No description available.

No description available.

In the first part of this century, the traditional common law jurisdiction of England and Wales and the civil law jurisdiction of Taiwan simultaneously gave increased legal recognition of the homemaker’s non-financial contributions to the marriage relationship, albeit using quite different mechanisms to achieve this. Family law in both jurisdictions has faced the issue of whether it should adapt to changed social norms by better reflecting the equal partnership discourse of marriage in the value that should be given to non-financial contributions typically made by women, such as housework and childcare, both during the marriage and on divorce. Yet, whether and how to do this has been the subject of much debate in both jurisdictions. This thesis therefore considers how the laws in these jurisdictions assess the value of non-financial contributions, before, during and after marriage (i.e. on divorce). It explores the extent to which they meet the aim of achieving substantive gender equality by weighing their achievements against the principles of gender mainstreaming. In order to evaluate this in the context of Taiwan where a gender mainstreaming approach was employed to frame the recent legislative reforms, a qualitative empirical research study was undertaken. The study also considers how social and cultural norms operate alongside or in opposition to the intended effects of legal developments in this field and argues that at the very least, stronger legal provisions going beyond gender neutral laws are needed to remove the traditional gendered assumptions about the low value of non-financial contributions. Therefore, this study intends to explore the problems which result from these socio-legal phenomena and, drawing on the strengths and weaknesses identified in the comparative study of Taiwan and England and Wales, put forward possible legal solutions. These, it is argued, involve a reconceptualisation of the value of non-financial contributions to marriage.

In this thesis, I examine the relationships between changes in the structure of Australian families, trends in gender attitudes and trends in the housework hours of men and women in couple families. I examine how changing patterns of family formation and labour force participation are affecting patterns of time allocated to housework. Women’s responsibility for housework affects their ability to compete on equal terms with men in the labour market. Using data collected by three national surveys conducted in 1986, 1993 and 2005 I examine whether there is any evidence of convergence in the type of housework that men and women do (task convergence) and in the amount of time men and women spend doing housework (time convergence). I am primarily interested in whether Australian men are spending more time doing core housework tasks, namely cooking, cleaning and laundry. Tracking change over time in the US and the UK, researchers have found that there has been an increase in the amount of time men spent doing core housework tasks, however, there has been no evidence of a similar trend here in Australia. I review the key theoretical perspectives underpinning research into the gender division of labour: time availability, exchange of economic resources, gender and socialisation, before employing measures of the first three of these perspectives to examine change over time in the housework hours of men and women. The data analysed for this study do not include adequate measures of socialisation, therefore, I do not examine the association between socialisation and housework hours. Although previous researchers have examined the division of domestic labour within couple families, I focus on within gender comparisons examining the housework hours of men and women in various family types. By examining the absolute housework hours rather than the relative housework hours of men and women, I can determine whether men and women are spending a similar proportion of their housework hours doing particular tasks and whether the amount of time men and women spend doing particular tasks has become more similar. The division of housework into female tasks and male tasks is a major barrier to a more equal division of labour. Tasks traditionally regarded as female tasks- meal preparation, doing the dishes, cleaning the house, doing the laundry and shopping for groceries- account for the bulk of household labour and need to be completed on a regular, sometimes daily, basis. On the other hand, tasks traditionally regarded as male tasks- taking out the garbage, mowing the lawn, gardening and home repairs and maintenance- are more discretionary and can be completed on a more flexible schedule. Unless the division of tasks into male tasks and female tasks becomes less rigid, women will continue to spend more time doing housework than men. Overall, I find evidence of convergence in both housework tasks and housework hours. In 2005, men spent a larger proportion and women spent a smaller proportion of their housework time doing the core housework tasks compared to their counterparts in 1986. There is also evidence that the amount of time men spent doing housework increased and the amount of time women spent doing housework decreased. Men spent more time doing both female and male housework tasks and women spent less time doing female housework tasks and more time doing male housework tasks. These findings suggest that housework tasks have become more gender neutral. I also find evidence of a general trend towards a more equal division of labour with men in couple families increasing their housework hours by one and a half hours per week regardless of the employment status of their female partners and women in couple families spending less time doing housework regardless of their own employment status.

