This research addresses legislative impediments inherent to working in the government construction industry by investigating whether benefits exist when using alternative project delivery methods, and whether legislative limitations allowing the use of alternative project delivery methods impede any such benefits from being realized. The research begins by defining the project delivery method process, and explains in detail the four primary types and how they function. The research then provides a qualitative study that presents the perceived advantages and disadvantages of each method. Then, a second literature review provides an overview of previously published research in project delivery method selection, and examines federal and state legislative trends to establish the growing debate associated with alternative project delivery methods, focusing on the design-build method of project delivery. Finally, a quantitative analysis is presented to test whether federal and state legislative limitations influence the realization of any benefits of alternative project delivery methods, and specifically design-build, for federal projects. Project characteristics from the U.S. General Services Administration Capital Construction Project database are tested. The research suggests that when an alternative project delivery method, specifically design-build, is chosen, there are benefits in time and cost savings, and the ability to use the alternative project delivery method is affected by the removal of federal and state legislative impediments.

Esta dissertação trata de questões relativas à experimentação prática no processo de ensino-aprendizagem nos cursos de arquitetura e urbanismo. Com a perspectiva de contribuir com o ensino de arquitetura no Brasil, foram escolhidas para análise duas realidades: a Universidade de São Paulo, no Brasil, com foco nas disciplinas da FAUUSP em que há o desenvolvimento do espaço pedagógico do Canteiro Experimental; e nos Estados Unidos, em comunidades pobres do Alabama, com base no método de trabalho do Rural Studio, da Universidade de Auburn. O Canteiro Experimental da FAUUSP é um equipamento pedagógico e uma proposta metodológica de ensino desenvolvido nos últimos quinze anos, dentro das atividades curriculares práticas construtivas com os alunos. O Rural Studio é um projeto pedagógico formado por estudantes e professores, com metodologia de trabalho de um laboratório de ensino e extensão, que desenvolve com a comunidade beneficiada projetos e depois construções de casas e espaços coletivos para assentamentos pobres do sul dos Estados Unidos. O trabalho analisa a influência desses processos educativos na formação de um arquiteto com prática profissional direcionada à população atualmente desatendida, considerando a importância fundamental da educação na promoção de transformações sociais. Para isso, a pesquisa abordará em um primeiro momento a relação da evolução dos movimentos de moradia, das políticas públicas habitacionais no Brasil e as teorias do grupo \"Arquitetura Nova\" com as iniciativas decorrentes nas Escolas de Arquitetura como os Laboratórios de Habitação e Canteiros Experimentais. Em seguida, analisará o Canteiro Experimental da FAUUSP, procurando entender como este espaço de práticas construtivas pode ser estendido a atividades dentro de comunidades. Para, enfim, fazer uma análise do grupo americano e compreender as possíveis contribuições que podem ser incorporadas à realidade brasileira. Ao resgatar experiências inovadoras, o presente projeto visa ainda contribuir para uma necessária renovação do ensino de arquitetura no Brasil, aproximando a teoria da prática construtiva e a Universidade da comunidade. / This dissertation deals with issues of practical experimentation in the process of teaching-learning courses in architecture and urbanism. With the prospect of contributing to the teaching of architecture in Brazil, two realities were selected for analysis: the University of São Paulo, in Brazil , focusing on the disciplines of FAUUSP where the is the development of the pedagogical space at the Experimental Job Site; and the United States, in poor communities in Alabama, based on the method of work of the Rural Studio, of the Auburn University. Experimental Job Site of FAU is a teaching equipment and methodology developed in the last fifteen years within the construction practices curricular activities of students. The Rural Studio is a pedagogical project formed by students and teachers, with methodology of a laboratory for teaching and extension, which develops with the benefiting community projects and then constructs houses and collective spaces for poor settlements of the southern United States. The paper analyzes the influence of these educational processes in the formation of an architect with professional practice directed to the currently underserved population, considering the fundamental importance of education in promoting social change. Therefore, the research will focus at first on the relationship of the development of housing movements, of public housing policies in Brazil and the theories of the group \"New Architecture\" with initiatives arising in the Schools of Architecture as the Housing Laboratories and Experimental Job Site. Then examines the Experimental Job Site of FAU, trying to understand how this space of construction practices can be extended to activities within communities. To finally make an analysis of the American group and understand the possible contributions that can be incorporated to the Brazilian reality. By rescuing innovative experiences, this project aims to contribute to a necessary renewal of architectural education in Brazil, bringing the theory of constructive practice and the University of the community.

