abstract: In this study, the researcher develops a documentary-driven methodology to understand the ways four women in the United States use their involvement in the belly dance phenomenon to shape their ongoing individual identity development. The filmmaking process itself and its efficacy as a process to promote self-understanding and identity growth among the participating belly dancers, are also investigated phenomenologically. Methodological steps taken in the documentary-driven methodology include: initial filmed interviews, co-produced filmed dance performances, editorial interviews to review footage with each dancer, documentary film production, dancer-led focus groups to screen the film, and exit interviews with each dancer. The project generates new understandings about the ways women use belly dance to shape their individual identities to include: finding community with other women in private women's spaces, embodying the music through the dance movements, and finding liberation from their everyday "selves" through costume and performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2012

This thesis focus on ethical issues within documentary filmmaking in the largest broadcasting institution in Denmark. It is a case study of the documentary serial Generation Hollywood, produced by Danmarks Radio (DR) in 2016. DR has produced many documentaries, using same style and format as in Generation Hollywood. But something is different with this one, and the thesis aims to find out why this one stands out, from the presumption that ethical issues are involved. It examines the participants’ motives and expectations, DR’s intentions and how ethical issues affected the final product. In the attempt to understand the complexity of ethics, a small sample of interviews are conducted and analyzed and presented together with a partial content analysis. The notions of truth, authenticity, and representation are applied as the theoretical framework to understand: not merely ethical procedures, but underlying feelings possessed by the participants.The thesis brings to light that ethical issues are not only embedded in already established procedures but also caused by unforeseen circumstances and participants’ motives in relation to the project. The research shows how ethical issues affect the final representation, especially concerning authenticity. It also shows how a discrepancy between intentions and expectations, and the understanding of truth (in its start-up phase) impacts the process. Furthermore, it concludes that entertainment demands and modern technology can affect how filmmakers treat people when representing them and it explains how the line between the modern ‘everyday life’ documentary and Reality TV is seemingly blurred.

Au début des années 1960, les ambitions des cinéastes marocains pour un art décolonisé et réinventé se heurtent à un régime politique autoritaire, à un système productif rigide et contrôlé, et à une censure souvent non dite, ambiguë et contradictoire. Cette thèse explore les stratégies développées par les documentaristes des années 1960 à nos jours pour résister à ce contexte contraint et s'y tailler une part de liberté: du détournement de commandes aux tournages clandestins, en passant par les coproductions étrangères. Pour évaluer plus précisément les capacités de nuisance de ce système, mais aussi les possibilités de le contourner, cette thèse s'appuie sur l'étude du cas d' Ahmed Bouanani (1938-2011 ), avec l'analyse génétique rapprochée de deux de ses documentaires, 6 et 12 (1968) et Mémoire 14 ( 1971 ). Entravés de deux manières différentes par le Centre cinématographique marocain, ces courts-métrages gardent cependant des traces accusatrices de la censure subie, elles véhiculent toujours un message politique subtil. Leur auteur y met surtout en œuvre une part de son projet esthétique : «affronter» la réalité marocaine passée et présente via une forme documentaire ancrée dans un patrimoine ancestral. A cet égard, l'œuvre de Bouanani est une clef: la plupart des gestes résistants étudiés dans cette thèse peuvent en effet être interprétés comme la recherche des formes et dispositifs à même de rendre compte de la réalité, de l'histoire ou du patrimoine marocains. Contre les silences du discours officiel, s'ébauche ainsi la constitution d' « un nouveau regard » cinématographique pour le Maroc indépendant. / At the beginning of the 1960s, Moroccan filmmakers, and their ambitions for a decolonized reinvented ait, are confronted to an authoritarian political regime, to a tightly-controlled productive system, and to an ambiguous contradictory censorship, kept seldom unsaid. This thesis studies the strategies that were developed by documentary-filmmakers from the 1960s to nowadays to resist this constraining context and find their own free path, ranging from commission diverting to clandestine shootings, passing by co-productions with foreign countries. The case of Ahmed Bouanani (1938-2011 ), through the genetic analysis of two of his documentaries, 6 et 12 ( 1968) and Mémoire 14 ( 1971 ), enables us to evaluate more precisely the harmful ways of this system, but also the possibilities to bypass its impediments. Indeed, these films were hindered in two very different ways by the Centre cinématographique marocain. And yet, they kept accusatory marks of the censorship undergone, and still convey a subtle political message. But their author makes mostly use of them to carry out part of his aesthetical project: tackling Moroccan past and present reality through a documentary form anchored in an ancestral cultural heritage. ln this respect, Bouanani is a key figure: indeed, most of the documentary gestures studied in this thesis can be construed as a search for forms and devices suitable for rendering closely Moroccan reality, history or heritage. Against official silence, the constitution of a “new” film “gaze” is thus sketched for independent Morocco.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4933.pdf: 1410835 bytes, checksum: 4d98e0074d7415562240e8cd81b1b9b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / This work is a desk research and was elaborated in order to ascertain to what level is the process of indexing Social within the documentary film, specifically in the discursive construction developed by media around the movie Jogo de cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007). It was used the theoretical repertoire pertaining to Information Science to delineate differences between the concepts of indexing and Social Indexing in the field of Social Knowledge Organization and then was observed the direction of the Social Indexing in relation to the field of Documentary filmmaking. His corpus of analysis was based on the movie Jogo de cena, and articles written about the film from its release in 2007, as a method using Content Analysis and Analysis of Moving Images. / O presente trabalho é uma pesquisa documental e foi elaborado com o objetivo de verificar em que nível se dá o processo de Indexação Social no âmbito do cinema documentário, especificamente na construção discursiva elaborada pela mídia em torno do filme Jogo de cena (Eduardo Coutinho, 2007). Utilizou-se de repertório teórico pertencente à Ciência da Informação para delinear diferenças entre os conceitos de Indexação e Indexação Social no campo da Organização do Conhecimento para depois observar o sentido da Indexação Social em relação ao campo do cinema documentário. Seu corpus de análise se baseou no filme Jogo de cena e em artigos escritos sobre o filme a partir de seu lançamento no ano de 2007, utilizando como método a análise de conteúdo e a análise de imagens em movimento.

