According to theorist Harald Høiback, a doctrine should consist of three salient elements in order to qualify as an adequate and functional document; theory, culture and authority. The occurrence of these elements throughout the doctrine can furthermore be refined, resulting in three different areas of utility; education, command and change. However, Swedens’ contemporary military doctrine consists of a series of documents, including a strategic and an operational doctrine. This evidently evokes questions regarding the contexture and most appropriate purpose of each doctrine, and furthermore whether vertical coherence between the doctrinal levels can be identified or precluded. Focusing on Swedens’ military doctrine in whole, this single-case study uses a qualitative text analysis to identify key elements in each doctrine. This thesis therefore enables conclusions regarding doctrines as a specific conceptual tool, and deductions considering consistency between different levels of doctrines. Findings reveal that Militärstrategisk doktrin 2016 is mainly influenced by cultural elements, most suitably being utilized as a tool of education. Operativ doktrin 2014 however emphasizes authority, resulting in a more suitable doctrine as a tool of command. Concluding the results, this thesis shows that Swedens’ doctrinal series does not manifest vertical coherence in terms of consistency between levels. However, further research is required to confirm whether the absence of coherence between the doctrinal levels generates negative effects, or whether it’s positive considering complementing aspects.

The research debate concerning small states and military doctrine development delivers two main arguments for and against the ability of these states to formulate doctrines specifically adapted to their strategic contexts. One argument supports the view that a small state has limited ability to develop properly adapted doctrines because they are influenced by larger states. The opposing argument claims that small states’ ability should be better than those of their larger counterparts due to the fact that small state organizations are smaller and are therefore likely to be more adaptable. These two arguments lay the foundation for this essay. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Swedish military doctrines from 2012 and 2016 to determine the extent to which they are specifically adapted to Sweden’s conditions. Specific Swedish conditions have been identified in order to enable an analysis of the Swedish military doctrines and how they are attuned to these conditions. Findings of the analysis show that one of the military doctrines exhibits a low level of adaptation to Swedish conditions, while the later military doctrine is found to be partially adapted to Swedish conditions. These findings are vital to the debate on the relationship between small states and military doctrine development and expose the need for further research.

The modern doctrines of today are becoming more and more ambiguous about what their true message really is. Modern authors try to balance between writing doctrines who forces its readers to follow the doctrine as slaves, or writing it in such a way that it is completely impossible to comprehend by the soldiers and officers to which it was meant to help in the first place. On top of this modern doctrine seem to aim towards addressing far more audiences than the traditional foot soldier.  The introduction of the latest Swedish strategic doctrine clearly states that the doctrine aims to serve more than one purpose, which is fine. However, the doctrine fails to mention what its main purpose is. The aim of this thesis is to examine which of the aforementioned purposes is the doctrines main purpose.  Research findings indicate that the doctrine is using authoritative and theoretic elements over cultural ones throughout its content. Because of this reason this thesis finds the doctrines main purpose to be used as a tool of command.   The main conclusion of the thesis is that the doctrine does not join its brethren in being as abstract and unclear as some of the military theorists claim modern doctrine to be. However, additional research needs to be conducted to further validate the results.

<p>Rysslands doktrinella hierarki fungerar utan arenaspecifika doktriner. Det finns ett övergripande säkerhetsstrategiskt dokument, direkt underställt detta dokument finns den militära doktrinen. Ändå utformades 2001 en maritim doktrin som skall behandla det maritima läget och rysslands ekonomiska intressen på haven fram till år 2020. Varför denna doktrin utformades kan ha sitt svar i Rysslands ökade maritima intresse i och kring ryskt havsterritorium, men det kan även vara ett sätt att visa sina officiella ställningstaganden, intressen och intentioner öppet för världssamfundet. 2010 publicerades ett nytt säkerhetsstrategiskt dokument och samma år offentliggjordes även den nya militäradoktrinen. Det utformades i samma veva även en strategisk Arktisk doktrin som tillkännagav Rysslands intentioner och intressen i denna nya och oexploaterade region som tack vare jordens förhöjda medeltemperatur de senare åren har öppnat upp nya områden. Många nationer har blivit intresserade av detta nya område, bland annat USA, Kanada, Danmark och Norge. Detta har i sin tur skapat en grogrund, för tvister om gränsdragningar och om vem som har rätten till resursextraheringen i området. Det som detta arbete kommer att avhandla är, vad den äldre ryska maritima doktrinen har haft för inverkan påde senare utvecklade doktrinerna. Vad finns det för skillnader, likheter och vilka punkter har höjts till en merbeslutad nivå? Utifrån dessa kriterier kommer sedermera en estimering, om vad dessa variabler kan ha förinverkan, på ryska marinstridskrafters uppträdande i Arktis regionen i ett framtidsperspektiv.</p> / <p>Russian doctrine on set hierarchy works without specific arena doctrines. There is a comprehensive security strategy document, and as a direct subordinate to this document is the military doctrine. Yet in the year of 2001 a maritime doctrine was developed to deal with the maritime situation and Russia's economic interests in the seas until 2020. Why this doctrine was designed might have its answer in Russia's increased interest in maritime and Russian waters around the territory, but it can also be a way to show their official positions, interests and intentions open to the world community. In 2010 Russia published a new security strategy document, and the same year the new military doctrine was presented to the public. A strategic doctrine was also produced that announced Russia’s Arctic intentions and interests in this new and undeveloped region. That thanks to the earth's average temperature incensement in recent years has opened up new areas. Many nations are now interested in this new area, including the U.S., Canada, Denmark and Norway. This has created a dispute about the boundaries and who have the right to excavate the resources in the area. What this paper will discuss, is how the older Russian maritime doctrine has influenced the later developed doctrines. What are the differences, similarities, and what points have been raised to amore decision-making level? The based off these criteria will subsequently result, in an estimation of what impact these variables could have, on the Russian naval forces behaviour in the Arctic region ina future perspective.</p>

