the observations of this thesis. The sociological and ethnological analysis of these conflicts and the modalities of their practical management, with a view to the unfolding of mourning ceremonies in its entirety, mobilizing the theoretical tools of negotiation and social transactions in the permanent elaboration of compromises, what this work analyses throughout the grieving process. The empirical sources and methods crossed with the theoretical references show that, relatives of the deceased, in terms of sets of actors and in relation to different frame of constraints (customary, socio-economic, temporal...) organize themselves to manage conflicts through negotiation or transactions dynamics that always lead to relative and temporary compromises. At first marked by the time of mourning, these compromises participate more widely in the local recomposition of social relations and the relationship between tradition and modernity in Bamileke society.

This qualitative study focuses on the stories of a bereaved couple living with the death of two of their children. The effect of the children's death on the parents is explored, as well as the way in which the parents live with the death of their two sons. The stories of the bereaved couple show their courage and resilience in continuing with their lives, maintaining their bond with their deceased sons and trying to make meaning of their death. As a study in practical theology and pastoral care one aim of this study was to help transform the lives of the parents for the better. In one of the chapters of the research report a study of some literature on bereavement and the death of children is presented. Dominant cultural discourses about death, bereavement, grief and mourning are discussed, as well as voices protesting against these discourses. / Practical Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

This qualitative study focuses on the stories of a bereaved couple living with the death of two of their children. The effect of the children's death on the parents is explored, as well as the way in which the parents live with the death of their two sons. The stories of the bereaved couple show their courage and resilience in continuing with their lives, maintaining their bond with their deceased sons and trying to make meaning of their death. As a study in practical theology and pastoral care one aim of this study was to help transform the lives of the parents for the better. In one of the chapters of the research report a study of some literature on bereavement and the death of children is presented. Dominant cultural discourses about death, bereavement, grief and mourning are discussed, as well as voices protesting against these discourses. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

The Maintenance of Surviving Spouses Act 27 of 1990 came into operation thirty years ago and has remained relatively unchanged since its promulgation. The stated objective of the Act is to provide the surviving spouse with a claim for maintenance against the estate of the deceased spouse in certain circumstances. This objective is sound, as it is evident from an analysis of the history of our law that legislation was needed to address the financial position of a survivor following the death of his or her spouse. The practical application of the Act is, however, not as robust as it does not always achieve the stated objective and often leads to unintended consequences. This research has a dual objective. The first aim is to analyse the practical considerations when an executor applies the Act and to consider the challenges the executor must deal with when considering a maintenance claim under the Act. The second aim is to investigate possible solutions to these challenges and to consider whether there are viable alternative arrangements for the way in which a maintenance claim under the Act is handled. The purpose of the study is to formulate a comprehensive recommendation for legislative reform of the Act so that the practical application of the Act achieves a result that reflects the objective of the Act. / Private Law / LL.D.