As relações entre internet e política passam a ser, de forma crescente, campo das investigações sociológicas no Brasil. Em particular, a evolução das plataformas digitais tem implicações relevantes para as formas de engajamento dos cidadãos e para a participação política. O estudo de caso da wikicidade Portoalegre.cc apresentado nessa dissertação questionou em medida essa iniciativa de participação digital possibilitou a interação entre o governo local, os cidadãos e a empresa de tecnologia que desenvolveu o projeto, estabelecendo, assim, interfaces que efetivassem à criação e à mobilização de projetos colaborativos entre sociedade, mercado e Estado. Por meio da investigação em fontes documentais secundárias, em entrevistas semiestruturadas, no conteúdo gerado na plataforma e nas sistematizações provenientes da técnica de livre navegação no website, foram realizadas a descrição da plataforma como um construto tecnocultural e uma estrutura socioeconômica, bem como a caracterização das dimensões que a definem como uma iniciativa de participação digital. A partir desses esforços investigativos, identificou-se que os cidadãos-usuários participaram mais por demandas e opiniões sobre a ação estatal e sobre a condição urbana e menos por meio de proposições e de mobilizações representativas de práticas colaborativas conforme previa a proposta da plataforma. Sem contar, que a gramática relacional entre a esfera civil – circunscrita aos cidadãos-usuários envolvidos – e a Administração Municipal de Porto Alegre não caracterizou-se pela troca mútua. Nesse sentido, foi baixa a efetividade das potencialidades do mapeamento colaborativo, produzido por meio da plataforma Portoalegre.cc, para a materialização de projetos colaborativos entre atores sociais e atores estatais. Dentre outras razões, essa realidade contribuiu para a descontinuidade da iniciativa. / The relations between the internet and policy become increasingly field of sociological research in Brazil. The evolution of digital platforms has particulary important implications for civic engagement and political participation. The case study of Portoalegre.cc wikicity, dealt in this dissertation, evaluated in extent this initiative of digital participation enabled the interaction between the local government, citizens and the technology company that developed the project, thereby exploiting new forms of interfaces that had the creation and the mobilisation of collaborative projects between society, market and State. By analysis of secondary source documents, semi-structured interviews, platform’s generated content database and free navigation technique through the site , it has been described the platform as a techno-cultural construct and a socioeconomic structure, as well as it was characterized the dimensions that define as an initiative of digital participation. From these investigative efforts, it was identified that the citizens-users participated more by demands and opinions on the state action or on the urban condition and less to the proposition and the mobilisation of collaborative practices as envisaged in the proposal of the platform. Added to that, the relational grammar between the civil sphere - circumscribed to citizensusers involved - and the city government of Porto Alegre was not of mutual exchange. In this sense, the effectiveness of potential of collaborative mapping produced by means of platform Portoalegre.cc was low, having little impact for collaborative projects between social actors and state actors.Among other reasons, this reality has contributed to the discontinuity of the initiative.