Rysslands doktrinella hierarki fungerar utan arenaspecifika doktriner. Det finns ett övergripande säkerhetsstrategiskt dokument, direkt underställt detta dokument finns den militära doktrinen. Ändå utformades 2001 en maritim doktrin som skall behandla det maritima läget och rysslands ekonomiska intressen på haven fram till år 2020. Varför denna doktrin utformades kan ha sitt svar i Rysslands ökade maritima intresse i och kring ryskt havsterritorium, men det kan även vara ett sätt att visa sina officiella ställningstaganden, intressen och intentioner öppet för världssamfundet. 2010 publicerades ett nytt säkerhetsstrategiskt dokument och samma år offentliggjordes även den nya militäradoktrinen. Det utformades i samma veva även en strategisk Arktisk doktrin som tillkännagav Rysslands intentioner och intressen i denna nya och oexploaterade region som tack vare jordens förhöjda medeltemperatur de senare åren har öppnat upp nya områden. Många nationer har blivit intresserade av detta nya område, bland annat USA, Kanada, Danmark och Norge. Detta har i sin tur skapat en grogrund, för tvister om gränsdragningar och om vem som har rätten till resursextraheringen i området. Det som detta arbete kommer att avhandla är, vad den äldre ryska maritima doktrinen har haft för inverkan påde senare utvecklade doktrinerna. Vad finns det för skillnader, likheter och vilka punkter har höjts till en merbeslutad nivå? Utifrån dessa kriterier kommer sedermera en estimering, om vad dessa variabler kan ha förinverkan, på ryska marinstridskrafters uppträdande i Arktis regionen i ett framtidsperspektiv. / Russian doctrine on set hierarchy works without specific arena doctrines. There is a comprehensive security strategy document, and as a direct subordinate to this document is the military doctrine. Yet in the year of 2001 a maritime doctrine was developed to deal with the maritime situation and Russia's economic interests in the seas until 2020. Why this doctrine was designed might have its answer in Russia's increased interest in maritime and Russian waters around the territory, but it can also be a way to show their official positions, interests and intentions open to the world community. In 2010 Russia published a new security strategy document, and the same year the new military doctrine was presented to the public. A strategic doctrine was also produced that announced Russia’s Arctic intentions and interests in this new and undeveloped region. That thanks to the earth's average temperature incensement in recent years has opened up new areas. Many nations are now interested in this new area, including the U.S., Canada, Denmark and Norway. This has created a dispute about the boundaries and who have the right to excavate the resources in the area. What this paper will discuss, is how the older Russian maritime doctrine has influenced the later developed doctrines. What are the differences, similarities, and what points have been raised to amore decision-making level? The based off these criteria will subsequently result, in an estimation of what impact these variables could have, on the Russian naval forces behaviour in the Arctic region ina future perspective.

How did foreign influences shape the development of the Swedish Joint Doctrine? The research on Swedish doctrine development is scarce, and when it comes to the military dissemination of ideas to Swedish doctrine, the research is practically non-existent. Data collection has been conducted through semi-structured interviews with a relevant interview group. A deductive approach, using Farrell, Terriff, and Osinga's theory of norm diffusion, has been applied to analyse and interpret the collected data in a qualitative text analysis. There is no doubt that foreign military theoretical ideas and concepts have been incorporated into the Swedish Armed Forces Joint Doctrine. NATO serves as the natural international influence for Swedish doctrinal change. The study demonstrates that all shaping factors have, at some point, influenced the foreign concepts transferred to Swedish doctrine. A suggestion for further research is to conduct a similar study on Swedish military strategic doctrine.

