Cette thèse explore le fonctionnement indexical des pronoms démonstratifs anglais this, that et it d’une part, et des pronoms démonstratifs français, en particulier ça, d’autre part, en vue d’une comparaison entre ces deux systèmes. L’ensemble des phénomènes référentiels et discursifs observés sont ramenés à certaines caractéristiques syntactico-sémantiques propres à chaque démonstratif, alors formalisées dans le cadre de la Grammaire Notionnelle Dépendancielle. Les occurrences de this, that, it et ça analysées étant issues de conversations orales spontanées et enregistrées selon le protocole des projets PAC et PFC, notre étude apporte un questionnement sur les avantages et les limites des grands corpus oraux pour les recherches en linguistique théorique. / This thesis focuses from a comparative perspective on the indexical functioning of both English and French demonstrative pronouns, namely this, that and it on the one hand, and celui-ci/là, ceci, cela and ça on the other – with particular emphasis on the neuter pronoun ça. The overall referential and discursive phenomena which are examined are tied to a number of syntactic and semantic features and representations characterizing each demonstrative item. Our treatment is then formalized within the framework of Notional Dependency Grammar. As all our crucial examples concerning this, that, it and ça are extracted from authentic face to face conversations from the PAC and PFC projects, the present study leads to a discussion of the potential advantages and limits of large spoken corpora for research in theoretical linguistics.

Abstract This dissertation is thematicly focused on oscillation, wave and acoustics. The goal of this work is to certified suitability of experiments in the physics lessons on the elementary school. There are different kinds of experiments, which are suitably put into lessons. These experiments help pupils to understand the subject matter. A part of the work is also draft of kit to demonstrate experiments which are carrying out during the physics lessons. The dissertation contains a set of experiments with this kit. To check out precondition, that putting experiments is suitable activity during the lessons are here suggested and in practice verified worksheets. The analysis of these worksheets is the conclusion of this dissetation.

[pt] Segundo as gramáticas tradicionais, o que caracteriza, fundamentalmente, os pronomes demonstrativos é a sua função dêitica: indicam a posição dos seres, coisas e noções no espaço ou tempo em relação às três pessoas do discurso (primeira pessoa: este/a, isto; segunda pessoa: esse/a, isso; terceira pessoa: aquele/a, aquilo). Além da função dêitica, também são mencionadas a função anafórica e a catafórica que, respectivamente, fazem referência a algo já mencionado e ao que será citado no discurso. Essas classificações, no entanto, não dão conta de outros empregos desses pronomes no discurso oral e escrito. Considerando, pois, a multifuncionalidade dos pronomes demonstrativos, esta pesquisa se propõe a descrever e analisar os seus variados usos e valores semântico-pragmáticos. Assim, os pressupostos teóricos que fundamentam esta pesquisa são os da Gramática Funcional do Discurso, modelo proposto por Hengeveld (2004), que considera a língua em uso, os participantes, o propósito comunicativo e o conteúdo discursivo. Os dados apresentados constatam que o emprego dos demonstrativos se manifesta com extrema riqueza na língua, indicando uma tendência de reconfiguração das funções básicas desses pronomes. As evidências apontam para um processo de subjetividade de ordem semântico-pragmático no uso dos demonstrativos. / [en] According to the traditional grammars, what characterizes the demonstrative pronouns is its deictic function: they indicate the position of beings and notions in space or time in relation to the three persons of the speech (1st and 2nd person: this and 3rd person, that). Besides the deictic function, the grammars also mention anaphoric and cataforic function that, respectively, refer to something already mentioned and to what will be said in the speech. These ratings, however, do not account for other ways of these pronouns in oral and written discourse. Considering, therefore, the multifunctionality of the demonstrative pronouns, this research aims to describe and analyze their varied uses and semantic-pragmatic values. Thus, the theoretical assumptions underlying this research are those of Functional Discourse Grammar, a model proposed by Hengeveld (2004), which considers the language in use, the participants, the communicative purpose and the discursive content. The presented data underlines that the use of statements manifests extreme richness in the language, indicating a tendency to rewrite the basic functions of these pronouns. The evidences point to a semantic-pragmatic process of subjectivity in the use of demonstrative pronouns.