As relações entre internet e política passam a ser, de forma crescente, campo das investigações sociológicas no Brasil. Em particular, a evolução das plataformas digitais tem implicações relevantes para as formas de engajamento dos cidadãos e para a participação política. O estudo de caso da wikicidade Portoalegre.cc apresentado nessa dissertação questionou em medida essa iniciativa de participação digital possibilitou a interação entre o governo local, os cidadãos e a empresa de tecnologia que desenvolveu o projeto, estabelecendo, assim, interfaces que efetivassem à criação e à mobilização de projetos colaborativos entre sociedade, mercado e Estado. Por meio da investigação em fontes documentais secundárias, em entrevistas semiestruturadas, no conteúdo gerado na plataforma e nas sistematizações provenientes da técnica de livre navegação no website, foram realizadas a descrição da plataforma como um construto tecnocultural e uma estrutura socioeconômica, bem como a caracterização das dimensões que a definem como uma iniciativa de participação digital. A partir desses esforços investigativos, identificou-se que os cidadãos-usuários participaram mais por demandas e opiniões sobre a ação estatal e sobre a condição urbana e menos por meio de proposições e de mobilizações representativas de práticas colaborativas conforme previa a proposta da plataforma. Sem contar, que a gramática relacional entre a esfera civil – circunscrita aos cidadãos-usuários envolvidos – e a Administração Municipal de Porto Alegre não caracterizou-se pela troca mútua. Nesse sentido, foi baixa a efetividade das potencialidades do mapeamento colaborativo, produzido por meio da plataforma Portoalegre.cc, para a materialização de projetos colaborativos entre atores sociais e atores estatais. Dentre outras razões, essa realidade contribuiu para a descontinuidade da iniciativa. / The relations between the internet and policy become increasingly field of sociological research in Brazil. The evolution of digital platforms has particulary important implications for civic engagement and political participation. The case study of Portoalegre.cc wikicity, dealt in this dissertation, evaluated in extent this initiative of digital participation enabled the interaction between the local government, citizens and the technology company that developed the project, thereby exploiting new forms of interfaces that had the creation and the mobilisation of collaborative projects between society, market and State. By analysis of secondary source documents, semi-structured interviews, platform’s generated content database and free navigation technique through the site , it has been described the platform as a techno-cultural construct and a socioeconomic structure, as well as it was characterized the dimensions that define as an initiative of digital participation. From these investigative efforts, it was identified that the citizens-users participated more by demands and opinions on the state action or on the urban condition and less to the proposition and the mobilisation of collaborative practices as envisaged in the proposal of the platform. Added to that, the relational grammar between the civil sphere - circumscribed to citizensusers involved - and the city government of Porto Alegre was not of mutual exchange. In this sense, the effectiveness of potential of collaborative mapping produced by means of platform Portoalegre.cc was low, having little impact for collaborative projects between social actors and state actors.Among other reasons, this reality has contributed to the discontinuity of the initiative.

As relações entre internet e política passam a ser, de forma crescente, campo das investigações sociológicas no Brasil. Em particular, a evolução das plataformas digitais tem implicações relevantes para as formas de engajamento dos cidadãos e para a participação política. O estudo de caso da wikicidade Portoalegre.cc apresentado nessa dissertação questionou em medida essa iniciativa de participação digital possibilitou a interação entre o governo local, os cidadãos e a empresa de tecnologia que desenvolveu o projeto, estabelecendo, assim, interfaces que efetivassem à criação e à mobilização de projetos colaborativos entre sociedade, mercado e Estado. Por meio da investigação em fontes documentais secundárias, em entrevistas semiestruturadas, no conteúdo gerado na plataforma e nas sistematizações provenientes da técnica de livre navegação no website, foram realizadas a descrição da plataforma como um construto tecnocultural e uma estrutura socioeconômica, bem como a caracterização das dimensões que a definem como uma iniciativa de participação digital. A partir desses esforços investigativos, identificou-se que os cidadãos-usuários participaram mais por demandas e opiniões sobre a ação estatal e sobre a condição urbana e menos por meio de proposições e de mobilizações representativas de práticas colaborativas conforme previa a proposta da plataforma. Sem contar, que a gramática relacional entre a esfera civil – circunscrita aos cidadãos-usuários envolvidos – e a Administração Municipal de Porto Alegre não caracterizou-se pela troca mútua. Nesse sentido, foi baixa a efetividade das potencialidades do mapeamento colaborativo, produzido por meio da plataforma Portoalegre.cc, para a materialização de projetos colaborativos entre atores sociais e atores estatais. Dentre outras razões, essa realidade contribuiu para a descontinuidade da iniciativa. / The relations between the internet and policy become increasingly field of sociological research in Brazil. The evolution of digital platforms has particulary important implications for civic engagement and political participation. The case study of Portoalegre.cc wikicity, dealt in this dissertation, evaluated in extent this initiative of digital participation enabled the interaction between the local government, citizens and the technology company that developed the project, thereby exploiting new forms of interfaces that had the creation and the mobilisation of collaborative projects between society, market and State. By analysis of secondary source documents, semi-structured interviews, platform’s generated content database and free navigation technique through the site , it has been described the platform as a techno-cultural construct and a socioeconomic structure, as well as it was characterized the dimensions that define as an initiative of digital participation. From these investigative efforts, it was identified that the citizens-users participated more by demands and opinions on the state action or on the urban condition and less to the proposition and the mobilisation of collaborative practices as envisaged in the proposal of the platform. Added to that, the relational grammar between the civil sphere - circumscribed to citizensusers involved - and the city government of Porto Alegre was not of mutual exchange. In this sense, the effectiveness of potential of collaborative mapping produced by means of platform Portoalegre.cc was low, having little impact for collaborative projects between social actors and state actors.Among other reasons, this reality has contributed to the discontinuity of the initiative.

