Hoppet är människans starkaste drivkraft och framtidsorienterat på ett positivt sätt. Upplevelsen av hopp varierar över tid, beroende av person, omständigheter och miljö. En människa som har en sjukdom av kronisk karaktär, kan känna lidande i olika former både fysiskt och psykiskt. Det är av största vikt att dessa patienter upplever hopp för att orka kämpa och våga sig in i en osäker framtid. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa hoppets betydelse samt identifiera faktorer som inverkade på patientens upplevelse av hopp och val av copingstrategier vid kronisk sjukdom, vilket underlättade sjuksköterskans möte med patienten. Litteraturstudien grundades på 16 vetenskapliga artiklar ur ett patientperspektiv. Resultatet visade att socialt stöd från omgivningen, accepterande av sjukdomen, realistiska mål men även andlighet och inre harmoni ökade upplevelsen av hopp. Stigmatisering och avsaknad av diagnos var ett stort hot mot patientens upplevelse av hopp. Som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att hjälpa patienten att genomlida lidandet och lägga energin på leva i nuet. Sjuksköterskan bör hjälpa patienten att se möjligheterna och inte begränsningarna i framtiden. Blir patienten medveten och aktiv i sin sjukdomssituation leder det till ett oberoende av andra och ökar upplevelsen av hopp. Det är av stor vikt att sjuksköterskan har kunskap om fenomenet hopp för att kunna hjälpa patienten uppleva hopp och känna livskvalitet.

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Abstrakt Bakgrund: Sveriges största handelspartner i Asien är Kina och samarbetet har ökat då allt fler svenska företag etablerar sig på den kinesiska marknaden. Detta har lett till ett ökat samarbete mellan svenska och kinesiska företag där allt fler affärsrelationer etableras. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur affärskulturella skillnader påverkar affärsrelationen mellan svenska och kinesiska företag. Studiens syfte ska också leda till svar om hur guanxi påverkar affärsrelationen.    Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår från teorier kring kulturella dimensioner, Affärskulturella dimensioner, Svensk och Kinesisk affärskultur. Metod: Vi har i studien utgått från en deduktiv ansats och använt oss utav en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. I metodavsnittet utvecklas senare i en beskrivning av våra andra metodval. Slutsats: Enligt studien har vi kunnat identifiera att det finns ett flertal affärskulturella skillnader mellan Sverige och Kina. Dessa leder till en påverkan på affärsrelationen gällande kommunikation, affärsbeslut och samarbete. Vi har även kommit fram till att guanxi kan påverka svenska företags affärsrelation med kinesiska.

Western scholars have long sought to grasp the essence of and explain Buddhism. Western representation of Buddhism has been in a manner that reflects their concerns and interests. In addition to this it is also known that Buddhism in Sweden is seen in a favorable way. This study tries to locate where this positive attitude toward Buddhism stems from and if it is represented in this manner in Swedish textbooks. Therefore three textbooks of upper secondary class of religion are to be examined, not only to see if there is a positive attitude towards it, but to see in what manner Buddhism is depicted in Swedish schools on the whole. To achieve this, a content analysis that contains two different methods are conducted to approach the matter. The analysis shows that the chapters which regard Buddhism is depicted in an all together favorable way, with a focus on the life of the Buddha and his discipline, the doctrine. The authors try to de-emphasize aspects of the mythical and narrative dimension which can be conceived as strange in the west. Theravada is portrayed as “pure” Buddhism. Furthermore monks are mentioned in a more comprising way in comparison to nuns. To conclude Buddhism is depicted in a manner that reflects western values and interests.

Aim: Nation Branding has become an important phenomenon during the last couple of years. The concept talks about how to promote a product by using the features of a nation to gain profit. Among the years many countries has established a strong Nation Brand abroad. In the long run many companies have chosen to use these benefits in an efficient way by promoting their own country brand, especially in their internationalization process. The aim of this study is to see what factors that influence companies in the Swedish food industry while using the fact that they are Swedish when they enter foreign markets.   Method: Data was collected through interviews with export managers and sales managers at 6 Swedish companies exporting products within the food industry. The study was also based on secondary data with the purpose to give a complete image how Sweden is represented abroad. The chosen literature is based on a couple of the biggest researchers among the fields of Nation Branding and cultural dimensions.   Result & Conclusions: One result that was obtained after our study was that brands or products with characteristics consistent with the image that the consumers had about the country before, can gain its value by highlighting its origin. Further, it was being proved that a company’s use of Nation Branding in some way could be affected by the countries cultural distance, or in what stage of the internationalization process the company is.   Contribution of the thesis: The contribution of this thesis is to give more knowledge about which qualities a country like Sweden can generate with its products. A country being perceived with its values like reliability, trustworthiness, uniqueness and quality can create an image and a successful strategy to establish on new markets and to gain profit from that.

