The thesis is a historical character, therefore it is based on the study of primary sources, i.e., school chronicles and other similar documents, in order to clarify the development of primary school in Výprachtice (Lanškroun district). The methods used will be methods of historical research including methods of oral history. In order to understand the context in which school development takes place, it is necessary to pay attention to: a) geographical and economic development of the region b) history of primary school legislation c) the development of education in the region (in Lanškroun) d) the history of the school in Výprachtice Key words: primary documents (chronicles, school documents, etc.), historical developmet, school development, school legislation, school region

I denna uppsats undersöks en relativt ny typ av kommunala dokument, som kallas för miljöprogram. Programmen klassificeras som styrdokument av kommunerna som har tagit fram dem. Dessa har än så länge inte varit föremål för språkvetenskaplig forskning.  Studiens material består av tre kommunala miljöprogram från olika delar av Sverige. Programmen är tillgängliga för allmänheten på kommunernas webbplatser. Syftet med studien är att få kunskaper om miljöprogrammen utifrån sin kontext, innehåll och funktion.  Materialet har undersökts genom en analys av programmens innehållskomponenter och de i texterna mest frekvent förekommande ord, mot bakgrund av programmens kontext enligt systemisk-funktionell grammatik.  Resultaten visar att de undersökta miljöprogrammen har många likheter när det gäller innehållet och de komponenter som förekommer i dem. Dessa likheter kan främst kopplas till programmens övergripande funktion som styrdokument. Det finns dock fler funktioner som kan identifieras. / This thesis investigates a new type of municipal document called environment programs. These programs are classified as policy documents by the municipalities who have developed them. This type of policy documents has not yet been studied from a linguistic perspective. The material investigated in this thesis consists of three environment programs from municipalities in different parts of Sweden. These three programs are publicly available at the websites of the municipalities. By comparing the three programs based on their context, content and function, knowledge is gained about environmental programs as a new type of policy document. The material has been examined through analysis of content and most frequently used words, in the light of their context according to systemic functional grammar (SFG). The results show that the programs that have been studied have many similar characteristics when it comes to content and the components the programs contain. These characteristics also show that the programs mainly function as policy documents for the municipalities. Several other functions can be identified

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The aim of the study is to investigate how upper secondary school teachers of Swedish work with female authors writing in the period 1900–1940. The research questions concern how upper secondary school teachers work with the female authors, how their work interacts with steering documents and textbooks, whether the teachers show any similarities and differences in their work, and how female authors are treated in the textbooks and steering documents that are used. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with three upper secondary school teachers and one textbook per teacher was analysed together with the steering documents. The study reveals clear similarities and differences in the teachers’ work. The teachers work chronologically, period by period, and they deal with female authors in terms of a societal context, but they do not think that the work with women has any intrinsic value. Textbooks and steering documents have a central role to play in the teaching and are used together with other teaching material. The textbooks have an over-representation of male authors and the female authors are treated on their own, separated from the rest of the text and viewed in relation to male authors. The textbooks maintain a gender system where the man is the norm and the sexes are kept apart. The steering documents explicitly deal with female authors to a small extent and are shown to dictate of fundamental principles for what is considered valuable to consider in school work.

In my experience it is hard to define what learning in leisure centers means, and that the definition seems to differentiate between principals and leisure-time pedagogues. In this inquiry, I therefore ask myself the following questions: How does a principal and leisure-time pedagogue define learning in leisure centers, in relation to current regulatory documents? And how does a principal and a leisure-time pedagogue translate these regulatory documents to their operation regarding learning in leisure centers? My inquiry is based on qualitative methods as semi-structured interviews and open observations. The premises I use to analyze my results is visible learning, situated learning and policy. The result indicate a shared view of what learning in the leisure center means, but the translation from definition to operation is not coherent with what the principal and leisure-time pedagogue says. The conclusion is that the process in which the regulatory documents develops, affects the issue to understand its content and the establishment of the documents in their operation. / Enligt min erfarenhet är det svårt att definiera vad lärande i fritidshem innebär, och att definitionen kan skilja sig mellan rektorer och fritidspedagoger. Därför har jag i denna undersökning ställt mig frågorna: Hur definierar rektor och fritidspedagog lärande i fritidshemmet, i förhållande till rådande styrdokument? Och hur översätter rektor och fritidspedagog styrdokumenten till verksamheten gällande lärande i fritidshem? Undersökningen baseras på kvalitativa metoder så som semi-strukturerade intervjuer och öppen observation. Utgångspunkterna i min analys av resultatet är synligt lärande, praktikbaserat lärande och policy. Resultatet visar på en samsyn av vad lärande i fritidshemmet innebär, men att det inte översätts till verksamheten på det sätt rektorn och fritidspedagogen säger. Slutsatsen är att den process där styrdokumenten tas fram, påverkar svårigheten att förstå dess innehåll och att implementera innehållet i verksamheten.