Esta tese possui como perspectiva de análise as manifestações contemporâneas de produção das arquiteturas vernáculas e culturas construtivas, dentro da complexa correlação de forças e interesses que formatam e determinam os fenômenos de produção capitalista das habitações populares. Seu contorno analítico está delineado a partir de uma série de reflexões de ordem teórico-conceituais relacionadas com as análises de um canteiro habitacional dentro de um assentamento rural de reforma agrária. Este, assume a forma de um Canteiro-Escola e se projeta como palco de experimentações e vivências, onde se propõe como prática o exercício de conjugar pedagogia e produção no mesmo espaço. Os processos de formação e construção dos conhecimentos ocorrem de maneira complementar e simultânea às realizações práticas e ao desenvolvimento das tecnologias. O canteiro se transforma, assim, em ferramenta para constituição de um espaço dialético de trabalho social, onde o experimentar produtivo está focado no desafio de conceber uma habitação a partir da geração local de tecnologias sociais, por meio do uso de materiais naturais e da reutilização de recursos descartados. O trabalho teórico, apresentado nas primeiras partes da tese, define o quadro de sua práxis, que por sua vez, realimenta a reflexão sobre os processos de produção e desenvolvimento de novas formas de arquiteturas vernáculas, integradas aos seus territórios. / This thesis takes as its analytical perspective the contemporary manifestations of vernacular architecture production and building cultures within the complex correlation of forces and interests that shape and determine the phenomena of capitalist production of popular housing. The analytic framework is delineated from a series of reflections of theoretical and conceptual order, in relation to the analysis of a popular housing building site within an agrarian reform rural settlement in Brazil. This assumes the form of a field school in loco on the building site and is projected as a stage for experiments and experiences, where the proposal is to combine pedagogy and production in the same space. The processes of knowledge formation and construction occur simultaneously and complementarily to practical achievements and development of technologies. This building site is thus transformed into a tool for the constitution of a dialectical space of social work, where the orientation of its productive experimenting is focused on the challenge of designing a house from the local generation of social technologies, through the use of natural materials and reuse of discarded resources. A theoretical work, presented in the initial of the thesis, provides the framework for this fieldwork, which feeds back our reflection on processes of production and development of new vernacular architectures, integrated into their territories.

Totalentreprenad är en väletablerad entreprenadform inom byggbranschen. Det har länge använts för att upphandla byggprojekt och medför att totalentreprenören ansvarar för både projekteringen och produktion. Sveriges största beställare, Trafikverket, har nyligen startat en satsning mot att i större utsträckning upphandla sina projekt inom byggande av Sveriges infrastruktur på totalentreprenad. Tidigare har enbart vissa beståndsdelar av projekten varit upphandlade med denna kontraktsform. Förändringen som branschen nu står inför, där Trafikverket ändrat inriktning, syftar till att effektivisera byggprocessen. I och med detta ställs nu högre krav på entreprenörens kompetens att framgångsrikt driva sina projekt. Ansvaret för den omfattande och komplexa projekteringen inom infrastrukturprojekt förskjuts nu från beställare till entreprenör och det åligger entreprenören att driva projektering och produktion på ett effektivt sätt. Syftet med denna rapport är att påvisa hur en effektivisering av utvalda moment inom projekteringsarbetet kan bidra till en mer produktiv projekteringsprocess för Skanska, samt påvisa vilka brister som via fallstudie identifierats i referensprojektets projekteringsarbete. De moment som valts rör ämnena organisation, kommunikation och styrning. Under processens gång har svar till formulerade frågeställningar sökts genom studier av litteratur, vetenskapliga artiklar och webbsidor. Intervjuer på två referensprojekt har också genomförts, varav enkät även skickades ut till deltagare i projekteringsarbetet för ett av de två referensprojekten. Slutsatserna, som presenteras i rapportens avslutande delar, är att det finns delar att förbättra i projekteringsarbetet för det huvudsakliga referensprojektet Stenkumla-Dunsjö, vilket utförs av Skanska. Omstrukturering av projekteringsorganisationen, där projekteringsledaren tillåts att ägna sig åt arbetsuppgifter som åligger den rollen, kan leda till en mer effektiv och tydlig styrning av projekteringen. Vidare kan en ansträngning för att i projekteringsarbetet involvera