We give a general introduction to particle physics, and in particular to particlephysics in extra dimensions. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of dark matter(DM) and discuss some suggestions for what it originates from. Next, we calculatethe cross-section for DM annihilation in the framework of non-minimal universalextra dimensions. This process gives mono-energetic gamma-ray lines with energyclose to the DM particle mass. The calculations are performed for two different DMcandidates, U(1)Y-gaugebosonen B1 och den laddningsneutrala SU(2)L-gaugebosonen Z1. MM-kandidaten är alltid den lättaste partikeln inom den betraktade teorin. Störst  tvärsnitt får man när Z1 tas som den lättaste partikeln, och alltså som MM-kandidat, trots att den är tyngre än vad B1 är när den är tagen som teorins lättaste partikel. Anledningen till att tvärsnittet blir större för Z1 är att den har icke fösumbara självväxelverkningarr, vilket gör att många fler Feynmandiagram bidrar.

På grund av globaliseringen har konkurrensen mellan städer på senare tid ökat. Platser kan differentiera sig genom att arbeta med uppmärksamhet, inflytande, marknader, företag och evenemang. Detta medför att platsernas roll har förändrats där det riktas ett rampljus mot konstruktionen av platsvarumärke. Politiska dimensioner och platsens intressenter har betydande roller för ett starkt närvarande platsvarumärket. Genom att undersöka de tre begreppen; platsidentitet, platskultur och platsbild kan komplexiteten i konstruktionen av platsvarumärke tydliggöras. En fallstudie tillämpas för att studera platsvarumärke. Detta fall består av platsen Rosenlund i Göteborg där avgränsningen är projektet “Ett Blomstrande Rosenlund”. För att synliggöra konstruktionen av platsvarumärke tillämpas en identitets-baserad platsvarumärkes modell. Denna modell erbjuder ett sätt att se på platsidentitet som en dynamisk process. Med hjälp av modellen ges ett försök till att se hur de politiska dimensionerna, platsens intressenter samspelar med platsidentiteten, platskulturen och platsbilden. Empirin och analysen visar fragment av den komplexitet som råder i omformningen av ett platsvarumärke. Slutresultatet visar att det fanns en politisk närvaro under hela omvandlingprocessen. Här ser vi även en skiftning av de interna intressenternas inflytande på platsidentiteten. Omvandlingsarbetet visar tydliga tendenser att platsidentitet är en dynamisk process. Dock uppdagas det förutsatta och oförutsedda effekter som konstant influerar platsvarumärket. Här kan praktiken utnyttja erfarenheter och forskning i samband med omvandling av platsidentitet, varpå forma ett effektivare platsvarumärke. / The effect of globalization has tightened the competition between cities. Places are able to differentiate from another through attention, influence, markets, businesses and events. This affects the role of places and stresses the importance of place branding. Political dimensions and stakeholders are critical factors in the construction of place brand. Place identity, place culture and place image are the three elements of place branding which can unravel the complexity of the construction. Case studies are used to assess the complexity of a place. Whereas this case comprises the location Rosenlund in Gothenburg where the project “Ett Blomstrande Rosenlund” is the demarcation of this research. An identity-based model for place branding is used as an analyze tool to visualize how the elements and factors influence each other. This model presents place identity as a dynamic process. The empirical analysis shows fragments of the complexity that exists in the transformation of a place brand. As a conclusion a political presence throughout the transformation process is detected. As well as a shift of influence of the place identity between the internal stakeholders are discovered. The process shows a tendency of place identity as a dynamic process. In the transformation process there are presupposed and unforeseen effects that constantly influences the place brand. Experiences and research within the field of place identity can be used in practise, whereas to create a more effective place brand.The thesis is presented in Swedish.