Hindukush Indo-Aryan (HKIA) is a disputed subgroup of Indo-Aryan languages spoken within a linguistically diverse area stretching from northeastern Afghanistan, across northern Pakistan to northwestern India, principally covering the mountainous region of Hindukush–Karakoram–Western Himalaya. A noteworthy feature of some of these languages is a three-way demonstrative system, or three deictic terms used by speakers to direct one another’s attention to referents at different distances in their environment. It has been suggested that the distinguishing feature of one such demonstrative in HKIA is its referents’ remote distance from the interlocutors, or their absence from the environment altogether. The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, it is to more closely examine the demonstrative systems of a sample of HKIA languages on the basis of fieldwork data; secondly, it is to compare the data to previous accounts of the systems, as well as to the demonstrative systems of other languages spoken in the region. The results provide evidence that two demonstratives in HKIA are distance-contrastive, and one is invisibility-contrastive vis-à-vis the other two. Such a three-term system is moreover shown to be present in languages of the area that span across three other genealogical families, which suggests that the feature may be areally influenced. / Hindukush-indoariska (HKIA) är en omtvistad grupp av indoariska språk som talas i ett språkrikt område från nordöstra Afghanistan, genom norra Pakistan till nordvästra Indien, vilket främst täcker Hindukush-, Karakoram- och västra Himalaya-bergen. Ett anmärkningsvärt drag i ett antal sådana språk är demonstrativsystem med tre nivåer, eller tre deiktiska termer som talare använder för att rikta varandras uppmärksamhet åt referenter vid olika avstånd i deras omgivning. Det har föreslagits att det utmärkande draget för en av HKIA-språkens sådana demonstrativor är det stora avståndet mellan dess referenter och talarna, eller rentav referenternas frånvaro från omgivningen. Syftet med denna studie är dubbelt: i första hand att närmre undersöka demonstrativsystemen hos ett urval av HKIA-språken på basis av fältdata; i andra hand att jämföra dessa data med tidigare beskrivningar av systemen, samt med demonstrativsystem i andra språk som talas i regionen. Resultatet ger bevis för att två demonstrativor i HKIA är avståndskontrastiva, och att en kontrasterar osynlighet från de andra två. Det påvisas dessutom att ett likadant tredelat system finns i språk som talas i området från tre andra genealogiska familjer, vilket tyder på att draget kan vara arealt signifikant. / Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush Region, Swedish Research Council, Project number: 421-2014-631

Cette thèse a pour objet l'étude de la syntaxe et de l'interprétation des constructions dites relatives à pivot interne [RPI] en japonais. Le japonais est souvent décrit comme disposant de deux systèmes de relativisation, la relative régulière, prénominale, et la RPI. Reprenant les premiers travaux sur ces constructions, dus à S.-Y. Kuroda, nous montrons que la RPI n'est pas un cas de modification nominale comparable à celui de la relative régulière, mais plutôt un cas de coordination de deux propositions internes à la phrase compète. Nous proposons, sur le plan syntaxique, une analyse de -no comme réalisation phonologique d'un déterminant, D, suivant partiellement les hypothèses générales de Kayne [1994]. Pour l'interprétation de la RPI, nous défendons l'hypothèse selon laquelle elle se comporte comme un topique scénique qui précède les topiques ordinaires, itérables, de Rizzi [1997]. Nous proposons dans un premier temps, la montée en FL de la proposition enchâssée, et dans un second temps, une analyse de la suite de [trace + -no] qui reste in situ comme équivalent du pronom démonstratif sore. / This dissertation is a study of the syntax and semantics of the so-called Head-Internal Relative [HIR] clauses in Japanese. This language is generally describe as possessing two distinct relativisation strategies, the unmarked, prenominal, relatives clauses on the one hand, and the HIRs on the other. Returning to the first descriptions of the latter [cf. S-Y. Kuroda 1974, 1975-76], I demonstrate that, semantically, IHR clauses are not a case of adnominal modification; thus, what appears to be a case of [syntactic] embedding is in fact an unexpected case of coordination of two propositions, corresponding to the IHR clause and the main clause. The syntactic analysis of the HIR relies on the idea that -no is a D, borrowing in part from Kayne's [1994] well-known analysis of relative clauses. However, at the semantic interpretation level, we propose that the contents of the HRI is a proposition which functions like a scenic topic which precedes Rizzi's [1997] iterable topic phrases. We are thus led to suggest that the IHR[or its contents] raises to the left periphery, and that the sequence [trace + -no] left behind functions like the demonstrative pronoun sore when it is used anaphorically rather than deictically.

In my Ph.D. thesis, I examine the use of referential devices in spoken narrative discourse with predominant anaphoric reference. Special attention is paid to the relationship between two competing forms: lexical phrases containing the lexeme ten (ten-MARKED NPs) and lexical phrases not containing it (UNMARKED NPs) in repeated mentions. A primary aim of the work is (i) to identify factors favouring the use of ten-marked NPs at the expense of unmarked NPs and (ii) to explore the possibility of the lexeme ten grammaticalizing from its anaphoric use. Theoretically and methodologically I benefit mostly from the conception of discourse anaphora and the theory of grammaticalization. The referential devices are systematically explored in terms of their distribution into different classes according to a set of parameters and their values. These parameters reflect the conceptual (animacy), grammatical (syntactic function, type of clause etc.) as well as discourse characteristics of the forms and their referents (informational status of the NP in the clause, activation and persistence of the referent, etc.). The data consist of 45 short narratives produced by 15 speakers. The speakers' task was to retell three short silent-movie sketches which they had seen immediately before the recording. The design of the...