[ES] La presente Tesis aborda el cine de no ficción construido en base a reglas preestablecidas, constricciones o estrategias formales heterodoxas. Piezas fílmicas y videográficas radicales en su forma y en su aproximación a lo real que desafían las convenciones del cine documental y se vinculan con otras prácticas artísticas. Esta investigación teórico-práctica se centra, por un lado, en la búsqueda y análisis de obras de no ficción con una clara vocación minimalista, ligadas al documental de vanguardia, el cine experimental y el videoarte, que se fundamentan en estrategias muy precisas, no como un mero hecho anecdótico, sino como elemento básico que determina la construcción de las mismas. La selección de los filmes y de los videos se ha llevado a cabo analizando sus cualidades para establecer tipologías de estudio y definir la base de modelos teóricos de análisis. Según la técnica o mecanismo utilizado, las cualidades de las películas que se analizan se basan en la restricción del espacio-tiempo, la elección de un único dispositivo formal o algoritmo que estructura toda la pieza, el empleo de estrategias reduccionistas en las que se omiten procedimientos esenciales del cine (como el abandono de la cámara o del montaje) o el uso de fórmulas propias del juego (como el azar o la participación), entre otras. No obstante, nuestro propósito no es tanto hacer un ejercicio de clasificación como de análisis y comprensión de estas fórmulas renovadoras que abren nuevas vías en el cine de lo real. Asimismo, a partir del análisis anterior, nos hemos propuesto idear y generar fórmulas (reglas del juego) que puedan servir de soporte a nuevas obras, ya sean propias o de otros y que presentamos en forma de catálogos y, además, hemos puesto en práctica algunas de estas estrategias en obras videográficas propias e inéditas. / [CA] La present Tesi aborda el cinema de no ficció construït sobre la base de regles preestablides, constriccions o estratègies formals heterodoxes. Peces fílmiques i videogràfiques radicals en la seua forma i en la seua aproximació al real que desafien les convencions del cinema documental i es vinculen amb altres pràctiques artístiques. Aquesta investigació teoricopràctica se centra, d'una banda, en la cerca i anàlisi d'obres de no ficció amb una clara vocació minimalista, lligades al documental d'avantguarda, el cinema experimental i el videoart, que es fonamenten en estratègies molt precises, no com un mer fet anecdòtic, sinó com a element bàsic que determina la construcció d'aquestes. La selecció dels films i dels vídeos s'ha dut a terme analitzant les seues qualitats per a establir tipologies d'estudi i definir la base de models teòrics d'anàlisis. Segons la tècnica o mecanisme utilitzat, les qualitats de les pel·lícules que s'analitzen es basen en la restricció de l'espaitemps, l'elecció d'un únic dispositiu formal o algorisme que estructura tota la peça, l'ús d'estratègies reduccionistes en les quals s'ometen procediments essencials del cinema (com l'abandó de la càmera o del muntatge) o l'ús de fórmules pròpies del joc (com l'atzar o la participació), entre altres. No obstant això, el nostre propòsit no és tant fer un exercici de classificació com d'anàlisi i comprensió d'aquestes fórmules renovadores que obrin noves vies al cinema del real. Així mateix, a partir de l'anàlisi anterior, ens hem proposat idear i generar fórmules (regles del joc) que puguen servir de suport a noves obres, ja siguen pròpies o d'uns altres i que presentem en forma de catàlegs i, a més, hem posat en pràctica algunes d'aquestes estratègies en obres videogràfiques pròpies i inèdites. / [EN] This thesis deals with non-fiction cinema built upon the premise of pre-established rules, constraints or heterodox formal strategies. Radical filmic and videographic pieces both in terms of their form their approach to reality that defy the conventions of documentary cinema and are related to other artistic practices. On the one hand, this theoretical-practical research is centred around the search and analysis of non-fiction works with a clear minimalist vocation, linked to avant-garde documentary, experimental cinema and video art, which are based on very precise strategies, not just as a mere anecdote, but rather as a basic element that determines their construction. The selection of films and videos has been carried out by analysing their qualities to establish study typologies and hence define the basis for theoretical analysis models. Depending on the technique or mechanism used, the qualities of the films that are analysed are based on the restriction of space-time, the choice of a single formal device or algorithm that structures the entire piece, the use of reductionist strategies in which essential cinema procedures are omitted (such as abandoning the