personal med koppling till produktion och låta dem aktivt deltaga i processen genom att inom sitt respektive teknikslag styra tillhörande projektörers arbete. Fortsättningsvis kan kommunikationens inverkan på projekteringsstyrningen inte belysas nog. Projekteringsledningen bör tidigt i processen etablera och befästa vilka kommunikationsvägar som ska nyttjas, och till vilka ändamål de ska användas. Ett modernt verktyg för kommunikation är visuell projektering, som syftar till att effektivisera och öka kommunikationen mellan parterna. Visualisering av projekteringstidplan och frågeställningar som rör projekteringen, kan underlätta för styrningen av denna process. För att knyta an till föregående mening där tidplanering nämndes, bör tidplaneringen ägnas en stor uppmärksamhet. Att detaljera tidplanen för projekteringen underlättar för styrningen av processen, då delmål åskådliggörs och tydligheten då ökar. Om detaljeringen dessutom utförs tillsammans med deltagande projektörer, kan detta åstadkomma en mer sammansvetsad grupp som arbetar mot samma mål. Avslutningsvis kan nämnas att en tydlig målformulering för projektet i allmänhet, och projekteringen i synnerhet, också bidrar till en effektivare projekteringsstyrning. Något att sträva efter i målformuleringen är att målen ska göras enligt SMART-modellen, då uppfylls kraven på att ett mål ska vara tydligt, realistiskt, mätbart och förankrat. / Design build is well established in the construction industry. It has been used for a long time in the procurement of construction projects, and the result of this type of contract is that the contractor is responsible for undertaking both the design and construction. Recent changes have been made in the procurement of infrastructure projects by Sweden’s largest client, Trafikverket, which intends to increase the use of design build contracts. Before these changes, only certain parts of their projects were procured with this type of contract. The change in the industry, aims to make the construction process more effective. By doing this, contractors are facing increased requirements in running their projects successfully. The responsibility of the comprehensive and complex design process in infrastructure is now shifted from the client to the contractor and it is within the contractor’s interest to manage the design and construction process in an effective way. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate how to improve the effectiveness of chosen elements in the design process, and how Skanska can manage the design process in a more productive way. Furthermore, it aims to show flaws identified in the design process of the main case study of this report. The chosen elements in the design process are in the area of organization, communication and management. During the process of answering the formulated questions, studies of literature, scientific articles and web sites have been made. Also, several interviews took place at the studied constructions projects, with staff both from the contractor and the design firms. Lastly, a survey was conducted within one of the case study’s organization gather opinions on the contractor’s management of design. The conclusions, which are presented in the last parts of the report, is that there are some parts to improve in the design process of the main case study, a project called Stenkumla-Dunsjö managed by Skanska, in this report. Firstly, a restructuring of the management organization, where the design manager is allowed to focus on the duties that comes with the role, can result in a more effective and accurate management of design. Furthermore, the integration of construction in the design process, which originates from the concept of concurrent engineering, allows the contractor to use its knowledge from construction in the early stages of design. This can be made by involving construction managers and allowing them to be design managers as well. Also, the importance of communication cannot be underestimated. In the early stages of the project, the people involved in the design management should establish ways to communicate within the design group. Visual design is a communication tool, with the purpose to increase and make the communication more effective within the group. The visualization of time schedule and current issues may facilitate a more effective management of design. Moreover, the scheduling is a very important part in managing the design process. The schedule should be detailed thoroughly with inputs from members in the design group. This facilitates a clearer image of the design process and when documents are to be delivered. Also, when producing the time schedule together within the design group, this may lead to a more integrated group. Lastly, when formulating goals for the design process, the goals should be SMART, which leads to a specific, realistic, measurable and accepted goal.