Esta pesquisa investiga as experiências e trajetórias de vida de mulheres africanas e crioulas escravizadas que viveram a gravidez, o parto e a amamentação das crianças senhoriais e de seus próprios filhos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, durante o século XIX. O período situado entre 1830 e 1888 encerrou um amplo processo de transformações das relações escravistas, abrangendo a disseminação da posse de escravizados na cidade até 1850, quando cessou definitivamente o tráfico com a África. A continuidade do regime passou a depender da escravização das filhas e filhos crioulos das mulheres cativas até a promulgação da Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871, que conservou os interesses senhoriais sobre as escravizadas e sobre a força de trabalho de seus filhos, chamados de ingênuos. Integrando-as ao complexo quadro da escravidão urbana e ao processo de mudanças das relações escravistas e de sua superação, esta tese se debruça sobre as vivências das africanas e crioulas com relação à autonomia sexual, à gravidez e aos partos, bem como sobre as práticas de amamentação e cuidado de seus bebês e crianças pequenas escravas, libertas e ingênuas. Procuramos compreender as visões de mundo, as sociabilidades e as estratégias mobilizadas por estas mulheres diante das dificuldades e restrições que o convívio próximo com seus senhores, seus projetos e suas demandas de trabalho destacadamente a ocupação de ama de leite impuseram ao cotidiano da gestação e do parto, e ao cuidado e sobrevivência de seus bebês. Recuperamos suas vivências integrando-as ao mundo social dos livres, cativos e libertos, africanos e descendentes, em laços de parentesco e amizade que constituíram redes de amparo fundamentais para mulheres que viveram a maternidade em embates permanentes com seus senhores e seus interesses. / This dissertation investigates African and creole women\'s life experiences and trajectories regarding pregnancy, labour and breastfeeding of their own children, as well as of those of their masters in the city of Rio de Janeiro between years 1830 and 1888. Over these decades, Brazilian slavery society went through major changes in close connection with the apex of the arrival of African enslaved people and the dissemination of slave-ownership in the city until 1850, when Atlantic trade was effectively terminated. As of then and until the publication of the Free Womb Law, in 1871, the reproduction of slavery depended on the existence of creole sons and daughters of enslaved women. Preserving the rule of masters over these women, as well as over their offspring\'s workforce, the law, however, eliminated the partus sequitur ventrem principle, which guaranteed the continuity of slave-ownership within the Empire. By integrating enslaved women into the complex scenario of urban slavery and the overarching context of transformations in slavery as a whole, this dissertation investigates experiences of sexual autonomy, pregnancy, labour, breastfeeding, and care of slave and freed babies and children born of free wombs. Such dimensions of enslaved women\'s lives are intertwined with their engagement in urban services especially wet nursing as well as with masters\' limited, yet persistent interest in their children. This dissertation aims to grasp enslaved women\'s worldviews and sociability, as well as their daily life strategies to cope with obstacles to pregnancy, labour and childcare created by intensive work routines and close coexistence with their masters. It unravels the importance of kinship and friendship bonds with African or African descent enslaved, freed and free people, with whom enslaved women shared mothering and childcare responsibilities. These social and emotional support networks were vital in their daily struggles with slave-owners and their conflicting interests regarding their bodies and their children.

This thesis explores women's learning in unpaid household work through the lenses of impairment and disability. Informal learning from this standpoint is a perspective that is not yet integrated into the adult learning literature. The impetus for the study came from dissatisfaction with the social undervaluing of unpaid housework and carework, and the largely unrecognized learning behind the work, which is predominantly done by women. Disability and impairment provide unique lenses for making visible what people learn and how they learn in this context. Those who have or acquire impairment in adulthood need to learn how to do things differently. For this study I have taken a segment of data from a 4-year, 4-phase project on Unpaid Housework and Lifelong Learning in which I participated. The participants in this segment are women and men with disabilities who took part in 2 focus groups (11 women), an on-line focus group (20 women), and individual interviews (10 women and 5 men). Learning is explored through three different themes: first, learning related to self-care; second, learning to accept the impaired body; and third, strategies and resources used in the learning process. Analysis of the data shows that the learning that happens through unpaid household work is multidimensional, fluid, and diverse. Learning is accomplished through a complex 4-dimensional process involving a blend of the body, mind, emotions, and the spiritual self. Furthermore, what participants learned and how they learned is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it takes place. Learning, when seen as a 4-dimensional process, provides a framework for challenging traditional Western cultural beliefs about what counts as learning and knowledge. Such beliefs have cultivated the viewpoint that learning is individualistic, cognitive, and based on reason. I contest these beliefs by disrupting the binaries that support them (e.g., mind vs. body, reason vs. emotion). Participants used both sides of the binaries in their learning processes, negating the oppositional and hierarchical categories they establish. The concepts in the binaries still exist but the relationship between them is not oppositional, nor is one concept privileged over another, either within or across binaries.