There are many names or labels which refer to the generation growing up with digital media and these include labels such as ‘Net Generation’ (Tapscott, 1998), ‘digital natives’ (Prensky, 2001), ‘cyberkids’ (Holloway, 2003) and ‘MySpacegeneration’ (Rosen, 2008). The core idea behind these labels is that young people who have grown up surrounded by digital technology are very different to previous generations in their way of using and even thinking about the new digital technology. This appears to be reinforcing a generational divide and makes the assumption that young people can be categorized into one group in relation to their use of ICTs. The approach in this thesis is to empirically explore, in order to nuance, some of these presumptions about the ‘Net Generation’ (defined according to Tapscott). Thus, the research question is: How can the presumptions about the ‘Net Generation’ be nuanced? The following three presumptions have been explored within the three papers included in the thesis: i) The ‘Net Generation’ diverges from previous generations in relation to the use of internet; ii) The ‘Net Generation’ is techno-savvy or digitally competent; iii) The digitally competent ‘Net Geners’ are also digital participants since there is a causal relationship between digital competence and digital participation. The explorations are conducted by using the theoretical concepts ‘digital skills’, ‘self-efficacy’ and ‘participatory culture’. Several hypotheses,deduced from previous research, have been tested on a national representative sample of people born between the years 1978 and 1997 (categorised as the ‘Net Generation’). The results show that ‘Net Geners’ internet usage is diversified;hence, it is simplified to talk about them as a homogeneous group. Those included in the categorisation have different opportunities to participate in the digital society. Their internet usage differs both in terms of how much time they spend and what they do online. Their digital skills and self-efficacy in the use of computers are also different and so is the perceived feeling of participation in the information society. This implies that the ‘Net Geners’ do not have equal conditions in relation to participation in the digital society. However, what is meant by participation is still an unresolved question which requires further exploration. / SAMMANDRAG Idag beskrivs ofta generationen som vuxit upp med internet och digitala medier i termer av att vara en ”internetgeneration” (Tapscott, 1998), "digitala infödingar" (Prensky, 2001), "cyberkids" (Holloway, 2003) eller "MySpace-generation" (Rosen, 2008). Dessa antaganden bygger på att det finns en generationsskillnad i förhållningssätt till internet, d.v.s. att ”internetgenerationen” är de som är kunniga och vana internetanvändare till skillnad från äldre generationer som inte helt naturligt kan ta till sig den nya digitala tekniken. Avhandlingens syfte är att empiriskt undersöka ett antal antaganden om ”internetgenerationen” för att ta reda hur dessa kan nyanseras. Således är frågeställningen: Hur kan antaganden om "internetgenerationen" nyanseras?   Följande tre antaganden har utforskats inom de tre artiklarna som ingår i avhandlingen: i) "internetgenerationen" skiljer sig från tidigare generationer när det gäller användningen av internet, ii) "internetgenerationen" är tekniskt kunniga eller digitalt kompetenta; iii) den digitalt kompetenta "internetgenerationen" är också digitalt delaktig eftersom det finns ett orsakssamband mellan digital kompetens och digital delaktighet. För att empiriskt undersöka antagandena om internetgenerationen har teoretiska koncept så som ”digital skills”, ”self-efficacy” samt ”participatory culture” använts. Ett antal hypoteser som deducerats utifrån tidigare forskning har testats på ett riksrepresentativt urval av personer födda mellan 1978 och 1997 (de som tillhör internetgenerationen). Resultaten visar att det är en förenklad bild att prata om en internetgeneration. De som ingår i den kategoriseringen har olika förutsättningar att delta i det digitala samhället. Deras internetanvändning skiljer sig åt både när det gäller hur mycket tid de spenderar samt vad de gör online. Deras digitala kompetens och självförtroende när det gäller användning av datorer skiljer sig också åt och det gäller även den upplevda känslan av delaktighet i informationssamhället. Detta indikerar att inte alla har samma förutsättningar att vara delaktiga i det digitala samhället. Vad som däremot innebär att vara delaktig är fortfarande en obesvarad fråga som behöver ägnas mer uppmärksamhet i framtida studier.