It is my contention that through activating participatory design and community engagement strategies, in conjunction with innovative construction methods that address issues of resource scarcity, the standard of living and level of accessibility to critical resources in impoverished portions of Honduras can be drastically improved. The newly provided model of construction can be done it such a way that it is cost effective in its building method, and provides highly sought after scarce critical resources. This allows participants to allocate more of their finances towards other necessary resources they normally would not be able to acquire. A new community center designed to address the issues of resource scarcity and job opportunities will stand as a first built model with the intent that the methods of construction and innovations employed will be replicated in further applications. The center will be innovative in its construction in such a way that it recognizes local building practices, and brings some new ideas to them allowing for a method of construction that is both improved and more affordable. The center will also take a fresh look at ways the community can address issues of food and water through architectural innovations. The intent is that the success of the center’s combined interventions will encourage local people to replicate the design ideas in their own residential applications. This will improve the quantity of resources available in the community and also start to build a new job market for installing the newly desirable systems. Resource scarcity has wreaked havoc on the typical Honduran villages’ sense of community. Hondurans are in constant competition with their neighbors for scarce critical resources required to sustain life. These resources include, food, water, shelter, and employment opportunities. Violent conflict often arises within communities as individuals compete with their neighbors for the basic necessities required to sustain life. While architecture alone cannot solve all the issues that contribute to the problem of violence, a new center with a program that builds community and provides needed resources stands to potentially curb neighborhood conflict and begin the community healing process. The center stands as not only a replicable model, but also as an immediate community element to bring neighbors back together physically in daily interactions and emotionally in the new resources being provided.

Architecture in its primitive form enacted a relationship of making between intentions and outcome. Post- industrialized modernization has created a multiplication of complexities, resulting in a profession that has disengaged theory and practice through the specialization of the architect and the craftsman. Design-build has the ability to be an educational process that re-engages a direct dialog and collaboration of the roles of designer and maker, reinforcing the resilience of culture and place through joining intentions and built reality. Design-build projects have the ability to be an integral part of design education because of their ability to engage in physical manifestation that is fundamentally different than formal education of designing through drawing or design at a distance. Exploring the Washington Alexandria Architecture Center's Design-Build ethos as a primary case study, I intend to support this claim by providing evidence of how a Design-Build process can engage the designer, tools, methods, and materials, with the cultural, social, and environmental context that is sensible to place. By utilizing creativity and ingenuity of available resources as an opportunity for adaptation, an organic sense of place is perceptible, the place is created. Representation beyond drawing encourages one to be proactive in connecting the qualities and characteristics of existing space; this leads to a sustainable practice of continued investment in object, materiality, time, and place. Hybrid approaches to design, or the assembly of both design and building as an academic practice, are no longer insular, but are encouraged as a way to interrelate and connect the built environment with its unbuilt opportunities and impressions. / Master of Architecture

Le management des risques de projet est une préoccupation croissante dans le domaine de la construction. Il ne se limite pas seulement à l’analyse des risques techniques, mais couvre aussi les risques financiers, économiques, organisationnels, réglementaire, contractuel, et d’autres types de risques cruciaux pour des projets de construction complexes et stratégiques. Le management des risques nécessite l’identification, l’analyse, le suivi des risques et des opportunités pendant tout le cycle de vie du projet. Le processus formalisé et systémique de management des risques pour des projets de construction complexes et stratégiques permet d’identifier et d’analyser les risques attachés d’une part à la décomposition chronologique du projet (phases, sous-phases, tâches), à la décomposition organisationnelle du projet (aux acteurs projet), aux ressources, aux contrats, aux facteurs externes et d’autre part aux relations entre