Selection and genetic drift are often competing forces in shaping genetic structure in populations. Genetic drift will often effectively cancel out the effect of selection when population sizes are small, such as in colonizing island populations. On a small island in the Skeppsvik Archipelago in northern Sweden, a newly founded population of Silene dioica has been monitored since it first established around 1993. Though inhabiting an area of merely 173 m2, the population has been shown to exhibit a genetically differentiated patch structure where closely related individuals are tightly grouped, distanced from other family groups. In this study, the effect of selection was evaluated as compared to that of genetic drift. Variation in phenotypic traits in flowers, leaves and stalks were compared to that of neutral markers, in the form of PST and FST measures, to assess a measure of what proportion of differentiation among patches in phenotypic traits could not be attributed to genetic drift. Males and females were analysed separately to obtain measures of sex specific selection. Signs of divergent and stabilizing selection were found in several traits in both males and females despite the small spatial scale and short time since colonization. Further analysis is needed to assess explanations for trait divergence among patches and direction of selection.

Organische Halbleiterbauelemente sind eine vielversprechende Technologie, die das Spektrum der optoelektronischen Halbleiterbauelemente erweitert und etablierte Technologien basierend auf anorganischen Halbleitermaterialien ersetzen kann. Für Display- und Beleuchtungsanwendungen werden sie z. B. als organische Leuchtdioden oder Transistoren verwendet. Eine entscheidende Eigenschaft organischer Halbleitermaterialien ist, dass die Ladungstransporteigenschaften stark von der Temperatur im Bauelement beeinflusst werden. Insbesondere nimmt die elektrische Leitfähigkeit mit der Temperatur zu, so dass Selbsterhitzungseffekte, einen großen Einfluss auf die Leistung der Bauelemente haben. Mit steigender Temperatur nimmt die elektrische Leitfähigkeit zu, was wiederum zu größeren Strömen führt. Dies führt jedoch zu noch höheren Temperaturen aufgrund von Joulescher Wärme oder Rekombinationswärme. Eine positive Rückkopplung liegt vor. Im schlimmsten Fall führt dieses Verhalten zum thermischen Durchgehen und zur Zerstörung des Bauteils. Aber auch ohne thermisches Durchgehen führen Selbsterhitzungseffekte zu interessanten nichtlinearen Phänomenen in organischen Bauelementen, wie z. B. die S-förmige Beziehung zwischen Strom und Spannung. In Regionen mit negativem differentiellen Widerstand führt eine Verringerung der Spannung über dem Bauelement zu einem Anstieg des Stroms durch das Bauelement. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur mathematischen Modellierung, Analysis und numerischen Simulation von organischen Bauteilen leisten. Insbesondere wird das komplizierte Zusammenspiel zwischen dem Fluss von Ladungsträgern (Elektronen und Löchern) und Wärme diskutiert. Die zugrundeliegenden Modellgleichungen sind Thermistor- und Energie-Drift-Diffusion-Systeme. Die numerische Diskretisierung mit robusten hybriden Finite-Elemente-/Finite-Volumen-Methoden und Pfadverfolgungstechniken zur Erfassung der in Experimenten beobachteten S-förmigen Strom-Spannungs-Charakteristiken wird vorgestellt. / Organic semiconductor devices are a promising technology to extend the range of optoelectronic semiconductor devices and to some extent replace established technologies based on inorganic semiconductor materials. For display and lighting applications, they are used as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) or transistors. One crucial property of organic semiconductor materials is that charge-transport properties are heavily influenced by the temperature in the device. In particular, the electrical conductivity increases with temperature, such that self-heating effects caused by the high electric fields and strong recombination have a potent impact on the performance of devices. With increasing temperature, the electrical conductivity rises, which in turn leads to larger currents. This, however, results in even higher temperatures due to Joule or recombination heat, leading to a feedback loop. In the worst case, this loop leads to thermal runaway and the complete destruction of the device. However, even without thermal runaway, self-heating effects give rise to interesting nonlinear phenomena in organic devices, like the S-shaped relation between current and voltage resulting in regions where a decrease in voltage across the device results in an increase in current through it, commonly denoted as regions of negative differential resistance. This thesis aims to contribute to the mathematical modeling, analysis, and numerical simulation of organic semiconductor devices. In particular, the complicated interplay between the flow of charge carriers (electrons and holes) and heat is discussed. The underlying model equations are of thermistor and energy-drift-diffusion type. Moreover, the numerical approximation using robust hybrid finite-element/finite-volume methods and path-following techniques for capturing the S-shaped current-voltage characteristics observed in experiments are discussed.

Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to determine whether 30-minute time trial (30MTT) is an accurate estimator of the lactate threshold (LT) relative to direct measures of LT and whether 30MTT is applicable for untrained individuals. Question formulations: (1) Is 30MTT an accurate method for estimation of the LT in a group with varied VO2-peak? (2) Is there a difference in the accuracy of the 30MTT between a group with low and high VO2-peak? (3) Is the method applicable for untrained individuals? Method A quantitative study was conducted consisting of 10 subjects (age=26±2.15 years, BMI=21.7 ±2.76, VO2-peak=47.45 ±6.34ml·kg-1·min-1) who participated during two testing occasions. The sample consisted of women (n=4) and men (=3) with varied physical ability. During the first occasion the subjects took part in a direct measure of their LT followed by a test to measure their maximal oxygen uptake. Four methods were used to determine the subjects LT from the direct measures; LTD-max-c, LTVisual, LTΔ1 and LT4.0. During the second occasion the subjects performed a 30MTT from where their pace (LTV) and heart rate (LTHR) at LT were calculated. After the tests were concluded the direct measure was compared to the 30MTT. Three participants were excluded from the study due to insufficient data. Results The results showed that 30MTT was an accurate and reliable method for estimation of the LTV for a group with varied VO2-peak. No significant differences were seen between the direct methods for LTV and 30MTT. Strong correlations were seen between the direct methods and 30MTT (r≥0.91). LTHR showed significant differences (p=0.05) between the direct measures and 30MTT. No correlations were seen for LTHR. Because of the limited selection question formulations two and three were left unanswered. Conclusion 30MTT appears to be an accurate method for estimation of the LT. A significant correlation was seen for LTV between the direct methods of LT and 30MTT. No correlation was seen for LTHR since there appears to be a systematic elevation of heart rate. These results show that 30MTT appears to be an accurate method for estimation of LTV but not LTHR for group of individuals with varied VO2-peak. Because of a limited selection some caution should be applied when rendering these results. The limited selection also means that potential differences between 30MTT and the direct measures among individuals with low and high VO2-peak weren’t possible to evaluate. / Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka noggrannheten av uppskattning av laktattrösklar i 30-minuters “time trial”-test i förhållande till fastställda laktattrösklar med hjälp av uppmätta blodlaktatnivåer samt om metoden är applicerbar på individer med varierande VO2-peak. Frågeställningar: (1) Är 30MTT en giltig indirekt metod för fastställande av LT för en grupp med varierande VO2-peak? (2) Skiljer sig noggrannheten mellan individer med låg och hög VO2-peak i 30MTT? (3) Är 30MTT-metoden giltig för otränade individer? Metod En kvantitativ studie bestående av 10 försökspersoner (FP)(ålder=26±2.15 år, BMI=21.7 ±2.76, VO2-peak=47.45 ±6.34 ml·kg-1·min-1) deltog vid två testtillfällen. Urvalet bestod av kvinnor (n=4) och män (n=3) med varierad fysisk förmåga. Vid testtillfälle 1 genomfördes mätning av blodlaktatkoncentrationer för en direkt erhållen LT samt mätning av maximalsyreupptagningsförmåga. Fyra metoder tillämpades för identifiering av LT; LTD-max-c, LTVisual, LTΔ1 samt LT4.0. Vid det andra tillfället genomfördes en indirekt mätning av LT genom 30MTT varefter hastighet (LTV) samt puls (LTHF) vid LT kunde beräknas. Efter genomförda test jämfördes direkt mätning med indirekt mätning av LT. Tre FP exkluderades från studien på grund av ej tillräcklig erhållen data. Resultat Resultaten visade att 30MTT var en reliabel metod för en grupp med varierande VO2-peak för beräkning av LTV. Inga signifikanta skillnader sågs mellan samtliga direkta metoder och 30MTT för LTV. Däremot kunde starka korrelationer ses mellan samtliga direkta metoder samt 30MTT (r≥0.91) för hela urvalet. För LTHF sågs signifikanta skillnader (p=0.05) mellan samtliga direkta metoder samt 30MTT. Inga signifikanta samband kunde ses för LTHF för hela urvalet. På grund av det begränsade urvalet lämnas frågeställning två och tre obesvarad. Slutsats 30MTT tycks vara en reliabel metod för uppskattning av LT. Signifikanta samband kunde ses mellan samtliga direkta metoder för LT och 30MTT gällande LTV. För LTHF sågs inga samband, däremot sågs en systematisk förskjutning av hjärtfrekvensen. LTV enligt 30MTT verkar vara en giltig metod för en grupp individer med varierad VO2-peak. På grund av ett begränsat urval bör en viss försiktighet tillämpas i tolkning av dessa resultat. Vidare kunde det på grund av det begränsade urvalet inte göras någon bedömning på eventuella skillnader mellan individer med låg och hög VO2-peak.

