Introduction - India is beginning to resemble the western worlds’ way of living and that leads to an increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Due to its very large population India has the world second largest number of people with diabetes; 61, 3 million people. Studies have shown that the awareness of diabetes is poor, especially in rural areas. Aim - To investigate nurses’ experience of applying professional competence in patient education with focus on diabetes type II in an Indian rural hospital. Method – Data was gathered through twelve qualitative interviews. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed verbatim and then analyzed through content analysis. Result – Three main categories were identified; Acquired competence to meet the patients, Helping the patients manage their disease and Nurses’ ideas for quality improvements regarding diabetes care. Conclusion - This study identified different obstacles that could have a negative effect on the care and treatment of patients with diabetes type II. The nurses had many ideas for quality improvements which could raise the awareness of the disease among patients, improve clinical outcomes and the work environment for the nurses. The nurses are willing to get more education about the disease and implement quality improvements if the resources and equipment are provided by the hospital.

Diabetes typ II är en kronisk sjukdom som ökar bland ungdomar. Fetma och övervikt ses som en bidragande faktor till att diabetes typ II ökar. Mer stillasittande och sämre kostvanor påverkar kroppen med insulinresistens och trötta insulinproducerande celler som till slut kan leda till diabetes typ II. Att som ungdom drabbas av en kronisk sjukdom kan upplevas som en turbulent tid i ungdomars liv. Familjens och samhällets stöd påverkar ungdomarnas levnadsvanor och deras val av livsstil. För att sjuksköterskan skall kunna arbeta preventivt med stöd och motivation samt sätta in rätt resurser måste sjuksköterskan veta vilka faktorer som främjar och hindrar följsamhet till de livsstilsförändringar som ungdomarna behöver göra. Bra kostvanor och regelbunden fysisk aktivitet kan bidra till att förebygga diabetes typ II. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva faktorer som främjar och hindrar livsstilsförändringar hos ungdomar med diabetes typ II. Litteraturstudien innehåller tio artiklar, både kvalitativa och kvantitativa. Det framkommer av resultatet att familj och vänner spelar en avgörande roll i följsamheten till livsstilsförändringar. Att som ungdom ha tillgång till bra mat och att utöva fysisk aktivitet med vänner, ökade följsamheten hos ungdomen. Resultatet visar också betydelsen av att ungdomar vill vara som alla andra och inte känna sig annorlunda.

Bakgrund: I takt med ökat välstånd, inkluderande försämrade kost och levnadsvanor, har diabetes typ II ökat signifikant i flera av världens länder. Därför är det viktigt med upplysning och information kring sjukdomen och vad man kan göra för att förhindra den. Syftet: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att belysa hur sjuksköterskan kan vara ett stöd till patienter med diabetes typ II så att hon/han bättre kan hantera sin sjukdom. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie som baserades på tio kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet utkristalliserades i tre teman; ”Regelbundenhet och kontinuitet”, ”Stöd och undervisning” och ”Självständighet” . Resultatet visar att genom stöd, undervisning och kontinuitet blir patienten motiverad att ta hand om sin sjukdom och ändra sina levnadsvanor. Slutsats: Patienter som blir undervisade, sedda och uppmuntrade av sjuksköterskan, blir mer motiverade att ändra sina levnadsvanor och tar bättre hand om sin sjukdom. / Background: With an increased prosperity, including deteriorating diet and living habits, type II diabetes has increased significant in several countries around the world. Therefore, it is important to inform about the disease and what you can do to prevent it. Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the nurse’s possibilities to support type II diabetes patients in order to better manage their disease Method: A literature based review on ten qualitative articles. Result: The result crystallizes three themes: “Regularity and continuity”, “Support and teaching” and “Independency”. The result shows that by providing support, education and continuity, the patient becomes motivated to take care of her/his disease and change his/her lifestyle. Conclusion: Patients, who are seen, encouraged and supported by the nurse, become more motivated to change their lifestyle and will care for their illness in a better way.