Idag har det skapats en demografisk obalans mellan städer och landsbygd i Sverige. Den demografiska utvecklingen visar att det i dagsläget främst är mindre orter som minskar befolkningsmässigt. För kommuner innebär avflyttningsorter en rad konsekvenser. Den här studien syftar till att studera hur fenomenet kring stagnerande orter bemöts i praktiken av kommunen som aktör. Fokus i studien är att undersöka kommuners omvärldsanalyser, strategier och målbilder gällande utveckling och planering. Studiens teoretiska ramverk grundar sig i teorier kring hegemoniska tankesätt och planeringsdoktriner i relation till lokal och regional planering och utvecklingspolitik, utifrån begrepp som tillexempel normer och diskurser. Det empiriska materialet tar utgånspunkt i följande tre fallstudiorter och dess kommuner: Åryd (Växjö kommun), Moheda (Alvesta kommun) och Ryd (Tingsryd kommun), i Kronobergs län. En dokumentstudie i form av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av fördjupade översiktsplaner för respektive fallstudieort har utförts och semistrukturerade personliga intervjuer med tjänstemän i kommunerna. Studiens resultat visar att kommunernas förutsättningar är av betydelse för deras förhållning till stagnation. De studerade materialet visar även tendenser att kommunernas omvärldsbild skiljer sig i de framtagna planerna, gentemot tjänstemannaperspektivet. I studiens resultat går även att uttyda vissa generella mönster i kommunernas omvärldsanalys, strategier och målbilder för utveckling, som skulle kunna härledas till att planeringen är präglad av dominerande normer och ideal.

ABSTRACT: There are many theories of which the doctrine development process is described, both in a generalperspective and more specific for either large or small states. Where one of them shows that smallstates have a limited ability to develop their doctrines, and are required to implement experiencesthat larger states have obtained through international operations and war. This statement is thefoundation of the thesis and is used to analyse the doctrine development process for small statesregardless of membership to a military alliance. The thesis compares Swedish and Norwegianmilitary doctrines through a case study to determine how the doctrine development process isstructured and if it complies with the arguments from the theories about doctrine development.The result of the thesis shows that the process is similar between the countries, and therefore thedoctrines are developed in a similar way, regardless of a membership to a military alliance.

<p><em>Doktrin för luftoperationer</em> fastställdes som styrande dokument för alla luftoperationer 2005. Har då doktrinen blivit det styrande dokument i Flygvapnet som den är tänkt att vara?</p><p>I denna uppsats avser jag undersöka till vilken grad <em>Doktrin för luftoperationer</em> är implementerad i flygvapnets ledning och om doktrinen används som styrande dokument i utformningen av ordrar, direktiv och TOEM.</p><p>Jag har genom en kvalitativ textanalys granskat två centrala dokument ur olika perspektiv, för att utröna <em>till vilken grad</em> doktrinen används som styrande dokument. Jag har även intervjuat utvalda delar i flygvapnets ledning för att få ledningens uppfattningar av graden av implementering. Jag har i uppsatsen använt mig av en tregradig skala: <em>Inte alls</em>, <em>Till del</em> samt <em>Fullständigt</em> implementerad.</p><p>Genom dessa analyser har jag kunnat dra slutsatsen att <em>Doktrin för luftoperationer</em> endast <em>till del</em> är implementerad i flygvapnets ledning.</p> / <p>The Swedish doctrine for air operations was released and became effective in 2005. The doctrine was supposed to be a ruling document but is that the fact?</p><p>The aim of this study is to investigate at what level the doctrine has been implemented in the leadership of the Swedish Air Force and if the doctrine is in use as a ruling document when writing orders, directive and tactical, organisational, economical objectives (TOEM) for the sub-units.</p><p>The scientific method of this investigation is a qualitative text analysis where I analysed two vital documents in order to measure the level of implementation. For that purpose I have used a three grade scale: <em>not</em> implemented, <em>partly</em> and finally <em>fully</em> implemented.</p><p>The conclusion I draw after examining the subject is that the Swedish doctrine for air operations is only <em>partly</em> implemented in the Air Force.</p>

<p>Säkerhetsläget i Afghanistan har försämrats på senare år och konflikten har trappats upp. Detta beror naturligtvis på många olika saker men jag har valt att titta på den amerikanska doktrinen som avhandlar irreguljära konflikter (counterinsurgency). Hur ser den utjämfört med Galulas teori vad avser operationer i en irreguljär konflikt? För att undersöka detta har jag utgått från Galulas teori för att jämföra den med den amerikanska doktrinen. Genom att titta på olika skeden som Galula delat upp sina operationer i har jag sedan undersökt vad den amerikanska doktrinen säger om dessa. Resultatet av undersökningen är att den amerikanska doktrinen är väldigtlik Galulas teori och de båda nämner i stort sätt samma saker som viktiga punkter för att lyckas som reguljär part i en irreguljär konflikt.</p> / <p>The security situation in Afghanistan has deteriorated in recent years and the conflict has escalated. This clearly depends on many things but I have chosen to look at the American doctrine that deals with irregular conflict (counterinsurgency). How does it look compared to Galulas theory with regard to operations in an irregular conflict? To investigate this, I assumed Galulas theory to compare it with the American doctrine. By looking at the different stages that Galula divided his operations in, I then examined what the U.S. doctrine says about them. The results of the study is that the American doctrine is very similar to Galulas theory and both states much of the same things as important points, to be successful as a regular party in an irregular conflict.</p>