[pt] A exponencial perspectiva de aumento do número de idosos saudáveis pode representar um novo mercado para muitas indústrias, tornando cada vez mais relevante compreender as necessidades do idoso na busca pelo envelhecimento ativo, que compreende a otimização das oportunidades de saúde, participação e segurança, acarretando melhorias na qualidade de vida e participação contínua em questões sociais, econômicas e culturais na terceira idade. Pautado no conceito de exclusão digital do idoso, este estudo de natureza qualitativa centrou-se no smartphone para investigar não apenas o seu aspecto utilitário, mas sim compreendê-lo a partir do seu conteúdo simbólico, carregado de significados. A coleta de dados baseou-se em grupo de foco e entrevistas em profundidade com sujeitos a partir de 65 anos e posse de smartphone. Métodos projetivos foram utilizados para atingir temas sensíveis, tendo os dados sido tratados por meio de técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Revelaram-se duas camadas analíticas no estudo: em primeiro lugar, precedentes individuais e sociais da compreensão do smartphone; a seguir, o entendimento dos significados positivos e negativos atribuídos ao objeto. A divisão digital foi reconhecida através do apontamento da rejeição ao smartphone como escudo para camuflar limitações e problemas característicos dos idosos. Por um lado, se valorizou a praticidade oferecida, por outro, foram denunciados rituais prejudiciais às relações sociais e ao senso de coletividade. Essa relação análoga de aproximação e de exclusão social revelou vulnerabilidades de consumo que devem ser mais profundamente investigadas por estudos qualitativos que evitem reducionismos e generalizações. / [en] The exponential prospect of increasing the number of healthy elderly people may represent a new market to many industries, becoming increasingly relevant understanding needs in the search of an active aging, which includes the optimization of opportunities in health, participation and security, resulting in improvements in quality of life and continuous participation in social, economic and cultural issues in the elderly. Lined in the concept of digital exclusion of the elderly, this qualitative research focused on the smartphone, not only for its practical aspect, but also to comprehend it starting from its symbolic content full of meanings. The data collection was based in a focus group and in-depth interviews with subjects from 65 years old who own a smartphone. Projective methods were used to reach sensitive issues, and the data were treated using content analysis techniques. Two analytics layers have emerged in this study: in first place, individual and social precedents of smartphone understanding; then the acknowledge of both positive and negative meanings assigned to the object. The digital divide was recognized by pointing the rejection to the smartphone as a shield to mask the limitations and problems characteristic of the elderly. On one hand, the practicality offered was appreciated, but on the other hand, there were denounced rituals detrimental to social relations and the sense of collectivity. This analogous relation of approximation and social exclusion revealed consumption vulnerabilities that should be deeply analyzed by qualitative researches that avoid reductions and generalizations.