ces éléments. Le processus formalisé et systémique s’adapte au caractère dynamique et évolutif du projet, au type de contrat et au type de projet, au niveau de détail souhaité et à la vision de l’acteur qui fait le management des risques. L’ensemble de la démarche est fortement nourri de l’expérience tirée de projets réels au sein de l’entreprise partenaire. Un outil de gestion des risques est mis en place pour mettre en pratique la démarche théorique et pour tester la méthodologie proposée sur plusieurs études de cas des projets Partenariat Public Privé (PPP) et Conception-Construction-Maintenance. / Project risk management is a growing concern in the field of construction. It is not limited to technical risks, but also covers financial risks, economic, organizational or contractual and any type of risks crucial for complex and strategic construction projects. Risk management process involves the identification, analysis, monitoring of risks and opportunities throughout the project life cycle. The formalized and systematic risk management process first identifies and analyzes the risks associated with the chronological decomposition of the project (phases, sub-phases, tasks), with the organizational structure of the project (project actors), with resources, contracts, external factors and material or immaterial flows between these elements. The formalized and systematic approach adapts to the dynamic and evolving nature of the project, to the type of contract and the type of project, to the level of detail and the vision of the stakeholder who manages risks. The whole process is highly fed by real projects study cases. A tool for risk management is developed to put into practice the theoretical approach and to test the process in the case studies of Public Private Partnership (PPP) and Design-Build-Maintenance projects.

Ce travail de thèse propose d’examiner les relations entre les processus historiques de production des cultures constructives traditionnelles, les processus de production des technologies au cœur du système industriel capitaliste et les nouveaux processus de production de technologies - collectives, solidaires, conscientes et soutenables - dans la production de l’habitat rural brésilien, de façon à nous fournir des pistes sur le développement de processus embryonnaires de production de nouvelles « cultures constructives contemporaines ». Notre question principale cherche à analyser dans quelles circonstances les processus de production de « nouvelles technologies » se présentent comme alternatives au déterminisme historique du processus de production industriel/capitaliste, favorisant des mécanismes de développement local, au sein de communautés rurales, principalement dans la production de leur habitat. Dans un premier temps, nous proposons de tisser une réflexion sur les notions de cultures constructives, en cherchant à relever des éléments qui nous fournissent des supports pour mieux comprendre comment certaines sociétés ont pu produire des « technologies » à un moment historique précis, adaptées à leur propre contexte culturel et environnemental, que les gens se sont appropriées et qui ont évolué, étant de ce fait légitimées et reproduites par les générations successives. Dans un deuxième temps, nous traiterons de la mutation de ce processus en un nouveau modèle de production, désormais convenu et hégémonique, fondé sur la rationalisation technique des systèmes de production, l'accentuation de la division sociale du travail, la fragmentation et spécialisation des processus productifs, entre autres facteurs, et de ses conséquences et implications. Enfin, dans un troisième moment, nous essaierons de nourrir la réflexion existante qui cherche à favoriser de nouveaux processus de production de technologies, ne pouvant pas être simplement considérées ou développées en tant qu’alternatives, basées dans la négation ou l’opposition aux caractéristiques présentes dans les technologies dites “conventionnelles”, mais qui peuvent contenir des principes, valeurs et caractéristiques autrefois présents dans les cultures constructives traditionnelles. A partir du dialogue réflexif entre ces différentes mais complémentaires bases de recherche, nous analyserons quelques expériences réalisées dans des communautés rurales brésiliennes, en tissant des réflexions critiques sur les processus de production de leur habitat. / This thesis takes as its analytical perspective the contemporary manifestations of vernacular architecture production and building cultures within the complex correlation of forces and interests that shape and determine the phenomena of capitalist production of popular housing.The analytic framework is delineated from a series of reflections of theoretical and conceptual order, in relation to the analysis of a popular housing building site within an agrarian reform rural settlement in Brazil. This assumes the form of a field school in loco on the building site and is projected as a stage for experiments and experiences, where the proposal is to combine pedagogy and production in the same space. The processes of knowledge formation and construction occur simultaneously and complementarily