I ett kraftvärmeverk produceras både el och värme vilket är ett energieffektivt sätt att utnyttja energin i ett bränsle. Energikrävande verksamheter skulle med installation av ett eget biokraftvärmeverk kunna göra sig mindre beroende av elmarknaden samtidigt som el och värme produceras på ett förnyelsebart sätt. I denna rapport presenteras en ekonomisk fallstudie för Emåmejeriets investering i småskalig krafvärme baserat på förgasning. Emåmejeriet är ett smålänskt mejeri placerat i Hultsfred. I arbetet har ett beräkningsdokument skapats som ska kunna användas för aktörer som är intresserade av en investering av småskalig kraftvärme. I beräkningsdokumentet presenteras en känslighetsanalys där investeringkostnad, drift- och underhållskostnad, elpris, elertifikatpris och bränslepris (flis) är parametrar som studeras. I beräkningsdokumentet presenteras också ett tekniskt och ekonomiskt utfall. För Emåmejeriet skulle 12 % av elbehovet respektive 80 % av värmebehovet täckas av kraftvärmeverket. Det tekniska utfallet visade att Emåmejeriets investering var lönsam. Dock skulle investeringen inte vara lönsam utan investeringsstödet på 25 % som man fått. Investeringskostnaden var parametern som påverkade känslighetsanalysen mest.

När ett bolag redovisar ett resultat som inte är i linje med marknadens förväntningar tenderar bolaget att uppvisa en avvikelseavkastning en period efter att resultatet har publicerats. Denna studie undersöker om bolag som redovisar ett oförväntat resultat jämfört med analytikers förväntningar uppvisar en avvikelseavkastning under en period på 30 respektive 60 handelsdagar efter publiceringen av bolagets kvartalsrapport. Studien undersöker tidsperioden 2004-2010. Dessutom undersöker studien om avvikelseavkastningen perioden efter att resultatet publicerats tenderar att avvika under den finansiella marknadens nedgångsfas 2007- 2008 i jämförelse med 2004-2006 och 2009-2010. För att genomföra undersökningen används en eventstudie. Studiens resultat visar att under perioden 2004-2010 uppvisar endast den decil av bolag som redovisat störst negativt oförväntat resultat en statistiskt säkerställd underavkastning på -1,9 % 30 handelsdagar efter att kvartalsrapporten publicerats. Vidare visar resultatet, vid jämförelse mellan 2007-2008 och perioderna 2004-2006 samt 2009-2010, att differensen i den genomsnittliga kumulativa avvikelseavkastningen under handelsdag 2 till 60 efter att bolagets kvartalsrapport har publicerats skiljer sig för de bolag som uppvisar ett positivt oförväntat resultat.