O diabetes mellitus (DM) é caracterizado por uma deficiência no transporte de glicose da corrente sanguínea para o interior da célula, elevando os níveis de glicose no sangue. Isso ocorre pela deficiência e até mesmo resistência à insulina, e é controlada por agentes hipoglicêmicos orais e/ou dieta, associada a exercícios físicos. É classificada em tipo I e II, sendo que o segundo é a forma mais comum da doença e tem a idade como um dos fatores predisponentes. O periodonto é formado por estruturas de suporte e proteção ao elemento dentário e seu aspecto de saúde tem uma importância significante na cavidade bucal. A doença periodontal (DP) é um processo inflamatório crônico caracterizado por inflamação do tecido gengival e/ou perda de estruturas que compõem o periodonto, causando danos à estrutura dentária ou até perda do dente. É reconhecida como a sexta maior complicação do diabetes. Esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar as alterações periodontais em indivíduos diabéticos tipo II e não diabéticos residentes no município de Araguaína Tocantins (TO). Para isso, foram examinados 34 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: diabéticos e não diabéticos, que foram submetidos a exames periodontais para determinar a Profundidade de Sondagem (PS), Perda de Inserção Clínica (PIC), Índice Gengival (IG), Índice de Placa (IP), Índice de Higiene Oral (IHO) e exames laboratoriais para os diabéticos tipo II. Para a análise estatística foi usado o teste t no intuito de obter as correlações dos índices entre os diabéticos e o teste U para analisar as alterações periodontais entre os grupos. Foram encontrados PIC e IHO maiores em diabéticos, sendo os demais índices maiores no grupo dos não diabéticos. Só IP não apresentou diferença estatística significante (p>0,05). Também foi verificada uma correlação entre IP e IG, não ocorrendo entre os demais índices. Concluiu-se que os diabéticos têm doença periodontal mais severa que os não diabéticos. / Diabetes Melitus (DM) is characterized by a deficiency in the glicose transport from the blood stream to the inside of cells, raising the glicose leves in the blood. This occurs due to the deficiency or even resistance to insulin, and it is controlled by oral hypoglicemic agents and/or diet, associated with physical exercises. It is classified in types I and II, in such a way the second type in the most common and its predisponent factor is age. The periodonto is made of structures that support and protect the dental element and its health aspect has a significant importance to the bucal cavity. The periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammatory process characterized by inflammation of the gingival tissue and /or loss of structures that compose the periodonto, causing damage to the dental structure or even loss of teeth. Its known as the sixth biggest complication derived from diabetes. This work had the purpose of comparing periodontal modifications in diabetic type II and non diabetic patients who lived in Araguaína Tocantins (TO). Therefore, 34 patients were examined and separated in two groups with PD: diabetics and non diabetics. They were submitted to periodontal examination in order to measure the Depth Proof (PPD), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL), Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PII), Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) indices. Also, laboratorial tests were made for type II - diabetic patients. The statistical analysis was made using the t-test to obtain the indices of correlation in diabetic group and the u-test to evaluate periodontal modifications between the groups. The CAL and the indices were higher in diabetic group and the other indices were higher in non diabetic group. Only the PII index show no significant statistic difference (p>0,05). It was also verified a correlation between PII and GI indices, yet it was not true in other indices. It was possible the conclude that the diabetics have more severe periodontal disease than the non diabetics.

Background: Type II diabetics with co-morbidity in depression run a greater risk of suffering from sequelae. Lack of knowledge about the symptoms of depression, lack of routine for depression screening and the stigmatization of depression can affect the possibility of getting help. Depression causes suffering and impaired self-care ability.  Purpose: To describe experiences and interventions related to health promotion nursing in type II diabetes and contemporary depression. The following issues were dealt with:1. What experiences do these patients, and their nurses describe?2. What health promotion interventions have been described and tested for these patients?  Method: General literature study consisting of 7 quantitative, 2 qualitative and 1 mixed-method study.  Results: Based on the results of the Patient and nurses' experiences questionnaire, categories were identified; Depression can be difficult to identify, Approach to depression, Caregiver's need for Insight into the patient's perspective and conditions. Based on the question Health promoting interventions, categories were identified; Multifaceted efforts, Promote self-care skills and Broad competence in care.  Conclusion: Health-promoting interventions for patients with co-morbidity in diabetes type II and depression should be based on collaboration between nurse and patient where the interventions are based on the patient's needs. Nurses need psychiatric competence and insight into health-promoting methods, for example caring communication in the care of the patient category.