A starting point for this study was an interest based in my earlier experience that most of the youngest children’s mathematizing in everyday life was unspoken and unknown. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the knowledge about how toddlers mathematize and develop mathematical knowledge and understanding through activities with concrete material. The theoretical framework is based on variation theory (Marton &amp; Booth, 1997; Marton et al., 2004), combined with ideas offered by Gibson and Gibson (1955), Gibson et al. (1962) and Gibson and Pick (2000). This framework makes it possible to describe subtle differences in how children handle a mathematical content. It holds a non-dualistic ontological position, and sees phenomena from a second order perspective, focusing on ”children’s perspectives” and the object of learning. The collected data consists of 47½ hours of video documentation of 16 toddlers’ everyday activities and arranged situations in a longitudinal study. Situations chosen for analysis is a sub-sample from a larger corpus. “Fine-grained analysis” is performed of four toddlers’ activities with nesting cups and a ring tower and their verbal and non-verbal interaction. The design of the arranged situations was that a new material was introduced, a material similar to one well known to the children. The toddlers themselves chose the material (self chosen activities) and for how long time they wanted to use it. The materials consisted of rings and cups that could be ordered according to their size and slope in series or in a tower. The results show a variety of different ways that the toddler may handle the situation. From the analysis the following categories have been identified: Building a tower without apparent order, Making an order, Bringing and maintain size order, Challenging order, Creating new order to challenge peers’ knowledge. Based on previous knowledge the child distinguished by differentiation some dimensions of variation, particularly orientation, tower property and size, and values within these dimensions of variation. The results show that toddlers discern and open one dimension of variation at a time. The first dimension of variation the children identify and open is the orientation of the cups and rings. Then what tower a cup belongs to and later the size dimension are discerned by the toddler. Finally the toddler discerns that all cups and rings have a certain place in the order, and that all rings and cups are important for the ordering. A conclusion to be drawn is that a previous value within a dimension of variation is later identified as a new value or another dimension of variation. The interest of this research was to study toddler mathematizing “in situ” and focus on how children’s mathematical development is interactively constructed “here and now”. Toddlers’ activity of this kind is a crucial preparation for fundamental arithmetics such as properties of number and basic operations. Structuring and ordering in series are important in relation to sense-making in early mathematizing. / <p>Disputationen sker fredagen den 9 december 2011, kl.10.00, sal M402 vid Högskolan i Borås</p>

Syftet med mitt arbete är att skapa större förståelse för den psykosociala arbetsmiljön inom restaurangbranschen i Borås och få en bättre bild över hur personalen kan uppleva den psykiska miljön på arbetsplatsen.   För att kunna besvara syftet har forskningsfråga formulerats:   - Hur upplever de anställda att den psykosociala arbetsmiljön fungerar på arbetsplatsen utifrån organisationens form, arbetskrav, arbetskontroll och socialt stöd?  Arbetet har en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och öppna intervjufrågor. Datainsamlingen gjordes av intervjuer och tidigare forskning. Intervjuerna gjordes med hjälp av en intervjuguide där intervjufrågorna berör den psykiska arbetsmiljö och personalens upplevelse av den. Intervjuerna var avgränsade till personalen som inte var nya på arbetsplatsen, arbetade heltid och både köks samt servicepersonal. Studien bygger på Karaseks tre dimensioner (Arbetskrav, kontroll samt socialt stöd) från tidigare forskning. Dessutom undersöks samarbetssvårigheter mellan personalen på företaget.   Studiens resultat visar på att det finns stort samband mellan arbetsmiljö och personalens psykiska hälsa. Det vill säga att arbetsmiljön spelar stor roll när det kommer till medarbetares välmående. Intervjuade personalen upplever arbetsmiljön på olika sätt och det beror delvis på deras olika befattningar, vilket påverkar personalens arbetskrav, kontroll samt deras sociala relationer.  Det har varit bemärkt och påtagligt när den intervjuade personalen svarade på frågor angående företagets arbetsmiljö. / The purpose of my work is to create a greater understanding of the psychosocial work environment in the restaurant industry in Borås and to get a better picture of how staff can experience the mental environment in the workplace.   To answer the purpose, research questions have been formulated:  - How do the employees feel that the psychosocial work environment works in the workplace based on the organization's form, work requirements, work control and social support?  The work has a qualitative method of semi structured interviews oh open interview questions. Data collection was done by interviews and previous research. The interviews were conducted with the help of an interview guide, interview questions related to the mental work environment and the staff's experience of it. The interviews were demarcated to the staff who were not new at the workplace, worked full time, both kitchen and service staff. The study is based on Karaseks three-dimensional earlier research. In addition, cooperation difficulties were investigated between the staff at the company.   The results of the study indicate that there is a great connection between the work environment and the mental health of the staff. That is, the working environment plays a major role in the well-being of employees. It has been noted and apparent when interviewed staff answered questions regarding the company's work environment

Globalization is a phenomenon that connects people from all around the world to a single unit. It affects people on an economic, political and cultural level and because of that we can study and analyze many aspects within globalization. Globalization gives us many things aswell as opens up oppertunities for groups to strike back because they do not share the same view.   The aim with this essay is to examine and analyze to what extent the economic, political and cultural dimensions opens up oppertunities for islamic terrorism to emerge and how globalization have changed the states’ actions against islamic terrorism. The theoretical starting points are the dimensions of globalization and realism and they will help answer the essay’s questions which are the following: What conditions have the dimensions of globalization made it possible for islamic terrorism to emerge? How has the states’ actions to counter islamic terrorism changed with globalization?    The study shows that each dimension opens up oppertunities for islamic terrorism to emerge in some regard. The study also shows that globalization have changed the states’ actions against islamic terrorism.