Introduktion: Rekommendation av fysisk distansering på grund av Covid-19 har förutom begränsning av socialt umgänge med familj och vänner även inneburit att kommunala mötesplatser och träffpunkter har stoppat sina aktiviteter för seniorer. Denna förändring har för många äldre medfört en avsaknad av sociala sammanhang och ökad ensamhet. Att försöka uppmuntra äldre till en fortsatt social delaktighet med hjälp av informations-och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) ses därmed som en viktig del i det hälsofrämjande arbetet gentemot målgruppen äldre. Syfte: Studien syftade till att få en ökad förståelse för hur olika kommunala mötesplatser upplevde och arbetade med att främja social delaktighet digitalt bland målgruppen seniorerunder Corona Covid 19 pandemin. Metod: Studien genomfördes genom en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Tio yrkesverksamma personer deltog vilka representerade 7 kommunala mötesplatser för seniorer i Skåne. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Majoriteten av mötesplatserna hade förändrat sin verksamhet och erbjöd istället aktiviteter av olika slag genom IKT. De flesta av kommunerna erbjöd även IT-supportstöd under pandemin. De äldre upplevdes dock som svåra att nå och rekrytering till digital aktivitet ansågs som låg. Slutsats: Av studien framgick att mötesplatserna bör arbeta för att stärka de äldres digitala kompetens och motivation för främjande av social delaktighet digitalt. De yrkesverksamma behöver också stimuleras i det digitala utvecklingsarbetet och erhålla kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling. Verksamheterna bör införa en digital strategi för utvecklingens fortlevnad även efter att de fysiska mötesplatserna öppnat upp. / Introduction; Covid-19 has, in addition to restricting social contact with family and friends, also meant that municipal meeting places have stopped their activities for seniors. For many older people, this change has led to a lack of social context and increased loneliness. Trying to encourage the elderly to continue social participation with the help of information and communication technology (ICT) is thus seen as an important part of the health promotion work. Aim; The study aimed to gain an increased understanding of how different municipal meeting places experienced and worked to promote social participation digitally among the target group of seniors during the Corona Covid 19 pandemic. Methods; The study was conducted through a qualitative interview study with a semi-structured interview guide. Ten professionals participated, represented 7 municipal meeting places for seniors in Skåne. The data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results; The majority of the meeting places had changed their operations and instead offered activities of various kinds through ICT. Most of the municipalities also offered IT support during the pandemic. However, the elderly were perceived as difficult to reach and recruitment to digital activity was considered low. Conclusions; The meeting places should work to strengthen the elderly's digital competence and motivation for promoting social participation digitally. The professionals also need to be stimulated in the digital development work and receive continuous competence development. The workplaces should introduce a digital strategy for the survival of development even after the physical meeting places have opened up.

Introduktion: Digitaliseringens påverkan på samhället och individen är omfattande – samt genomsyrar samtliga dimensioner av folkhälsans bestämningsfaktorer. Därtill tillskrivs digital inkludering som en betydande social bestämningsfaktor för människors hälsa. Digital delaktighet och tillgänglighet är betydelsefulla faktorer för personer med ryggsmärtor i och med att fysiska begränsningar försvårar möjligheten till delaktighet i samhället. Delaktighet är en betydelsefull komponent i ett rättvist och demokratiskt samhälle. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka på vilket sätt digitaliseringen påverkar delaktighet och tillgänglighet för kvinnor med begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Metod: Studiens design var kvalitativ – i vilket 3 fokusgruppsintervjuer och innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats var studiens metoder. Urvalet bestod av totalt 18 kvinnor ifrån olika patientföreningar – med erfarenheter eller kunskaper av begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Resultat: Studien visade att digitaliseringen främjar social och samhällelig delaktighet för målgruppen. Dessutom framkom att digitaliseringen främjar egenmakt att delta, skapar en känsla av gemenskap, förtydligar informations- och kommunikationsmöjligheterna samt förtydligar utanförskap. Digital gemenskap med hjärtat i mitten är den modell som bäst beskriver studiens resultat och