Bakgrund: Diabetesprevalensen i världen ökar ständigt, en förklaring kan vara försämrade levnadsvanor vilka ofta leder till övervikt och fetma, kända riskfaktorer för diabetes typ 2. Diabetes typ 2 kan ofta regleras med livsstilsförändringar. En samtalsmetod som visat positiva effekter på förändring av levnadsvanor är motiverande samtal (MI). Behandling som involverar korta interventioner har visat positiva effekter vilket kan vara användbart inom den ofta tidspressade hälso och sjukvården. Syfte: Att kartlägga och beskriva effekter av interventioner baserade på motiverande samtal (MI) vid vård av personer med diabetes typ 2. Metod: Litteraturöversikt, där nio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvantitativ ansats granskades. Databaserna Cinahl with full text, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus och Google Scholar användes. Resultat: Fysiologiska effekter, kost, psykologiska effekter och egenvård var de områden som framkom. Viss effekt av MI kunde visas över tid i flera områden, som bland annat HbA1c, vikt, kunskap och förståelse om diabetes, följsamhet till fysisk aktivitet, känsla av kontroll och egenvård. Dock saknades signifikanta skillnader mellan grupperna i flera av studierna. Konklusion: Resultaten i litteraturöversikten är inte entydiga. Motiverande samtal kan vara en möjlig samtalsmetod att använda i sjuksköterskans möte med personer med diabetes typ 2 för att öka möjligheten att sköta om sin egen hälsa för att minska komplikationsrisker. Ytterligare forskning av hög kvalitet behövs inom området. / Background: The prevalence of diabetes continues to rise worldwide, and oneexplanation being the decrease in positive lifestyle habits which often lead to weight gain and obesity, well known risk factors for diabetes type 2. Diabetes type 2 can be more easily managed by lifestyle changes. One counselling approach which has been found to have positive effect on lifestyle changes is Motivational Interviewing (MI).Treatment that involve short interventions have shown to have positive effects and may be useful in an often time poor environment such as the healthcare system. Objective: To map out and describe the effects of interventions based on motivational interviewing (MI) done in treatment of people with diabetes type 2. Methodology: Literature review of nine quantitative scientific articles. The databases Cinahl with full text, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Google Scholar was used. Results: Physiological effects, diet, psychological effects and personal care were addressed. An effect of MI over time was found on several areas such as HbA1c, weight, knowledge about and understanding of diabetes type 2, compliance to physical activity, locus of control as well as personal self-care. However a lack of significant differences were found between groups in several studies. Conclusion: The results of the literature review are inconsistent. Motivational interviewing may be a possible counselling approach to apply in the nursing setting together with people with diabetes type 2, as a way to improve health behaviours such and decrease the risk of complications.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-12T14:41:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_2016_Eryvelton PPGCF_UFPE.pdf: 2235912 bytes, checksum: 48691df62258c8f06d762a37dfc7ad5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T14:41:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_2016_Eryvelton PPGCF_UFPE.pdf: 2235912 bytes, checksum: 48691df62258c8f06d762a37dfc7ad5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / CAPEs / A crescente substituição dos alimentos in natura por produtos industrializados (ricos em carboidratos simples, lipídios, elevado teor em sódio e baixo teor em fibras), associados a um estilo de vida sedentário, vem contribuindo para o aumento da prevalência de pessoas obesas e consequentemente pré-dispostas ao desenvolvimento da Síndrome Metabólica (SM), condição clínica que compreende alterações específicas, incluindo obesidade abdominal, resistência à insulina, dislipidemia e hipertensão. Várias opções terapêuticas convencionais, bem como espécies vegetais com propriedades medicinais, têm sido utilizadas no tratamento dos distúrbios verificados na SM. Nesse contexto, a Parkinsonia aculeata L., indicada popularmente para o controle do diabetes, vem sendo estudada quanto ao seu perfil fitoquímico e farmacológico, revelando resultados promissores em modelos animais de diabetes e de dislipidemias. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos bioquímicos e moleculares do extrato hidroalcoólico (HA) e partição (HAP - HA/acetato de etila) de P. aculeata sobre o perfil glicêmico de ratos Wistar com SM induzida por Dieta Ocidentalizada (DO). Foram acompanhados 42 ratos Wistar machos pós-desmame (21 dias), divididos inicialmente em dois grupos, que receberam dieta padrão para roedores (Presence®- DP) ou DO durante 150 dias. Em seguida, esses animais foram divididos em seis subgrupos, os quais foram tratados por gavagem durante 30 dias consecutivos, com HA ou HAP (130 ou 65 mg/kg/dia), Metformina (500 mg/kg/dia) ou água destilada (10 ml/kg/dia). A evolução ponderal de todos os animais foi avaliada semanalmente até os 150 dias de consumo das dietas. Aos 90, 120 e 150 dias foram registradas as dimensões corporais e teste de tolerância oral à glicose (TTOG) e aos 150 dias, o teste de resistência à insulina (TRI), perfil lipídico, hematológico e de proteínas séricas. A evolução ponderal continuou sendo avaliada uma vez por semana durante os 30 dias de tratamento e ao final todas as variáveis supracitadas foram novamente avaliadas. Posteriormente, os animais foram anestesiados e eutanasiados por decapitação. Em seguida, foram determinados o peso dos órgãos (coração e