to practical achievements and development of technologies.This building site is thus transformed into a tool for the constitution of a dialectical space of social work, where the orientation of its productive experimenting is focused on the challenge of designing a house from the local generation of social technologies, through the use of natural materials and reuse of discarded resources. A theoretical work, presented in the initial of the thesis, provides the framework for this fieldwork, which feeds back our reflection on processes of production and development of new vernacular architectures, integrated into their territories. / Esta tese possui como perspectiva de análise as manifestações contemporâneas de produção das arquiteturas vernáculas e culturas construtivas, dentro da complexa correlação de forças e interesses que formatam e determinam os fenômenos de produção capitalista das habitações populares. Seu contorno analítico está delineado a partir de uma série de reflexões de ordem teórico-conceituais relacionadas com as análises de um canteiro habitacional dentro de um assentamento rural de reforma agrária. Este, assume a forma de um canteiro-escola e se projeta como palco de experimentações e vivências, onde se propõe como prática o exercício de conjugar pedagogia e produção no mesmo espaço. Os processos de formação e construção dos conhecimentos ocorrem de maneira complementar e simultânea às realizações práticas e ao desenvolvimento das tecnologias. Tal canteiro se transforma, assim, em ferramenta para constituição de um espaço dialético de trabalho social, onde o experimentar produtivo está focado no desafio de conceber uma habitação a partir da geração local de tecnologias sociais, por meio do uso de materiais naturais e da reutilização de recursos descartados. O trabalho teórico, apresentado nas primeiras partes da tese, define o quadro de sua práxis, que por sua vez, realimenta a reflexão sobre os processos de produção e desenvolvimento de novas formas de arquiteturas vernáculas, integradas aos seus territórios.

Les contrats globaux de la commande publique, catégorie de contrats constituée au fur et à mesure de leur création, jouent un rôle majeur dans l’action des personnes publiques et des collectivités territoriales notamment. Le contrat de partenariat est devenu l’élément phare de cette famille d’instruments juridiques. Ces derniers se sont superposés au point de constituer un ensemble difficilement lisible pour les collectivités territoriales sans que cela ne ralentisse leur utilisation et leur succès. L’analyse du cas de la ville de Lourdes, de projets portés par des collectivités territoriales aux importances diverses ainsi que de l’utilisation par l’Etat des contrats globaux sont autant d’exemples qui ont mis en évidence la nécessité de procéder à un véritable état des lieux. Après une décennie de pratique et d’observation des contrats de partenariat notamment, il apparaît, plus que jamais, nécessaire de traduire le bilan qui a été réalisé en une véritable clarification des catégories de contrats de la commande publique. L’adoption des directives marchés et concessions lors de l’année 2014 et l’arrivée d’une ordonnance relative aux marchés publics en 2015 mettent en exergue l’actualité de la question ainsi que l’importance de procéder à une réorganisation d’envergure du droit français de la commande publique. / Comprehensive contracts in public procurement constitute a class of contracts that have been formed gradually since their creation and play a major role, for instance in the action of public entities and local authorities. Partnership agreements became the main element of this family of legal instruments. They superimposed to compose a group that is hardly comprehensible by territorial authorities, which minimise their utilisation and success. Analyses of the case of Lourdes, of projects led by local authorities as well as the use of comprehensive agreements by the government are all examples that highlight the necessity of carrying out a real overview of the situation. After a decade of practicing and observing the use of public-private partnerships, it appears that the necessity of translating the achieved assessment into a real clarification of the different types of public procurements is more important than ever. The adoption of public procurement directives and concession directives in 2004 and the order relating to public procurement setting up in 2015 bring out the pertinence of the subject as well as the importance of proceeding to a major reorganisation of the French public procurement law.

This Diploma thesis follows up the award of public contracts using the Design-Build method. The first part focuses on the description of individual procurement methods and their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, the basic types of FIDIC terms and connditions are compared here. The second part describes and evaluates the terms of reference for specific projects commissioned by Design-Build in the Czech Republic. There is also a questionnaire survey that examines the viewpoints, knowledge and experience of contracting authorities with this method.