Text in English / This study explores the syntax of the substantive phrase, more especially substantive phrase composed of more than one qualificative, in Sesotho. Adopting interviews, questionnaires and documents, the study seeks to investigate the syntactic sequence of qualificatives, their relation to the modified head word and influence of such ordering pattern in the phrase. Structurally, qualificatives comprise two components, namely the qualificative concord and stem. The qualificative serves to give varied information about the implicit or explicit substantive resulting in seven types of qualificatives in Sesotho, be they the Adjective, Demonstrative, Enumerative, Interrogative, Possessive, Quantifier and Relative. From the Minimalist perspective, the qualificative is recursive. The study established a maximum of five qualificatives in a single phrase. The number is generally achieved by recurrence of the Adjective, the Possessive and the Relative up to a maximum of four of the same qualificative in a single phrase. It is observed that the recurrence of the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Enumerative and Quantifier is proscribed in Sesotho. Regarding the ordering of qualificatives, it is also observed that the Demonstrative, Interrogative, Quantifier and Possessive mostly occupy the position closer to the substantive while the Adjective, Enumerative, Possessive and Quantifier mostly occur in the medial position. The Possessive and Relative occur in the outer-border position of the phrase. Such a sequence is influenced by several factors including focus, emphasis, the nature of the relationship between the head word and the dependent element, the syntactic complexity of the qualificative and the knowledge shared by both the speaker and the hearer about the qualified substantive. It can, therefore, be concluded that there are no strict rules of occurrence of the qualificatives in Sesotho. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

O grande diferencial da contabilidade enquanto ciência do controle financeiro são as técnicas que garantem a integridade das informações apresentadas, basicamente através da identidade débito/crédito. O que se faz nesta tese é mostrar como uma nova forma de registro dos derivativos, respeitando-se os princípios contábeis, é capaz de propiciar uma estimativa mais clara e precisa dos riscos financeiros envolvidos nas posições de balanço. É feita uma Decomposição Contábil das transações com derivativos, abrindo-se cada operação em ativo e passivo, com a diferença de ambos sendo o resultado a valor justo do mesmo. Posteriormente, uma nova Decomposição de Riscos abre ativo e passivo em seus fatores primitivos de risco, evidenciando a exposição a riscos por tipo de fator. Finalmente uma reagregação global de todas as decomposições realizadas por fatores de risco gera a DRF-Demonstração de Riscos Financeiros, que evidencia de forma sintética toda exposição a riscos envolvida nas transações carregadas no balanço patrimonial. É mostrado como a DRF evidencia de forma mais clara a eficácia de hedges carregados no balanço, para fins gerenciais internos e para fins do usuário externo. Também ficam evidentes os montantes de exposição em cada fator de risco de mercado. A grande vantagem deste procedimento é que são obtidas as exposições a risco nos derivativos de forma automaticamente conciliada com os registros contábeis. / The great advantage of accounting as a science of financial control are the techniques that guarantee the integrity of the information presented, primarily through the identity debit / credit. This thesis shows a new form to recognize and record derivatives while preserving accounting principles and providing a much more clear and precise estimate of the financial risks involved in the balance sheet items. An Accounting Decomposition is made over derivative transactions by spreading up each one of them into an asset and a liability; the difference being the fair value result of the transaction. Subsequently, a new Risks Decomposition opens up assets and liabilities in their primitive risk factors, highlighting the risk exposures by each type. Finally, a global reaggregation of all decompositions performed by risk factors generates the SFR-Statement of Financial Risks, showing synthetically the exposures to all risks involved in the transactions carried in the balance sheet. It is presented how the SFR shows effectiveness of hedges applied on the balance sheet more clearly, either, for internal management and for external user purposes. Also, it turns evident the amount of exposure to each market risk factor. The greatest advantage of this procedure is to obtain the risk exposures of derivatives automatically and straightly reconciled with accounting records.

<p>The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English.</p><p>The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors.</p><p>The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.</p>

The aim of this degree project has been to examine, analyze and describe which intra-linguistic factors influence how relative clauses are formed in Old English. The key to successfully performing the task of identifying which factors influences the relative causes is to examine how these factors are distributed among the relative clauses in the text. The main focus of this investigation thus was to investigate how the grammatical features of the antecedents of the relative clauses in Old English were distributed. By analyzing a text sample of the work of the Old English writer Ælfric, taken from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus at the University of Toronto, also known as the Toronto Corpus, several features of the antecedent will ideally become evident as influencing factors. The relative clauses that are found to be relevant for this investigation in the Ælfric text sample have been categorized and analyzed in order to identify any grammatical pattern that could indicate which factors influence how relative clauses in Old English are formed. The findings have been analyzed according to quantitative and statistical principles, and the chi-square test has been employed to verify the statistical significance of these findings. By doing this some linguistic factors have been verified as influencing factors.