Thesis ((LLD (Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 1996. / 424 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages and numbered pages 1-356. Includes bibliography, digitized at 300 dpi (OCR), used Bizhub 250. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The documentary credit is one of the most important methods of payment utilised in international trade. This versatile instrument is encountered in a variety of forms. In its simplest form it is an undertaking by a bank given on application by a buyer-importer (the bank's client) to pay the seller-exporter (the beneficiary) against delivery of stipulated documents. It has two essential characteristics: (i) the bank's undertaking to pay the beneficiary is independent of the contract of sale and the contract between the bank and its client; and (ii) the bank will pay only against the precise documents stipulated in the credit. In Chapter One the different relationships established between the parties involved are dealt with against this background, and the different types of credits are discussed. Documentary credits are, comparatively speaking, modern instruments. Possible historical origins are explored briefly in Chapter Two. Documentary credits are virtually invariably applied for and issued subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (the UCP). The UCP is a set of rules formulated by the International Chamber of Commerce. The modern history of documentary credits as reflected in the development of the UCP is discussed in Chapter Three. The legal nature of the UCP is analysed from a civilian, common-law and South African perspective in Chapter Four. The legal nature of the relationship between the bank and the beneficiary is the focal point of Chapter Five. The question is approached from a civilian (especially German and Dutch), common-law (especially English and American) and South African point of view. Special attention is devoted to the ability (or inability) of the traditional law of contract of the different jurisdictions to provide a theoretical foundation for (i) the independence of the bank's obligation, and (ii) the irrevocability of the bank's undertaking. The conclusion arrived at is that the South African law of contract is able to provide an adequate basis for this relationship in general and these two matters in particular. In the final chapter the defences available to the bank against the beneficiary's claim are scrutinised, as well as the possibility of the bank being interdicted from paying the beneficiary. Related issues such as anti-dissipation interdicts and attachments in the documentary-credit context are also dealt with. These questions are likewise investigated from a civilian, common-law and South African perspective. This investigation leads to the conclusion that the South African law is essentially in harmony with the law elsewhere and that our courts have been successful to date in protecting the integrity of documentary credits. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die dokumentêre kredietbrief is een van die belangrikste betalingsmetodes wat in die internasionale handel aangewend word. Hierdie buigbare middel kan 'n verskeidenheid van vorms aanneem. In sy eenvoudigste vorm is dit 'n onderneming deur 'n bank wat op aansoek van 'n koper-invoerder (die bank se kliënt) aan die verkoper-uitvoerder (die begunstigde) gegee word. Dit het twee essensiele eienskappe: (i) die onderneming van die bank om die begunstigde te betaal is onafhanklik van die koopkontrak sowel as die kontrak tussen die bank en sy klient; en (ii) die bank sal slegs betaal teen lewering van die presiese dokumente vereis in die kredietbrief. In Hoofstuk Een word die verskillende verhoudinge tussen die partye betrokke teen hierdie agtergrond bespreek asook die verskillende tipes kredietbriewe. Dokumentere kredietbriewe is relatief gesproke moderne instrumente. Moontlike historiese oorspronge word kortliks in Hoofstuk Twee verken. Kredietbriewe word bykans sonder uitsondering aangevra en uitgereik onderworpe aan die Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (die UCP). Die UCP is 'n stel reels wat deur die Internasionale Kamer van Koophandel opgestel is. Die moderne geskiedenis van kredietbriewe soos in die ontwikkeling van die UCP weerspieel, is die hoofonderwerp van Hoofstuk Drie. In Hoofstuk Vier word die regsaard van die UCP vanuit die perspektief van die regstelsels baseer op die ius civile, die common-law stelsels en die Suid-Afrikaanse reg beskou. In Hoofstuk Vyf word op die regsaard van die verhouding tussen die bank en die begunstigde gefokus. Die aangeleentheid word benader vanuit 'n ius civile (veral Duitse en Nederlandse) perspektief, 'n common-law (veral Engelse en Amerikaanse) perspektief, asook 'n Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief. Besondere aandag word verleen aan die vermoe (of onvermoe) van die tradisionele kontraktereg in die verskillende jurisdiksies om 'n teoretiese grondslag daar te stel vir: (i) die onafhanklikheid van die bank se verpligting; en (ii) die onherroepbaarheid van die bank se betalingsonderneming. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking geraak dat die Suid-Afrikaanse kontraktereg wel in staat is om 'n bevredigende basis vir die verhouding in die algemeen, en hierdie twee aangeleenthede in die besonder, daar te stel. In die laaste hoofstuk word aandag geskenk aan die verwere wat 'n bank teenoor die begunstigde se aanspraak kan opper, asook aan die moontlikheid dat die bank by wyse van interdik belet kan word om die begunstigde te betaal. Verwante aangeleenthede soos interdikte in securitatem debiti en beslagleggings in die konteks van kredietbriewe word ook bygehaal. Hierdie aangeleenthede word eweneens vanuit 'n ius civile, common-law, en Suid-Afrikaanse perspektief benader. Die ondersoek lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die Suid-Afrikaanse reg breedweg beskou in harmonie is met ander stelsels en dat ons howe die integriteit van kredietbriewe tot dusver suksesvol beskerm het.