camera or montage)or the use of game-related formulas (such as chance or participation), among others. Nevertheless, our purpose is not so much to carry out a classification as to analyse and understand these renovating formulas that open up new avenues in the cinema of reality. Similarly, drawing from the previous analysis, we have suggested to devise and generate formulas (rules of the game) that can serve as support for new works -whether they are our own or those of others- and that we present in the form of catalogues and, in addition, we have put into practice some of these strategies in our own and unpublished videographic works. / Marín Ramos, R. (2022). Reglas del juego: Pautas, constricciones y dispositivos creativos en el cine de no ficción [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183361 / TESIS

Diese Studie erkundet den Zusammenhang von Gender und Bilderpraktiken in Sanaa vor dem Hintergrund der globalen Zirkulation von Bildern. Von Geschlechtersegregation gekennzeichnet und an der Peripherie globaler Bilderproduktion liegend, bietet sich der Jemen für die Erforschung des Spannungsfelds von Bildern und Gender an. Betrachtet wird insbesondere, wie Jemenitinnen öffentliche Bilder entschleierter Frauen auf eigene Vorstellungen von Sittsamkeit und Unsichtbarkeit beziehen und wie öffentliches Erscheinen von Frauen verhandelt wird. Ein filmischer Zugang führt zur Betrachtung der performativen Dimension von Bildern. Gefilmte Mikrosituationen werden nach einem hermeneutischen Verfahren interpretiert, das sich am Prozess-, Interaktions- und Diskursverlauf der gefilmten sozialen Praxis orientiert. Sprache wird kontextualisiert und zu Bildern in Bezug gesetzt. Befunde zur Rolle des Umgangs mit Bildern bei der Geschlechterkonstitution offenbaren drei zentrale Themen. Erstens sind Bilderpraktiken von Frauen dynamische und konflikthafte Prozesse, in denen Frauen genderspezifische Räume und Rollen aushandeln. So werden beispielsweise jemenitische Frauen, die im Fernsehen erscheinen, dem Anderen zugeordnet, visuelle Elemente öffentlicher Bilder von Frauen werden heruntergespielt. Zweitens gefährden Bilder die Geschlechtersegregation. Indem das Verbot für Frauen, sich zu sehen zu geben, auch Bilder umfasst, wird das subversive und transgressive Potenzial von Bilderpraktiken deutlich. Es wird deutlich, dass sich hinter früheren wissenschaftlichen Befunden zum islamischen Bilderverbot teilweise genderbezogene Blickverbote verbergen. Drittens folgt die Suche jemenitischer Frauen nach dem eigenen Bild einer Dialektik von Sichtbarkeit und Unsichtbarkeit, denn oft erreichen Frauen öffentliche Sichtbarkeit durch die Repräsentation von Unsichtbarkeit. Diese Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit performativer Ansätze bei der Erforschung von Bildern und Medienpraxen. / This ethnographic study explores the intersection of gender and image usage in Sanaa, Yemen, against the background of the global circulation of images. Yemen is a gender-segregated society at the periphery of image production and provides a powerful context in which the phenomena of this intersectionality can be captured and analyzed. Of particular relevance is the means by which Yemeni women relate public images of unveiled women to their requirement of modesty in front of men outside their close families. Within this setting, the negotiation of women’s public appearance is studied. A filmic approach leads to a consideration of the performative dimensions of images. Filmed micro-situations are interpreted according to a hermeneutic method, informed by the procedural, interactive and discursive aspects of social practice. Using this methodology, spoken language is contextualized and related to image practices. Findings on the role of image practices in gender constitution concern three main themes. First, image practices are found to be dynamic and conflictual as gender-specific social spaces and roles are negotiated. For example, Yemeni women who appear on TV are often attributed to the Other, and on the level of language, visual elements of public images of women are downplayed. Second, images pose challenges for gender segregation. As prohibitions on women allowing themselves to be seen in person extend to their images, the subversive and transgressive potential of image practices become apparent. Interestingly, this reveals that some prohibitions on images in the Islamic context discussed by previous researchers are in fact gendered restrictions on looking at women. Finally, the search of Yemeni women for an image of self follows a dialectic between visibility and invisibility. Often those women who reach public visibility do so by representing invisibility. This work demonstrates the need for performative approaches to the study of images and media practices.