<p>Background: Studying insider trading is difficult due to its sensitive and delicate</p><p>nature. Therefore it is hard to gauge the extent of such activities.</p><p>This problem has resulted in a fierce debate whether it should be</p><p>prohibited or not. Using a method where the effect on monopolistic</p><p>information usage can be isolated insider trading can be monitored.</p><p>Such an event is a profit warning.</p><p>Purpose: This paper examines whether insider trading exist for companies</p><p>making a profit warning between year 2003 and 2007 on the Stockholm</p><p>Stock Exchange. Furthermore the aim with the study is to contribute</p><p>to the debate on the insider trading legislation.</p><p>Method: The study’s purpose is achieved through an event study studying the</p><p>cumulative abnormal return as well as average daily returns during</p><p>the thirty days preceding the warning for a sample of thirty companies.</p><p>Since profit warnings should be completely random and as such</p><p>almost impossible for the market to know in advance, a significant</p><p>abnormal return can only be explained with insider trading. The abnormal</p><p>returns were calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model</p><p>since it is the most widely used model.</p><p>Conclusion: For the chosen time frame, when testing on a 95% significance level,</p><p>the study found a significant abnormal return during the last 10 days</p><p>of the event window but not for the entire period of thirty days. The</p><p>daily average return for the thirty companies were significant for six</p><p>of the thirty days within the event window. Two of them were included</p><p>in the last ten day period with a confirmed significant abnormal</p><p>return which might suggest that on average insider trading tend</p><p>to occur during these days. The other four was discarded due to</p><p>sample issues. Since the study was limited to a period of four years</p><p>extending the results to a period other than tested should be made</p><p>with great care since conditions may differ over time. Concerning the</p><p>current debate on the insider legislation, the findings can be used by</p><p>both sides. Either to argue for a strengthening of the law or to question its existence.</p>

The ecological importance of drifting will depend on the abundance of drifting algae and whether it is reproductively viable. However, the ability of adult plants to successfully disperse long-distances by drifting is largely unknown, particularly for fucoids. The abundance, species composition, and reproductive status of drifting algae was examined by transect surveys around Kaikoura and Banks Peninsula. Abundance and species composition varied between sites, but all drifting algae that were in reproductive season, and had reproductive structures intact, were reproductively active. The reproductive longevity and viability of drifting and beach-cast Hormosira banksii, Durvillaea antarctica and Cytophora torulosa was compared with attached populations. Drifting algae remained reproductively viable, and fecundity did not differ from that of attached algae. Viable propagules were released from drifting algae for the duration of the experiments (H. banksii 57 days, D. antarctica 62 days, and C. torulosa 43 days). In contrast, beach-cast algae ceased to release propagules after 14 days. Dispersal by drifting relies on offshore transport after detachment. To determine the influence of wind and tidal currents on the nearshore transport of drifting algae, tagged H. banksii, D. antarctica, C. torulosa and GPS-tracked drifters were released from shore. Drifters generally moved in the direction of the prevailing wind, but some influence of tidal direction and bathymetry was detected. Offshore winds and outgoing tides were favourable for the offshore transport of surface drifting algae. Following dispersal and arrival at new locations, the distance between gametes may be important in determining the fertilisation success of dioecious species. Experiments testing the fertilisation success of H. banksii and D. antarctica, over increasing distances, showed that fertilisation success decreased with increasing distance between male and female gametes. Despite this, eggs were fertilised when male and female gametes were up to 2m apart, and sperm remained viable for 2 hours.

The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.

The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.

The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.