This thesis explores women's learning in unpaid household work through the lenses of impairment and disability. Informal learning from this standpoint is a perspective that is not yet integrated into the adult learning literature. The impetus for the study came from dissatisfaction with the social undervaluing of unpaid housework and carework, and the largely unrecognized learning behind the work, which is predominantly done by women. Disability and impairment provide unique lenses for making visible what people learn and how they learn in this context. Those who have or acquire impairment in adulthood need to learn how to do things differently. For this study I have taken a segment of data from a 4-year, 4-phase project on Unpaid Housework and Lifelong Learning in which I participated. The participants in this segment are women and men with disabilities who took part in 2 focus groups (11 women), an on-line focus group (20 women), and individual interviews (10 women and 5 men). Learning is explored through three different themes: first, learning related to self-care; second, learning to accept the impaired body; and third, strategies and resources used in the learning process. Analysis of the data shows that the learning that happens through unpaid household work is multidimensional, fluid, and diverse. Learning is accomplished through a complex 4-dimensional process involving a blend of the body, mind, emotions, and the spiritual self. Furthermore, what participants learned and how they learned is influenced by the sociocultural context in which it takes place. Learning, when seen as a 4-dimensional process, provides a framework for challenging traditional Western cultural beliefs about what counts as learning and knowledge. Such beliefs have cultivated the viewpoint that learning is individualistic, cognitive, and based on reason. I contest these beliefs by disrupting the binaries that support them (e.g., mind vs. body, reason vs. emotion). Participants used both sides of the binaries in their learning processes, negating the oppositional and hierarchical categories they establish. The concepts in the binaries still exist but the relationship between them is not oppositional, nor is one concept privileged over another, either within or across binaries.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 991045 bytes, checksum: da03167739459ff1a37fde435bdf3668 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The work is about the formal equality before the material inequality on the domestic labour relation. Although the domestic employees are entitled of minimally fundamental rights to a worthy life, the constant human rights violations reveals that the conquest of equality still appears distant regarding the acknowledgment and respect from the society towards this segment. But why is so hard to secure the rights of the domestic employees? On a search to comprehend such fact, the research starts from the premise that the domestic employee is devalued for being a conflict point for class, gender and race discrimination, and also not considered a profit generating activity. This discrimination that affects the domestic labour is due to a historical, social and legal construction, therefore, firstly, the social and historical contexts regarding the emergence of the domestic class is analyzed, as well as the legal posture adopted referring the job, including the international level, trough the analysis of the 189th Convention from the International Labour Organization. Promptly, the work brings the conception for the equality principle and demonstrates, trough a gender perspective, that the domestic labour is much discriminated due to social residue from slavery and patriarchate, besides being an easy target for the capitalist exploitation. Beyond this, registers the peculiarity of the domestic labour not relying on a supervision system due the home inviolability principle, as well as the difficulty of producing proof on an eventual court litigation. At last, the study confronts the present scenario of the domestic labour in Brazil with the principles of human dignity, citizenship and the social value of work; and analyzes how the instruments from the affirmative actions are being used by the State on the combat agains inequality of this labour relation. The research concludes that the acknowledgment of ratified rights when confronting the inequalities have not produced any effects, as this occupation is widely socially devalued. This way, the implementation of actions aiming to promote a decent work for this category is indispensable, consisting on an important tool to include these historically excluded individuals. For this research there were used, essentially, the historical and bibliographic methods. The pertinence for this study advent from the rising debate around the legal regulation of the domestic employees which involves thousand of women. / O trabalho trata da igualdade formal ante a desigualdade material na relação empregatícia doméstica. Embora os empregados domésticos sejam detentores dos direitos mínimos fundamentais para uma vida digna, as constantes violações de direitos humanos revelam que a conquista da igualdade ainda se mostra distante quanto ao reconhecimento e respeito da sociedade por esta categoria. Mas por que é tão difícil assegurar os direitos dos empregados domésticos? Em busca de compreender tal fato, a pesquisa parte da premissa que o emprego doméstico é desvalorizado por ser ponto de embate de discriminações de gênero, raça e classe, além desta atividade não ser considerada geradora de lucro. Essa discriminação que afeta o trabalho doméstico é fruto de uma construção histórica, social e jurídica, por isso, primeiramente, analisam-se os contextos social e histórico do surgimento da classe dos domésticos, bem como, os posicionamentos legais adotados referentes à profissão, inclusive no plano internacional, através da análise da Convenção 189 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho. Seguidamente, o trabalho traz a concepção do princípio da igualdade e demonstra, através da perspectiva de gênero, que o trabalho doméstico é bastante discriminado devido aos resíduos sociais da escravidão e do patriarcado, além de ser um alvo fácil para a exploração capitalista. Além disso, registra-se a peculiaridade do trabalho doméstico não contar com um sistema de fiscalização do trabalho devido ao princípio da inviolabilidade domiciliar, bem como, a dificuldade na produção de provas em eventuais litígios trabalhistas. Por derradeiro, o estudo confronta o atual cenário do trabalho doméstico no Brasil com os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, da cidadania e do valor social do trabalho; e analisa como os instrumentos das ações afirmativas estão sendo utilizadas pelo Estado no combate às desigualdades desta relação de trabalho. A pesquisa conclui que o reconhecimento de direitos positivados no enfrentamento das desigualdades não tem operado efeitos, na medida em que, esta profissão é bastante desvalorizada socialmente. Deste modo, imprescindível se faz a implementação de ações que visem promover o trabalho digno para esta categoria, que consiste em uma importante ferramenta na inclusão de indivíduos historicamente excluídos. Para a pesquisa foi utilizado, essencialmente, o método bibliográfico e histórico. A pertinência para o estudo adveio do crescente debate que gira em torno da regulamentação jurídica das empregadas doméstica e que envolve milhares de mulheres.