digitaliseringens betydelser för människan bakom datorskärmen. Att digitaliseringen både främjar och underlättar delaktighet inom flera betydelsefulla sammanhang samtidigt som individens egenmakt stärktes förtydligades. Slutsats: Studiens slutats är att digitaliseringen har stor potential att främja delaktighet, tillgänglighet och gemenskap för personer med begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Det fina med digital delaktighet är dess inkluderande och hälsofrämjande inverkan på individen och individens livssituation. Dock finns det flera utmaningar med digitaliseringen som behöver belysas – såsom utanförskap och den digitala klyftan. / Introduction: The impact of digitization on society and the individual is extensive – and permeates all dimensions of the determinants of public health. In addition, digital inclusion is attributed as a significant social determinant of people's health. Digital participation and accessibility are important factors for people with back pain in that physical limitations make it difficult to participate in society. Participation is an important component of a democratic society. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate how digitization affects participation and accessibility for women with limiting neck or back conditions. Methods: The study's design was qualitative – in which 3 focus group interviews and content analysis with an inductive approach were the study's methods. The selection consisted of 18 women from various patient associations – all with experience or knowledge of limiting neck or back conditions. Results: The study's results showed that digitization promoted social and societal participation for the target group. In addition, it emerged that digitization promotes empowerment to participate, creates a sense of community, clarifies the information and communication possibilities and better reveals exclusion. Digital community with the heart in the middle describes the results of the study and the implications of digitization for the person behind the computer. It was made clear that digitization both promotes and facilitates participation within several important contexts while strengthening the individual's empowerment. Conclusion: The study concluded that digitization has great potential to promote participation, accessibility and community for people with limiting neck or back conditions. The beauty of digital participation is its inclusive and health promoting impact on the individual and the individual's life situation. There are several challenges with digitization that need to be highlighted – such as the digital divide.

Nästan allt vi gör på internet kräver att vi identifierar oss med e-legitimation. Ändå erbjuds nästan uteslutande bankernas e-legitimation (BankID) via offentliga e-tjänster, trots att BankID inte är något alla har möjlighet att få. Det innebär att människor som inte kan, eller vill, vara bankkunder utesluts från vårt digitala välfärdssamhälle och hindras från att använda e-tjänster de har rätt att använda. Problematiken tydliggjordes ytterligare under coronapandemin, inte minst i vaccinationskaoset som uppstod i början, eftersom BankID krävdes i flera regioner för att kunna boka tid för vaccination. Huvudsyftet med denna kandidatuppsats i Informatik är att identifiera och förklara kommunala och nationella faktorer som bidrar till digital inkludering vid användning av e-legitimationer via kommunala förvaltningars e-tjänster. Bisyftet är att jämföra två DIGG-godkända e-legitimationer för att identifiera och beskriva vilka skillnader det finns som påverkar medborgarnas möjligheter att skaffa e-legitimation. I studien har fallstudiemetoden tillämpats och en litteraturstudie har genomförts för att inhämta kunskaper och erfarenheter från tidigare forskningsstudier. Primära empiriska data har samlats in genom intervjuer via Zoom. Fem olika rollinnehavare har intervjuats beträffande deras erfarenheter och uppfattningar om faktorer som påverkar medborgares möjligheter att använda kommunala e-tjänster med e-legitimation som identifieringsmetod. De viktigaste slutsatserna från studiens analys är: att erbjuda samtliga DIGG-godkända e-legitimationer via de kommunala e-tjänsterna främjar digital inkludering, det beror på att tröskeln för människor att skaffa en e-legitimation minskar. Utan faktorn nationell styrning är sålunda kommunal styrning och kommundirektörens kunskap och prioritering av digitaliseringsfrågan av högre betydelse, speciellt om faktorn medarbetarnas inställning och kunskap inte är särskilt hög. Både nationell och kommunal styrning behövs för att e-förvaltningen ska kunna hålla en likvärdig standard oavsett ekonomiska eller personella förutsättningar. I dagsläget finns bara en DIGG-godkänd e-legitimation som aktivt arbetar för alla människors rätt att få tillgång till en e-legitimation.