fígado), dos tecidos (adiposo, abdominal e epididimal), os níveis séricos de corticosterona, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, insulina e a concentração do glicogênio hepático e muscular. Nossos resultados mostraram que os animais submetidos à DO apresentaram sinais de SM (aumento da circunferência abdominal, dislipidemia, hiperglicemia), com diferença (p<0,05) média de 23,01% ± 0,78% no peso a partir da 10ª semana, chegando a 23,85% ± 0,96% na 22ª semana. Aos 150 dias, todos os subgrupos DO apresentaram nítida tolerância à glicose nos tempos de 60, 90 e 120 minutos, e o TRI através do Kitt revelou um aumento médio (p<0,05) no tempo de meia vida da glicose de 75,63%, comparados ao grupo DP. Os subgrupos DO apresentaram aumento médio (p<0,05) de colesterol e triglicerídeos de 23,59% e 38,75%, respectivamente, comparados aos do grupo DP. O tratamento com a partição HAP (130 mg/kg), mesmo com a continuidade do consumo da DO pelos animais (do 150º ao 180º dia), trouxe os níveis de colesterol, de triglicerídeos, da glicemia de jejum, das concentrações séricas de insulina, de IL-6 e de TNF-α, bem como das concentrações de glicogênio muscular e hepático, a valores comparáveis aos do grupo DP. Adicionalmente o tratamento com HAP (130 mg/kg) promoveu o aumento (p<0,05) nos níveis de HDL-c. Contudo, o tratamento com HA (130 ou 65 mg/kg) ou HAP (130 ou 65 mg/kg) não modificou o peso do tecido hepático, adiposo abdominal ou epididimal. Finalmente, concluímos que a DO induz um quadro característico de SM (obesidade central, dislipidemia, hiperglicemia de jejum, elevados níveis de IL-6 e de TNF-α) em ratos Wistar e que o tratamento com o HAP (130 mg/kg) foi capaz de restabelecer a homeostase glicêmica e lipídica, além de reduzir a liberação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, que contribuem para o estado de inflamação crônica de baixo grau existente em indivíduos obesos. / The increasing substitution of fresh food for processed products (with high levels in simple carbohydrates, lipids, sodium and low levels in fiber), associated with a sedentary lifestyle, has contributed to the increasing prevalence of overweight people and consequently predisposed to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome (MS), which is a clinical condition with several specific changes, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Many conventional treatment options, like plant species with medicinal properties, have been used in the treatment of disorders observed in MS. In this context, Parkinsonia aculeata L., popularly indicated for diabetes control, has been studied both in phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, showing promising results in animal models of diabetes and dyslipidemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical and molecular effects of hydroalcoholic extract (HA) and partition (HAP - HA/ethyl acetate) of P. aculeata on the glycemic profile of Wistar rats with MS, induced by Westernized Diet (WD). Forty-two Wistar male rats were observed after ablactating (21 days), initially divided into two groups, which received standard rodent feed (Presence® - SD), or WD by 150 days. Then these animals were divided into six subgroups, which were treated by gavage for 30 consecutive days with HA or HAP (130 or 65 mg/kg/day), Metformin (500 mg/kg/day) or distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). Once a week, until 150 days of diet consumption, the weight gain of those animals was evaluated weekly until the end of 150 days consuming these diets. At 90, 120 and 150 days body dimensions and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were registered and at 150 days, Insulin resistance test (IRT), lipid and hematology profile and serum proteins. The weight gain was remained evaluating once a week for the 30 days of treatment and in the end of it, all parameters mentioned above were evaluated again. Later, the animals were anesthetized and euthanized by decapitation. Then the weight of the organs (heart and liver), tissues (fat, abdominal and epididymal) and serum levels of corticosterone, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, insulin and hepatic and muscle glycogen concentration were measured. Our results showed that animals submitted to westernized diet showed signs of metabolic syndrome (abdominal obesity increase, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia), with difference (p<0.05) average of 23.01% ± 0.78% in weight from the 10th week, reaching 23.85% ± 0.96% at 22 weeks. After 150 days, all the WD subgroups revealed visible glucose tolerance at 60, 90 and 120 minutes, and IRT through Kitt showed an average increase (p<0.05) in the half-life of 75.63% glucose, compared to the SD group. The WD subgroups demonstrated an average increase (p<0.05) of cholesterol (23.59%) and triglyceride (38.75%), compared to the SD group. The treatment with the HAP130 partition, even with the continuity of WD consumption by the animals (from 150 to 180 days), brought the levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, concentration of serum insulin, IL-6, TNF-α, muscle and liver glycogen to comparable values of the SD group. Additionally, the treatment with HAP (130 mg/kg) caused an increase (p<0.05) in HDL-c levels. However, the treatment with HA (130 or 65 mg/kg) or HAP (130 or 65 mg/kg) hasn´t changed the weight of epididymal, liver and abdominal fat tissues. Finally, we conclude that the WD induces a characteristic chart of MS (central obesity, dyslipidemia, fasting hyperglycemia, high levels of IL-6 and TNF-α) in rats Wistar and the treatment with HAP (130 mg/kg) was able to restore glycemic and lipid homeostasis and to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to a low level chronic inflammation state in obese individuals.