The present study examines federal government programs to admit women to Canada as foreign domestic workers, their exclusion from labour standards legislation, the conditions of work and wage-rates which result from this exclusion, and attempts to organize foreign domestic workers. (The thesis maintains that foreign domestic workers represent a modern form of unfree wage labour since they are required to remain in domestic work as a condition of entry to Canada. In this sense, foreign domestic labour is unfree because of the legal restrictions on the right of workers to change employer, occupation and/or industry. The study also examines the intersection of gender, class and ethnicity in the foreign domestic labour process. The need for domestic workers is increasingly being met by women from the less economically developed areas of the world and the recruitment of these women on temporary employment visas places much of the burden of day care and domestic labour in Canada on disadvantaged women and nations. It is argued that the employment of foreign domestic workers in the homes of privileged families gives rise to differential experiences of oppression by women of different classes and ethnic origins. Data for the study are taken from the following sources: employment records to admit foreign domestic workers between January, 1980 and December 31, 1987 supplied by the Research Division of Planning and Research Directorate of the Employment and Immigration Commission, interviews with foreign domestic workers, labour lawyers, community activists, employment agencies, immigration officials and previous studies of foreign domestic workers in Canada and in other advanced industrial nations. / Graduate

Dans un contexte de déclin de la norme de « l’homme gagne-pain », s’appuyant sur une démarche pluridisciplinaire, cettethèse revisite le cadre d’analyse du travail domestique. Un premier chapitre adopte une perspective internationale incluant lespays en développement (PED) en vue de discerner la diversité et la singularité des institutions du travail. Vient ensuitel’étude du cas de l’Uruguay qui montre une rupture récente dans le legs, certes hybride, des institutions du travail libérales etla mise en place d’un modèle dit post-libéral, où la négociation collective occupe une place clé, y compris aux marges dusalariat, en intégrant le service domestique. La réflexion théorique renvoie sur le plan des structures à l’unité définitionnelledu mode de production domestique, souligne les limites des principaux corpus – la rationalité instrumentale de la théorienéoclassique et le fonctionnalisme de l’approche marxiste – et explore le renouveau conceptuel porté par le care dès lorsqu’il introduit la dimension interpersonnelle et les affects. Cette recherche s’empare des défis méthodologiques soulevés parles enquêtes emploi du temps (EET) dans les PED, outil privilégié pour mesurer le temps de travail domestique à partir de lacollecte de données sur les activités quotidiennes. L’exploitation de l’EET uruguayenne (MUT-ECH 2007) permetd’identifier les déterminants de la charge domestique des conjointes et teste pour les biactives l’hypothèse dite d’autonomieet ses prolongements. Leur revenu en termes absolus constitue un facteur notable diminuant le volume domestique qu’ellesaccomplissent. Le service domestique est la seule forme d’externalisation exerçant un effet substitutif. Toutefois, ces résultatssont nuancés au regard du caractère composite du travail domestique et de son inégale répartition dans le couple. / In a context of decline of the male breadwinner standard, based on a pluridisciplinary approach, this thesis revisits thedomestic labour framework analysis. The first chapter carries an international perspective including developing countries(DCs) in order to discern the diversity and singularity of labour institutions. Follows the case study of Uruguay pointing out arecent break in the legacy, certainly hybrid, with liberal labour institutions and the implementation of a model labelled aspost-liberal, where collective bargaining takes a major role, including at the margins of wage labour, i.e. integrating paiddomestic workers. Theoretical arguments refer, in terms of structures, to the definitional unit of the domestic mode ofproduction, underline the limits of main corpus – the instrumental rationality of the neoclassical theory and functionalism ofthe Marxist approach – and explore the renew involving the concept of care in its consideration of the interpersonaldimension and affects. This research examines the methodological challenges raised by time use surveys (TUSs) in DCs, thistool particularly adapted to measure the domestic labour time through the collection of data on daily activities. Using theUruguayan TUS (MUT-ECH 2007), we identify the determinants of domestic burden carried by wives and test for dualearner,the so-called autonomy hypothesis and its extensions. Their earnings considered in absolute terms are a key factordecreasing the domestic volume they do. The domestic service represents the only form of outsourcing exercising asubstitution effect. However, these results are modified when considering the composite nature of domestic labour and itsunequal marital distribution