The design of a machine which reads unconstrained words still remains an unsolved problem. For example, automatic interpretation of handwritten documents by a computer is still under research. Most systems attempt to segment words into letters and read words one character at a time. However, segmenting handwritten words is very difficult. So to avoid this words are treated as a whole. This research investigates a number of features computed from whole words for the recognition of handwritten words in particular. Arabic text classification and recognition is a complicated process compared to Latin and Chinese text recognition systems. This is due to the nature cursiveness of Arabic text. The work presented in this thesis is proposed for word based recognition of handwritten Arabic scripts. This work is divided into three main stages to provide a recognition system. The first stage is the pre-processing, which applies efficient pre-processing methods which are essential for automatic recognition of handwritten documents. In this stage, techniques for detecting baseline and segmenting words in handwritten Arabic text are presented. Then connected components are extracted, and distances between different components are analyzed. The statistical distribution of these distances is then obtained to determine an optimal threshold for word segmentation. The second stage is feature extraction. This stage makes use of the normalized images to extract features that are essential in recognizing the images. Various method of feature extraction are implemented and examined. The third and final stage is the classification. Various classifiers are used for classification such as K nearest neighbour classifier (k-NN), neural network classifier (NN), Hidden Markov models (HMMs), and the Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). To test this concept, the particular pattern recognition problem studied is the classification of 32492 words using ii the IFN/ENIT database. The results were promising and very encouraging in terms of improved baseline detection and word segmentation for further recognition. Moreover, several feature subsets were examined and a best recognition performance of 81.5% is achieved.

published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Philosophy

This thesis is about a potential trade-off between integrity and long-term usability in the choice of file formats for preservation of text documents. Five common formats are discussed: plain text, PDF/A, Office Open XML Document, Open Document Text, and Markdown. The formats are compared with respect to four criteria related to integrity and usability and to the records continuum model: support by widely used software, stability, rendering of contents and reusability. It is concluded that no single format is optimal with respect to all four criteria, when it comes to preserving typical documents in a modern environment, with more or less complex formatting and document structure. Therefore, the feasiblity of using two or more formats for preservation of a single document (e.g. PDF/A combined with Markdown and/or Office Open XML) is discussed. It is necessary to weigh the importance of integrity and long-term usability against the costs of preserving documents in multiple formats. This is a two years master's thesis in Archival Science, Library and Museum studies.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons une approche bidimensionnelle markovienne générale pour l'analyse et la reconnaissance de documents manuscrits appelée AMBRES (Approche Markovienne Bidimensionnelle pour la Reconnaissance et la Segmentation d'images). Elle est fondée sur les champs de Markov, la programmation dynamique 2D et une analyse bidimensionnelle de l'image.<br /><br />AMBRES a été appliquée avec succès à des tâches aussi diverses que la reconnaissance de caractères et de mots manuscrits isolés, la structuration de documents manuscrits et la reconnaissance de logos et pourrait être étendue à d'autres problématiques du domaine de la vision.<br /><br />Des protocoles rigoureux ont été utilisés pour l'étude du système et de ses paramètres ainsi que pour l'évaluation des performances. En particulier, AMBRES a pu être validée au sein de la campagne d'évaluation RIMES (Reconnaissance et Indexation de données Manuscrites et de fac similES).