Bakgrund: Diabetes typ II är en av de vanligaste folkhälsosjukdomarna och korrelerar med ohälsosamma vanor såsom låg fysisk aktivitet och osund kost. Genom förändringar av levnadsvanor kan sjukdomstillståndet förbättras samt risken att utveckla relaterade komplikationer minskar. Däremot kan själva förändringsprocessen vara ett större bekymmer för individen vid bristande motivation och resultera i att de nödvändiga förändringarna inte blir genomförda. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa individers erfarenhet av motivation till levnadsvaneförändringar vid en diabetes typ II diagnos för att stödja omvårdnadsarbetet. Metod: Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie där 13 resultatartiklar ur databaserna CINAHL och PubMed användes. För att besvara studiens syfte sammanställdes och analyserades artiklarna i flera steg. Resultat: Det framtagna resultatet presenteras utifrån tre kategorier: betydelsen av stöd för att stärka motivation, sambandets betydelse mellan individens hälsolitteracitet och ökad motivation och stärkt motivation av positiv hälsoeffekt, autonomi och måluppfyllelse. Konklusion: Det som ansågs essentiellt i att stärka motivationen hos individer var stöd från anhöriga och sjukvården, bli erhållen kunskap och ha möjligheten att själv vara delaktig i sin vård. Kunskapen om vad som stärker motivationen kan därmed anses fördelaktigt i sjuksköterskans arbete för att stödja individen i levnadsvaneförändringar vid en diabetes typ II diagnos. / Background: Diabetes type II is one of the most common widespread endemic diseases and correlates with unhealthy habits such as low physical activity and bad regimen. By making lifestyle changes the sickness can improve and also reduce the risk of complication evolvement. However the process of change can be a bigger issue for the individual when having deficient motivation and therefore result in the lack of necessary change implementations. Purpose: The aim of this study was to illuminate individuals' experiences of motivation to lifestyle change when having a diabetes type II diagnosis to support nursing care. Method: The study was made as a general literature review in which 13 result articles from the databases Cinahl and PubMed were used. To answer the purpose of the study, the articles were compiled and analyzed in several steps. Result: The results are presented based on three categories: the importance of support to strengthen motivation, the importance of the relationship between the individual's health literacy and increased motivation and strengthened motivation of positive health effect, autonomy and goal achievement. Conclusion: What was considered essential in strengthening the motivation of individuals was support from relatives and the health care system, gaining knowledge and having the opportunity to be involved in their own care. The knowledge of what strengthens motivation can therefore be considered beneficial in the nurse's work to support the individual with a diabetes type II diagnosis in lifestyle change.

Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν: (1) να προσδιοριστεί η συχνότητα της διαταραχής ανοχής στη γλυκόζη (IGT) και του σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου II (ΣΔII) σε παχύσαρκα παιδιά και εφήβους στην Ελλάδα και (2) να καθοριστεί εάν οι συγκεντρώσεις γλυκόζης και ινσουλίνης νηστείας μπορούν να προβλέψουν τη διαταραχή ανοχής στη γλυκόζη (IGT)) στα παιδιά αυτά σε σχέση με τα επίπεδα της λεπτίνης, της γκρελίνης, της αδιπονεκτίνης και της σωματομεδίνης, και την έκκριση της αυξητικής ορμόνης (GH) και της θυρεοειδοτρόπου ορμόνης (TSH) κατά τη διάρκεια του 24ωρου μαζί με την ημερήσια έκκριση της κορτιζόλης. Έγινε καμπύλη σακχάρου (OGTT) μαζί με επίπεδα ινσουλίνης σε 117 παχύσαρκα παιδιά και εφήβους 12,1  2,7 ετών και μελετήθηκαν τα επίπεδα της λεπτίνης, της γκρελίνης, της αδιπονεκτίνης και της σωματομεδίνης (IGF-I) κατά τη δοκιμασία ανοχής στη γλυκόζη (OGTT). Επίσης, μελετήθηκαν τα επίπεδα της 24ωρης έκκρισης της GH και της TSH και της ημερήσιας έκκρισης της κορτιζόλης. Χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι δείκτες HOMA-IR και ο ινσουλινογόνος δείκτης για την εκτίμηση της αντίστασης της ινσουλίνης και της λειτουργίας των β κυττάρων, αντίστοιχα. 17 ασθενείς (14,5%) είχαν IGT και σε κανένα δε διαγνώστηκε ΣΔII. Τα ποσοστά IGT και ΣΔΙΙ ήταν χαμηλότερα από αυτά μιας πολυεθνικής Αμερικανικής μελέτης. Η διαφορά εντοπίστηκε κυρίως στα προεφηβικά παιδιά (9% έναντι 25,4%), ενώ δεν παρατηρήθηκε διαφορά στους εφήβους (18% έναντι 21%). Ωστόσο, τα ποσοστά IGT ήταν υψηλότερα από αυτά που βρέθηκαν σε άλλες μελέτες από την Ευρώπη. Η γλυκόζη νηστείας, η ινσουλίνη και ο δείκτης HOMA-IR δεν προέβλεψαν την εμφάνιση IGT, όμως, η απόλυτη τιμή της ινσουλίνης στις 2 ώρες της OGTT και ο δείκτης AUCG προέβλεψαν την εμφάνιση IGT. Τα επίπεδα λεπτίνης και γκρελίνης ήταν υψηλότερα στα κορίτσια. Υπήρχε συσχετισμός μεταξύ BMI και λεπτίνης νηστείας, BMI και αδιπονεκτίνης, σωματομεδίνης (IGF-I) και λεπτίνης νηστείας, ενώ δεν υπήρχε καμιά συσχέτιση με τα επίπεδα της κορτιζόλης ή με τα 24ωρα επίπεδα της αυξητικής ορμόνης και της θυρεοειδοτρόπου ορμόνης. Συμπερασματικά, η OGTT φαίνεται να έχει τη δυνατότητα να προβλέψει την IGT, ενώ οι τιμές γλυκόζης και ινσουλίνης νηστείας και οι τιμές του δείκτη HOMA-IR, αν και υψηλότερες στους ασθενείς με IGT και ενδεικτικές για αντίσταση στην ινσουλίνη, δεν μπορούν να προβλέψουν την IGT. / The aims of the present study were: (1) to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus II (DMII) in obese children and adolescents of Greek origin and (2) to study the concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and IGF-I during an oral glucose tolerance test as well as the 24-hour concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin secreting hormone (TSH), and the diurnal secretion of cortisol in these children. A total of 117 obese children and adolescents aged 12.1  2.7 years underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and the concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and IGF-I were studied during the duration of the OGTT in relation to the 24-hour secretion of GH and TSH and the diurnal secretion of cortisol. For the estimation of insulin resistance and beta cell function the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) and the insulinogenic index, respectively, were used. A total of 17 patients (14.5%) had IGT and none had DMII. The overall prevalence rates of both IGT and DMII observed in the obese children and adolescents were lower than those reported in a recent multiethnic US study. Nevertheless, the difference between the data of this study and those of the US study was mostly due to the prepubertal children (9% vs. 25.4%), while no difference was observed in the pubertal population (18% vs. 21%). The prevalence rates of IGT in this study though, were greater than those reported in other European studies. Fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR values were not predictive of IGT. The absolute value of insulin at 2h of the OGTT combined with the time-integrated glycemia (AUCG) strongly predicted IGT, whereas higher area under the curve for insulin (AUCI) values were found to be protective. Leptin and ghrelin concentrations were higher in the females. There was a correlation found between BMI and fasting leptin, BMI and adiponectin, IGF-I and fasting leptin although there was no correlation found with the GH, TSH or cortisol concentrations. In conclusion, the OGTT seems to be capable of predicting IGT whereas the fasting glucose and insulin concentrations are unable to predict glucose intolerance since HOMA-IR values, although higher in IGT subjects and indicative of insulin resistance, cannot accurately predict IGT.